1
|
Angst P, Pombert JF, Ebert D, Fields PD. Near chromosome-level genome assembly of the microsporidium Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis. G3 (Bethesda) 2023; 13:jkad185. [PMID: 37565496 PMCID: PMC10542269 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkad185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia are intracellular parasitic fungi whose genomes rank among the smallest of all known eukaryotes. A number of outstanding questions remain concerning the evolution of their large-scale variation in genome architecture, responsible for genome size variation of more than an order of magnitude. This genome report presents the first near-chromosomal assembly of a large-genome microsporidium, Hamiltosporidium tvaerminnensis. Combined Oxford Nanopore, Pacific Biosciences (PacBio), and Illumina sequencing led to a genome assembly of 17 contigs, 11 of which represent complete chromosomes. Our assembly is 21.64 Mb in length, has an N50 of 1.44 Mb, and consists of 39.56% interspersed repeats. We introduce a novel approach in microsporidia, PacBio Iso-Seq, as part of a larger annotation pipeline for obtaining high-quality annotations of 3,573 protein-coding genes. Based on direct evidence from the full-length Iso-Seq transcripts, we present evidence for alternative polyadenylation and variation in splicing efficiency, which are potential regulation mechanisms for gene expression in microsporidia. The generated high-quality genome assembly is a necessary resource for comparative genomics that will help elucidate the evolution of genome architecture in response to intracellular parasitism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Angst
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| | | | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| | - Peter D Fields
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel 4051, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peña-Navarro N, López-Carvallo A, Chacón Perez B, Cruz-Flores R. Application of PCR-based diagnostic tools that target Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei for the molecular detection of a Vittaforma-like microsporidium that infects Penaeus vannamei from Costa Rica. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 200:107958. [PMID: 37429541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Several PCR methodologies are available for the detection of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) that target the SSU rRNA gene. However, these methodologies are reported as unsuitable for the detection of EHP due to specificity issues. Here, we report the applicability of two commonly used SSU rRNA methodologies for the detection of additional microsporidia from the genus Vittaforma that is present in cultured Penaeus vannamei from Costa Rica. The molecular detection of DNA of the novel microsporidia can only be achieved using SSU rRNA targeting methodologies and does not cross-react with the highly specific spore wall protein gene PCR detection method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Peña-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Patología Acuícola, Universidad Técnica Nacional, Sede del Pacífico, Puntarenas 1902-4050, Costa Rica
| | - Antonio López-Carvallo
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, 22860 Ensenada, Baja CA, México
| | - Brandon Chacón Perez
- Laboratorio de Patología Acuícola, Universidad Técnica Nacional, Sede del Pacífico, Puntarenas 1902-4050, Costa Rica
| | - Roberto Cruz-Flores
- Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, 22860 Ensenada, Baja CA, México.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dhar AK, Cruz-Flores R, Mai HN, Aranguren Caro LF, Intriago P, Romero X. Detection of a novel microsporidium with intranuclear localization in farmed Penaeus vannamei from Latin America. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 200:107968. [PMID: 37429540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidia are emerging intracellular parasites of most known animal phyla in all ecological niches. In shrimp aquaculture, the microsporidium Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a major cause of concern inflicting tremendous losses to shrimp producers in southeast Asia. During a histopathological examination of Penaeus vannamei samples originating in a country from Latin America presenting slow growth, we observed abnormal nuclei in the epithelial cells of the hepatopancreas. A PCR screening of the samples using DNA isolated from paraffin embedded tissues for the SSU rRNA gene of EHP provided a 149 bp amplicon. In situ hybridization using the SSU rRNA gene probe provided a positive signal in the nuclei instead of the cytoplasm. Sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA gene product revealed a 91.3 %, 89.2 % and 85.4 % sequence identity to Enterocytozoon bieneusi, E. hepatopenaei and Enterospora canceri respectively. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis revealed the newly discovered microsporidium clustered with E. bieneusi. Considering the intranuclear location of the novel microsporidium and the differences in the sequence of the SSU rRNA, we tentatively consider this parasite a new member of the genus Enterospora sp. The pathogenicity and distribution of the shrimp Enterospora sp. are currently unknown. Our future efforts are focused on the characterization and development of diagnostic tools for this parasite to understand if it acts as an emergent pathogen that might require surveillance to prevent its spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Dhar
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Roberto Cruz-Flores
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Hung N Mai
