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Mérida Ponce JP, Hernández Calderón MA, Comandini O, Rinaldi AC, Flores Arzú R. Ethnomycological knowledge among Kaqchikel, indigenous Maya people of Guatemalan Highlands. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2019; 15:36. [PMID: 31315635 PMCID: PMC6637636 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-019-0310-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Guatemalan Highlands is a region of great but so far poorly known mycological diversity. People living in this area have long used wild fungi as a source of food and income. However, our knowledge of the ethnomycological practices of the Mayan peoples of Guatemala is still rudimental, especially if compared with information reported for the neighboring region of Mexico. Among the main indigenous groups of the Maya people inhabiting the highlands of Central Guatemala, stand the Kaqchikel, accounting for nearly 8% of the entire Guatemalan population. The main aim of this study was to record the traditional knowledge and use of edible wild mushrooms by inhabitants of the municipality of San Juan Sacatepéquez that lies at the heart of the Kaqchikel area in the central highlands of Guatemala, also describing the relevant selling practices and dynamics. A secondary aim was to compare the diversity and composition of the mushroom assemblage offered at the market with the macrofungal diversity of woods in the area. METHODOLOGY This study is the result of 4 years of ethnomycological research, conducted through continuous visits to the municipal market and focused interviews with collectors and vendors. Field sampling in pine-oak forested areas surrounding San Juan Sacatepéquez, from where the mushrooms sold at the market are foraged, were also conducted, in the presence of local collectors. RESULTS The results show a significant richness of species sold in the market, a network of commerce of purchase, sale, and resale of several species, with relatively stable prices, and knowledge about edible and inedible species that is transmitted mainly within the family nucleus. The business of selling mushrooms in the market is an exclusive activity of women, who are supplied by collectors or by other vendors. Fungi are sold and bought only as food, while no consumption of hallucinogenic mushrooms or medicinal mushrooms was recorded. Several species of Amanita, Cantharellus, Boletus, Lactarius, and Russula were those most commercialized in the 4 years of the study, but we also spotted fungi never reported before as consumed in the country, including Gastropila aff. fumosa (= Calvatia fumosa) and several species of Cortinarius. Field sampling in nearby pine-oak forests confirmed an elevated local macrofungal diversity. CONCLUSION Our study unveiled the contemporary wealth of Kaqchikel culture for what concerns mushrooms, demonstrating that mushrooms continue to be culturally and economically important for these communities despite the erosion of traditional knowledge. Our results also confirmed the need to investigate in greater detail the Guatemalan mycodiversity that is vast and poorly known.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Mérida Ponce
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de CCQQ y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad Universitaria zona 12, 01012 Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - M. A. Hernández Calderón
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de CCQQ y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad Universitaria zona 12, 01012 Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - O. Comandini
- Department of Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, CA Italy
| | - A. C. Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, CA Italy
| | - R. Flores Arzú
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de CCQQ y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad Universitaria zona 12, 01012 Guatemala, Guatemala
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Atila F, Tüzel Y, Faz Cano A, Fernandez JA. Effect of different lignocellulosic wastes on Hericium americanum yield and nutritional characteristics. J Sci Food Agric 2017; 97:606-612. [PMID: 27100377 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using cottonseed hulls (CSH) and olive press cake (OPC) as new supplement materials for substrate preparation in Hericium americanum cultivation. Some chemical properties of the substrates prepared by mixtures of oak sawdust (OS) with wheat bran (WB), CSH and OPC in different ratios were determined. In addition, the effect of mixtures of OS:CSH and OS:OPC on spawn run time, yield and biological efficiency (BE), average mushroom weight and nutrition content of the fruiting body were compared with the control substrate (8OS:2WB). RESULTS The yield, BE and average mushroom weight of substrates containing CSH and OPC were higher than the control substrate and increased with an increase in the rate of CSH and OPC in the mixtures. Hericium americanum showed (on a dry weight basis) 8.5-23.7% protein, 9.9-21.2 g kg-1 P, 26.6-35.8 g kg-1 K, 0.63 - 1.33 g kg-1 Mg, 0.19 - 0.23 g kg-1 Ca, 1.34-1.78 g kg-1 Na, 49.5-72.2 mg kg-1 Fe, 6.22-10.11 mg kg-1 Mn, 32.8-82.8 mg kg-1 Zn and 8.6-11.2 mg kg-1 Cu on different growing substrates. The nutritional value of mushrooms was greatly affected by the growing media. CONCLUSION The results revealed that CSH and OPC could be used as new supplement materials for substrate preparation in H. americanum cultivation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Atila
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahi Evran University, 40200, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Yuksel Tüzel
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Angel Faz Cano
- Department of Agrarian Science and Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30203, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan A Fernandez