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Luis Fernando Aranguren Caro
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal & Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Xavier Romero
- South Florida Farming Corp, Southwest Ranches, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Weng M, Zhang X, Xin Z, Xue S, Zhang Q, Li A, Zhang J. Morphological characterization and genetic diversity of a new microsporidium, Neoflabelliforma dubium n. sp. from the adipose tissue of Diaphanosoma dubium (Crustacea: Sididae). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1125394. [PMID: 36779184 PMCID: PMC9911548 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1125394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported a new microsporidium Neoflabelliforma dubium n. sp. from the adipose tissue of Diaphanosoma dubium in China. The infected daphnids generally appeared opaque due to the presence of numerous spore aggregates located in the adipose tissue. All developmental stages were in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm. Multinucleate sporogonial plasmodia developed into uninucleate sporoblasts by rosette-like fashion. Mature spores were pyriform and monokaryotic, measuring 4.02 ± 0.24 (3.63-4.53) µm long and 2.27 ± 0.15 (2.12-2.57) µm wide (N = 40). The polaroplast was bipartite with a tightly packed anterior lamellae and a loosely aligned posterior lamellae. Isofilar polar filament was coiled 9-11 turns and arranged in 2-3 rows. The phylogenetic analysis based on the obtained SSU rDNA sequence indicated that the N. dubium n. sp. clustered with the freshwater oligochaete-infecting N. aurantiae to form an independent monophyletic group, positioned at the base of Clade 4. In addition, we analyzed the genetic diversity in three N. dubium n. sp. isolates based on the rDNA (SSU rDNA, ITS and LSU rDNA) and Rpb1 gene. The genetic variation among the rDNA sequences was not distinct, however, high nucleotide diversity could be observed in Rpb1 gene, and a wide variety of Rpb1 haplotypes were identified within each isolate. Genetic recombination detected in the Rpb1 sequences presumes cryptic sexual process occurring in N. dubium n. sp. Statistical evolutionary analyses further indicated that the purifying selection eliminated mutations in the Rpb1 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Weng
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Diseases Control, Ministry of Agriculture and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xintong Zhang
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaozhe Xin
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Sijia Xue
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Diseases Control, Ministry of Agriculture and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Aihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Diseases Control, Ministry of Agriculture and State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Jinyong Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jordan C, de Carvalho VR, Mascarin GM, Dos Santos Oliveira LR, Dunlap CA, Wilcken CF. First record of a new microsporidium pathogenic to Gonipterus platensis in Brazil. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10971. [PMID: 34040020 PMCID: PMC8155060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporidia are naturally occurring fungal-related parasites that can infect nearly all animal hosts, but their biocontrol potential of insect pests is routinely overlooked in agriculture and forestry. This research brings the first report describing the natural occurrence of a microsporidium causing disease in field-collected populations of the invasive eucalyptus snout beetle, Gonipterus platensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a major destructive pest of eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. Adult beetles were collected during field surveys in commercial eucalyptus plantations in southern Brazil to be examined and dissected with typical symptoms to verify presence of microsporidian spores in haemolymph. From 14 plantations in different sites, the natural infection occurrence in these populations ranged from 0 to 65%, while a lab colony exhibited an infection incidence of 70%. Spore density in haemolymph of symptomatic insects averaged 2.1 (± 0.4) × 107 spores/beetle. Symptoms in infected adults were identified by an abnormal abdomen with malformation of the second pair of wings, impairing their flight activity. Electron transmission microscopy of the pathogen showed morphological features similar to species belonging to the genus Nosema or Vairimorpha. Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length small subunit ribosomal RNA gene suggests this pathogen's placement in the genus Vairimorpha, but with a sequence identity of ~ 94% with the nearest neighbours. The low level of sequence identity suggests this pathogen may represent a novel taxon in the genus and further requires whole genome sequencing for definitive taxonomic resolution. These findings provide insights on the natural occurrence of this novel pathogen of this invasive pest in Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. Further studies are needed to determine potential of this microsporidium in the design of conservative or augmentative biological control programs for this invasive pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Jordan
- School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Botucatu, SP, 18610-034, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Rafaela de Carvalho
- School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Botucatu, SP, 18610-034, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Environment, Rodovia SP-340, km 127.5, Jaguariúna, SP, 13918-110, Brazil.
| | - Leiliane Rodrigues Dos Santos Oliveira
- Botucatu Medical School, Dept. Internal Medicine, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Botucatu, Av. Prof. Mário Rubens Guimarães Montenegro, s/n, Botucatu, SP, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Christopher A Dunlap
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, 1815, N. University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Carlos Frederico Wilcken
- School of Agricultural Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Campus of Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Botucatu, SP, 18610-034, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lipa JJ, Tokarev YS, Issi IV. Ultrastructure, molecular phylogeny, and prevalence rates of Alternosema bostrichidis gen. nov. sp. nov. (Microsporidia, Terresporidia), a parasite of Prostephanus truncatus and Dinoderus spp. (Coleoptera, Bostrichidae). Parasitol Res 2020; 119:915-923. [PMID: 31970472 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A new species and a new genus of a microsporidium Alternosema bostrichidis isolated from an adult Prostephanus truncatus in Mexico and from three species of the genus Dinoderus in Nigeria are described. The microsporidium is monomorphic, monoxenic, and develops in direct contact with host cell cytoplasm. The infection first appears with thoracic muscles, followed by a generalized invasion of the host. All developmental stages are diplokaryotic. Sporogony is disporoblastic. Mature spores are ovoid. Unfixed spores measure 3.7-4.2 × 2.0-2.6 μm, fixed and stained spores 3.5-5.0 × 2.4-2.8 μm. The polaroplast consists of dense lamellae and rare lamellae. The polar tube is slightly anisofilar, consisting of 11-17 coils, with 9-14 proximal (130 nm in diameter) and 2-3 distal coils (120 nm in diameter) arranged in one layer. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based upon a short portion of small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene (Genbank accession # KP455651) placed the new microsporidium within Liebermannia-Orthosomella lineage, which contains multiple undescribed parasites. In particular, A. bostrichidis showed maximal sequence similarity of 95% to Microsporidium sp. BBRE2 (# FJ755987) from Baikalian Diplacanthus brevispinus (Amphipoda: Acanthogammaridae) and Microsporidium sp. Comp CD Van 2 (# KC111784) from compost and soil in Canada. Frequent, devastating epizootics of laboratory cultures of A. bostrichidis support its potential as a biological control agent of grain borers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy J Lipa
- Department of Biological Control and Quarantine, Institute of Plant Protection, Władysława Węgorka 20, 60-318, Poznañ, Poland
| | - Yuri S Tokarev
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, sch. Podbelskogo, 3, 196608, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Russia.
| | - Irma V Issi
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, sch. Podbelskogo, 3, 196608, St. Petersburg, Pushkin, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Martinson SA, Greenwood SJ, Wadowska D, Martin K. Histopathological, ultrastructural and molecular phylogenetic analysis of a novel microsporidium in a loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta. Dis Aquat Organ 2018; 129:31-39. [PMID: 29916390 DOI: 10.3354/dao03234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidial spores were identified in the musculature of a loggerhead sea turtle Caretta caretta found dead on the shore in New Brunswick, Canada. Gastroenteritis was diagnosed on gross postmortem examination, with no gross abnormalities detected in the skeletal muscle. Histologically, the microsporidial spores were associated with inflammation and muscular necrosis and measured 1.1-1.7 × 2.2-3.4 µm. Spores were typically identified within sporophorous vesicles and, less often, in sporophorocysts and were weakly Gram positive, had punctate PAS staining, and were occasionally strongly acid-fast. Ultrastructural characteristics included 7-10 polar filament coils and other standard features of microsporidial spores. PCR for the microsporidial small subunit rRNA gene sequence was performed on DNA extracted from the muscle and small intestine, and the resulting amplicon was sequenced and queried against published microsporidial genomes. DNA sequences shared 98.2-99.8% sequence identity to Clade III of the Marinosporidia. This is the first report of a microsporidial infection contributing to the mortality of a sea turtle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Martinson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Holuša J, Lukášová K, Žižka Z, Händel U, Haidler B, Wegensteiner R. Occurrence of Microsporidium sp. and other pathogens in Ips amitinus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Acta Parasitol 2016; 61:621-8. [PMID: 27447229 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2016-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A new microsporidium is reported from the small spruce bark beetle, Ips amitinus: Microsporidium sp. with uninucleate oval spores measuring 3.5 × 2.5 μm; infecting cells of the midgut epithelium, midgut muscles, the fat body, the Malpighian tubules, and the gonads of adult beetles collected in Austria. Seven other pathogens were found in beetles collected from Austria, the Czech Republic, and Finland. Six of them were already known from I. amitinus. Nosema cf. typographi is recorded for the first time in the overwintering generation of I. amitinus from the Czech Republic.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sokolova YY, Senderskiy IV, Tokarev YS. Microsporidia Alfvenia sibirica sp. n. and Agglomerata cladocera (Pfeiffer) 1895, from Siberian microcrustaceans and phylogenetic relationships within the "Aquatic outgroup" lineage of fresh water microsporidia. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 136:81-91. [PMID: 26993808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on two microsporidia from freshwater crustaceans collected during the ongoing survey for microsporidia in the river Karasuk and adjacent waterbodies (Novosibirsk region, Western Siberia). The first species parasitized hypoderm and fat body of a cyclopid Cyclops sp. (Maxillopoda, Copedoda) and produced oval spores, measured 2.0×3.6μm (fixed) enclosed individually or in small groups in fragile sporophorous vesicles (SVs). We describe it here as Alfvenia sibirica sp. n. The second species infected the same tissues of a cladoceran Daphnia magna (Branchiopoda, Phyllopoda). Its spores were pyriform, 2.3×4.0μm (fixed), and resided in relatively persistent SVs in groups of 8-16. This species was identified as a Siberian isolate (Si) of Agglomerata cladocera (Pfeifer) because ultrastructurally it was hardly distinguishable from A. cladocera recorded from England from the same host (Larsson et al., 1996). A. cladocera (Si) shared 99% SSU rDNA sequence similarity to Binucleata daphniae from D. magna collected in Belgium (Refardt et al., 2008). The major outcome of our work is that we present molecular (SSUrDNA) characterization coupled with EM description, for representatives of two genera, Alfvenia (encompasses 3 described so far species) and Agglomerata (7 species), which allowed us to place these two genera on the phylogenetic tree. We also summarized the literature data on Alfvenia and Agglomerata spp., and provided their comparative morphological analysis. These two genera belong to so called "Aquatic outgroup" (Vossbrinck et al., 2004), a poorly resolved lineage, a sister to Amblyosporidae. This lineage probably includes majority of fresh water forms of microsporidia, most of which remain undescribed. SSUrDNA-based phylogenetic analysis and analysis of hosts suggest that diversification within the "Aquatic outgroup" could have been connected with the host switch from dipterans or copepods to cladocerans that had occurred in some ancestral Amblyospora-related lineage(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Sokolova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; Department of Comparative Biological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - I V Senderskiy
- All-Russia Institute for Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Y S Tokarev
- All-Russia Institute for Plant Protection, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ghani IA, Dieng H, Abu Hassan ZA, Ramli N, Kermani N, Satho T, Ahmad H, Abang FB, Fukumitsu Y, Ahmad AH. Pathogenicity of a microsporidium isolate from the diamondback moth against Noctuid moths: characterization and implications for microbiological pest management. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81642. [PMID: 24349104 PMCID: PMC3859509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Due to problems with chemical control, there is increasing interest in the use of microsporidia for control of lepidopteran pests. However, there have been few studies to evaluate the susceptibility of exotic species to microsporidia from indigenous Lepidoptera. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated some biological characteristics of the microsporidian parasite isolated from wild Plutella xylostella (PX) and evaluated its pathogenicity on the laboratory responses of sympatric invasive and resident noctuid moths. There were significant differences in spore size and morphology between PX and Spodoptera litura (SL) isolates. Spores of PX isolate were ovocylindrical, while those of SL were oval. PX spores were 1.05 times longer than those of SL, which in turn were 1.49 times wider than those of the PX. The timing of infection peaks was much shorter in SL and resulted in earlier larval death. There were no noticeable differences in amplicon size (two DNA fragments were each about 1200 base pairs in length). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequences of the two isolates shared a clade with Nosema/Vairimorpha sequences. The absence of octospores in infected spodopteran tissues suggested that PX and SL spores are closely related to Nosema plutellae and N. bombycis, respectively. Both SL and S. exigua (SE) exhibited susceptibility to the PX isolate infection, but showed different infection patterns. Tissular infection was more diverse in the former and resulted in much greater spore production and larval mortality. Microsporidium-infected larvae pupated among both infected and control larvae, but adult emergence occurred only in the second group. Conclusion/Significance The PX isolate infection prevented completion of development of most leafworm and beet armyworm larvae. The ability of the microsporidian isolate to severely infect and kill larvae of both native and introduced spodopterans makes it a valuable candidate for biocontrol against lepidopteran pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idris Abd Ghani
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Hamady Dieng
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Norazsida Ramli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Islamic University of Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nadia Kermani
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Tomomitsu Satho
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Hamdan Ahmad
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Fatimah Bt Abang
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kuching, Malaysia
| | - Yuki Fukumitsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Abu Hassan Ahmad
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Miwa S, Kamaishi T, Hirae T, Murase T, Nishioka T. Encephalomyelitis associated with microsporidian infection in farmed greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili (Risso). J Fish Dis 2011; 34:901-910. [PMID: 22074018 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of a disease characterized by a peculiar spiral movement in farmed greater amberjack, Seriola dumerili (Risso), occurred in Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, in May 2008, immediately after importing the fish from China. Although neither bacteria nor viruses were detected in routine diagnostic tests, histopathological observations of the affected fish revealed severe inflammation in the tegmentum of the brain including the medulla oblongata and the anterior part of the spinal cord. In addition, a microsporidian parasite was observed in the nerve cell bodies or axons in the inflamed tissues. We identified a microsporidian small subunit rRNA gene (SSU rDNA) from the lesion, and the sequence showed 96.1% identity with that of Spraguea lophii. Subsequent in situ hybridization using probes presumably specific to the SSU rRNA confirmed that the parasite observed in histopathology harboured the identified SSU rRNA. Apparently degenerated microsporidian cells or spores were also frequently observed in tissue sections. Thus, the disease was most probably caused by the infection of a hitherto unknown microsporidian parasite that has a genetic affinity to the genus Spraguea, in the central nervous system of the amberjack.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Miwa
- Inland Station, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Tamaki, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Usluca S, Aksoy U. [Microsporidium spp. infection in an immunocompromised child diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction]. MIKROBIYOL BUL 2010; 44:679-683. [PMID: 21063982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Microsporidium spp. may lead to a variety of clinical pictures like sinusitis, keratoconjunctivitis, hepatitis, myositis, peritonitis, nephritis, encephalitis and pneumonia in case of immune deficiencies. In this report, a case of diarrhea due to Microsporidium spp. has been presented. A four years old male patient who was followed with the diagnosis of myotonic dystrophia, was admitted to the hospital with the complaints of respiratory distress and fever. Due to the history of recurrent infections, further investigations was carried out to clarify the immunological status of the patient, and the total IgA and IgM levels were found as 14 mg/dl and 30 mg/dl, respectively (normal values were; 18-160 and 45-200 mg/dl, respectively). Following bronchoscopy done to enlighten respiratory distress, the patient developed high fever and watery diarrhea. Since bacteriological cultures of the stool yielded Shigella spp., antimicrobial therapy with ciprofloxacin was initiated. Parasitological examination of the stool done by Weber's modified trichrome dye, yielded Microsporidium spp. microscopically and albendazole was added to the treatment. Presence of Microsporidium spp. was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction with the use of C1 and C2 primers (Metabion, Germany) targeted to Microsporidium spp. and besides a 270 bp band specific for Encephalitozoon intestinalis was also obtained. This case emphasized that in case of diarrhea the stool samples of the immunocompromised patients should be evaluated in terms of Microsporidium spp. in addition to the routine parasitologic examinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selma Usluca
- Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Parazitoloji Anabilim Dalı, İzmir, Türkiye.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Barber I, Davies AJ, Ironside JE, Forsgren E, Amundsen T. First record of a Kabatana sp. microsporidium infecting fish in the Atlantic Ocean. Dis Aquat Organ 2009; 83:145-152. [PMID: 19326795 DOI: 10.3354/dao02019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-spotted goby Gobiusculus flavescens from the Swedish Gullmarsfjord regularly present subcutaneous creamy-white patches in the body musculature, associated with Kabatana sp. infection. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of the microsporidium showed 98.54% homology with Kabatana newberryi infecting a marine goby from California, indicating that the Swedish microsporidium is either a different strain of K. newberryi or a closely related species. This represents the first record of a Kabatana species in the Atlantic Ocean. The genetic similarity of the 2 microsporidia was paralleled by close infection phenotypes. Infected muscle fibres were swollen compared to adjacent non-infected fibres, and mature spore masses were found throughout the skeletal musculature. No xenoma formation was detected. Since G. flavescens is an established model species in behavioural ecology, the host-parasite system is ideally suited for testing how microsporidian infections affect host behaviour and fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Barber
- Department of Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chabchoub N, Abdelmalek R, Mellouli F, Kanoun F, Thellier M, Bouratbine A, Aoun K. Genetic identification of intestinal microsporidia species in immunocompromised patients in Tunisia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009; 80:24-27. [PMID: 19141834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stool samples from 86 immunocompromised patients (51 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and 35 patients with haematologic malignancies) were systematically screened for intestinal microspordiosis by microscopic examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal primer V1/PMP2. Nine samples (10.5%) showed amplification with the predictive size of fragment (6 from HIV-infected patients and 3 from patients with myeloma). Only 5 out of them (all HIV-infected patients) were revealed positive by microscopy. By means of amplicons fragment size, species-specific primers (V1/EB450, V1/IS500) and sequencing, 3 microsporidia species were for the first time identified in Tunisia: Enterocytozoon bieneusi (3 isolates), Encephelitozoon intestinalis (2 isolates), and Encephalitozoon hellem (1 isolate). Systematic use of such sensitive and discriminative molecular tools will contribute to determining the true prevalence of microsporidiosis in Tunisia and to better management of infected immunocompromised subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Najla Chabchoub
- Laboratoire de Recherche 05-SP-03, Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
McGourty KR, Kinziger AP, Hendrickson GL, Goldsmith GH, Casal G, Azevedo C. A NEW MICROSPORIDIAN INFECTING THE MUSCULATURE OF THE ENDANGERED TIDEWATER GOBY (GOBIIDAE). J Parasitol 2007; 93:655-60. [PMID: 17626360 DOI: 10.1645/ge-994r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously unrecognized microsporidian (Kabatana newberryi n. sp.) is described from the musculature of Eucyclogobius newberryi (Gobiidae) in Big Lagoon, Humboldt County, California. Spores are ovoid, ranging in size from 2.8 +/- 0.3 microm in total length and 1.9 +/- 0.4 microm in width (measurements of 30 spores made by calculation from micrograph). The polar filament has 9-10 coils in 1-2 rows. Development occurs in direct contact with host muscle cell cytoplasm, without xenoma or sporophorous vesicle. Phylogenetic analysis of the new species and of 35 other microsporidians known to infect fish using 1115 base pairs of aligned 16S rRNA gene indicate the new species is most closely related to Kabatana takedai. However, the new species differs by 11% sequence divergence from K. takedai. Divergence in morphology and genetic data allow for diagnosis from all other fish-infecting microsporidia and supports recognition of a new species of microsporidian, Kabatana newberryi n. sp., presently known only from a suspected specific host, the endangered tidewater goby Eucyclogobius newberryi.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- California
- DNA, Fungal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- Fish Diseases/parasitology
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission/veterinary
- Microsporidia, Unclassified/classification
- Microsporidia, Unclassified/genetics
- Microsporidia, Unclassified/growth & development
- Microsporidia, Unclassified/ultrastructure
- Microsporidiosis/parasitology
- Microsporidiosis/veterinary
- Muscles/microbiology
- Muscles/ultrastructure
- Perciformes/parasitology
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- RNA, Fungal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie R McGourty
- Department of Fisheries Biology, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, California 95521, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sokolova YY, Lange CE, Fuxa JR. Development, ultrastructure, natural occurrence, and molecular characterization of Liebermannia patagonica n. g., n. sp., a microsporidian parasite of the grasshopper Tristira magellanica (Orthoptera: Tristiridae). J Invertebr Pathol 2006; 91:168-82. [PMID: 16524588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2005] [Revised: 01/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new microsporidium, Liebermannia patagonica n. gen., n. sp., is described from midgut and gastric caecum epithelial cells of Tristira magellanica, an apterous grasshopper species of southern Patagonia, Argentina. L.patagonica is diplokaryotic, apansporoblastic, homosporous, and polysporoblastic. Transitional (from merogony to sporogony) stages and sporonts of L. patagonica were surrounded by host rough endoplasmic reticulum. The ovocylindrical spores measured 2.9 +/- 0.09 x 1.2 +/- 0.04 microm (fresh, n = 50), and they had an isofilar polar filament of only three coils and a cluster of tubules instead of a classical posterior vacuole. Prevalence was high (up to 80.6%) at the type locality for the four years sampled . Maximum likelihood , neighbor joining, maximum parismony analyses of the small submit rDNA all placed L.patagonica(Accession No. DQ 239917) in one with Orthosomella operophterae.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA, Ribosomal
- Grasshoppers/parasitology
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Microsporidia, Unclassified/classification
- Microsporidia, Unclassified/genetics
- Microsporidia, Unclassified/growth & development
- Microsporidia, Unclassified/isolation & purification
- Microsporidia, Unclassified/physiology
- Microsporidia, Unclassified/ultrastructure
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Spores, Protozoan/genetics
- Spores, Protozoan/physiology
- Spores, Protozoan/ultrastructure
- Tropism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Y Sokolova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Tikhoretsky Ave., 194064 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Baquero E, Rubio M, Moura INS, Pieniazek NJ, Jordana R. Myosporidium merlucciusn. g., n. sp. Infecting Muscle of Commercial Hake (Merlucciussp.) from Fisheries near Namibia. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2005; 52:476-83. [PMID: 16313438 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new species of Microsporidia classified to a new genus was observed in the trunk muscle of commercial hake (Merluccius capensis/paradoxus complex) from Namibian fisheries. Macroscopic examination revealed thin and dark filaments inserted among muscle fibers. Inside the filaments were many sporophorous vesicles with about 30-50 spores per vesicle. The shape of the spore was pyriform and the extruded polar filament was of moderate length (up to 4.29 microm, n=12). This new species of Microsporidia is described using macrophotography, microphotography, staining, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), as well as molecular methods. Its 16S rRNA was found to be similar to that of Microsporidium prosopium Kent et al., 1999, while both sequences were quite different from 16S rRNA sequences known for other Microsporidia. Nevertheless, this new species is separated morphologically from M. prosopium by the presence of 11-12 anisofilar coils and the formation of the xenoma at the site of infection. Type species.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- DNA, Fungal/analysis
- DNA, Ribosomal/analysis
- Fish Diseases/microbiology
- Fisheries
- Gadiformes/microbiology
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Microsporidia, Unclassified/classification
- Microsporidia, Unclassified/genetics
- Microsporidia, Unclassified/isolation & purification
- Microsporidia, Unclassified/ultrastructure
- Microsporidiosis/veterinary
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscles/microbiology
- Mycological Typing Techniques
- Namibia
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Baquero
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, University of Navarra, P. O. Box 177 31080-Pamplona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Freeman MA, Bell AS, Sommerville C. A hyperparasitic microsporidian infecting the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis: an rDNA-based molecular phylogenetic study. J Fish Dis 2003; 26:667-676. [PMID: 14710759 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, is an obligate ectoparasitic copepod that lives on the external surface of salmonid fish. It is the most common ectoparasite of marine cage-reared salmonids, causing major economic loss to the aquaculture industry. During a sea louse monitoring programme, samples of L. salmonis were found to harbour an unreported microsporidian parasite. The microsporidian was observed in pre-adult and adult stages of both male and female copepods, with a prevalence of up to 5%. Unfixed spores were slightly pyriform in shape measuring 2.34 microm by 1.83 microm (+/- 0.01 microm) and were not observed to be enclosed by a sporophorous vesicle. The microsporidian infection was observed in all areas of the copepods' body, xenoma-like cysts forming directly under the cuticle in the epidermal tissue layer. In the present study, rDNA (530f-580r) sequence data gathered from the unidentified microsporidian parasite isolated from infected sea lice were compared with equivalents available in the databases in an attempt to identify its systematic position. The microsporidian was found to group within the phylogenetic clade containing the family Enterocytozoonidae, being most similar to members of the intranuclear genus Nucleospora. This is the first report of a hyperparasitic microsporidian infecting a caligid copepod.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Freeman
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yokoyama H, Lee SJ, Bell AS. Occurrence of a new microsporidium in the skeletal muscle of the flying fish Cypselurus pinnatibarbatus japonicus (Exocoetidae) from Yakushima, Japan. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2002; 49:9-15. [PMID: 11993555 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2002.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A new microsporidium was observed in the flying fish Cypselurus pinnatibarbatus japonicus (Franz) (Exocoetidae) from Yakushima, Japan. Visual examination revealed the microsporidium to form white elongate nodules in the host's trunk muscle. Monomorphic spores were ovoid to pyriform in shape, with average dimensions of 4.1 x 2.2 microm and possessing a polar tube describing 13-15 coils. Histological observations showed that each parasite focus of infection was encapsulated by a host-produced fibrous membrane. The presence of sporophorous vesicles was not clearly determined. Ribosomal DNA sequence analyses showed the microsporidium to be discrete from other known fish muscle-infecting species and to be most closely related to a clade comprising the Pleistophoridae and Glugea spp. The parasite is provisionally placed as Microsporidium cypselurus sp. n.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yokoyama
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang J, Huang K, Lu C. [Studies on the ribosomal RNA gene(rDNA) of a microsporidium isolated from Pieris rapae L]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2001; 41:598-604. [PMID: 12552809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Nuclotide sequence (1205 bp) of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrDNA) of a microsporidium isolated from Pieris rapae L. (abbr:MPr) was specifically amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Another fragment of 657 bp downstream of MPr SSUrDNA 3'end was amplified with two other primers. Within this 657 bp fragment, the putative 3'terminus of MPr SSUrDNA and the extreme 5' of large subunit ribosomal RNA gene. (LSUrDNA) were identified, which situated at base 145, 146-186 and 187, respectively. Then the full sequence of MPr ssurDNA is 1245 bp. Its GC content was also nearly 34%. The ITS region (internal transcribed spacer), positioned between the ssu and LSUrRNA genes, was found to be 41 bp in length. The LSUrDNA 580r region of MPr is 470 bp, longer than 437 bp of Nosema apis, 447 bp of Nosema algerae. The secondary structure of MPr SSUrRNA was constructed. These analyses of MPr rRNA gene contributed to the somewhat limited microsporidian taxonomic classification based on morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, ZhenJiang 212018, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lom J, Nilsen F, Urawa S. Redescription of Microsporidium takedai (Awakura, 1974) as Kabatana takedai (Awakura, 1974) comb. n. Dis Aquat Organ 2001; 44:223-230. [PMID: 11383570 DOI: 10.3354/dao044223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ultrastructural study of the microsporidian Microsporidium takedai from the muscles of masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou proved that this species can be assigned to the genus Kabatana Lom, Dyková and Tonguthai, 2000. The parasites develop within disintegrated sarcoplasm without any delimiting boundary or cyst. Cylindrical multinucleate meronts proliferate by serial constrictions into uninucleate stages which repeat the process. Eventually, the uninucleate stages transform into uninucleate sporonts, which divide once to produce sporoblasts, thus functioning as sporoblast mother cells. Spores, with a subterminally located anchoring disc and 3 to 4 turns of the polar tube coil, average 3.3 by 1.9 microm in size. The exospore is divided into small fields; the endospore frequently makes small invaginations into the spore inside. Phylogenetic analysis using SSU rDNA sequence consistently placed Kabatana takedai in a group consisting of Microgemma sp., Spraguea lophii and Glugea americanus. The K. takedai could easily be separated from the other species in the same group by 2 inserts in the SSU rDNA sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lom
- Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceské Budéjovice.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|