- Department of Horticulture, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, 30203, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fungal infections cause significant global morbidity and mortality. We have previously described the UK investments in global infectious disease research, and here our objective is to describe the investments awarded to UK institutions for mycology research and outline potential funding gaps in the UK portfolio. DESIGN Systematic analysis. SETTING UK institutions carrying out infectious disease research. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome is the amount of funding and number of studies related to mycology research. Secondary outcomes are describing the investments made to specific fungal pathogens and diseases, and also the type of science along the R&D value chain. METHODS We systematically searched databases and websites for information on research studies from public and philanthropic funding institutions awarded between 1997 and 2010, and highlighted the mycology-related projects. RESULTS Of 6165 funded studies, we identified 171 studies related to mycology (total investment £48.4 million, 1.9% of all infection research, with mean annual funding £3.5 million). Studies related to global health represented 5.1% of this funding (£2.4 million, compared with 35.6% of all infectious diseases). Leading funders were the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (£14.8 million, 30.5%) and Wellcome Trust (£12.0 million, 24.7%). Preclinical studies received £42.2 million (87.3%), with clinical trials, intervention studies and implementation research in total receiving £6.2 million (12.7%). By institution, University of Aberdeen received most funding (£16.9 million, 35%). Studies investigating antifungal resistance received £1.5 million (3.2%). CONCLUSIONS There is little translation of preclinical research into clinical trials or implementation research in spite of substantial disease burden globally, and there are few UK institutions that carry out significant quantities of mycology research of any type. In the context of global health and the burden of disease in low-income countries, more investment is required for mycology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Head
- Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph R Fitchett
- Department for Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rifat Atun
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robin C May
- Institute of Microbiology & Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Rautio JJ, Smit BA, Wiebe M, Penttilä M, Saloheimo M. Transcriptional monitoring of steady state and effects of anaerobic phases in chemostat cultures of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei. BMC Genomics 2006; 7:247. [PMID: 17010217 PMCID: PMC1617104 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-7-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chemostat cultures are commonly used in production of cellular material for systems-wide biological studies. We have used the novel TRAC (transcript analysis with aid of affinity capture) method to study expression stability of approximately 30 process relevant marker genes in chemostat cultures of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei and its transformant expressing laccase from Melanocarpus albomyces. Transcriptional responses caused by transient oxygen deprivations and production of foreign protein were also studied in T. reesei by TRAC. Results In cultures with good steady states, the expression of the marker genes varied less than 20% on average between sequential samples for at least 5 or 6 residence times. However, in a number of T. reesei cultures continuous flow did not result in a good steady state. Perturbations to the steady state were always evident at the transcriptional level, even when they were not measurable as changes in biomass or product concentrations. Both unintentional and intentional perturbations of the steady state demonstrated that a number of genes involved in growth, protein production and secretion are sensitive markers for culture disturbances. Exposure to anaerobic conditions caused strong responses at the level of gene expression, but surprisingly the cultures could regain their previous steady state quickly, even after 3 h O2 depletion. The main effect of producing M. albomyces laccase was down-regulation of the native cellulases compared with the host strain. Conclusion This study demonstrates the usefulness of transcriptional analysis by TRAC in ensuring the quality of chemostat cultures prior to costly and laborious genome-wide analysis. In addition TRAC was shown to be an efficient tool in studying gene expression dynamics in transient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari J Rautio
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, Espoo, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT-Espoo, Finland
| | - Bart A Smit
- Campina Innovation, Nieuwe Kanaal 7C, 6709 PA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marilyn Wiebe
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, Espoo, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT-Espoo, Finland
| | - Merja Penttilä
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, Espoo, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT-Espoo, Finland
| | - Markku Saloheimo
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tietotie 2, Espoo, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT-Espoo, Finland
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Tambosis E, Atkins BL, Capizzi T, Gottlieb T. Rapid and cost-effective identification of Candida species using multipoint inoculation of CHROMagar Candida media, cycloheximide sensitivity and carbohydrate assimilation tests. Pathology 2003; 35:151-6. [PMID: 12745454 DOI: 10.1080/0031302031000082250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Tambosis
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Concord Hospital, Hospital Road, Concord, New South Wales 2139, Australia
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Ainscough S, Kibbler CC. An evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of using CHROMagar for yeast identification in a routine microbiology laboratory. J Med Microbiol 1998; 47:623-8. [PMID: 9839567 DOI: 10.1099/00222615-47-7-623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CHROMagar, a chromogenic differential culture medium, is claimed to facilitate the isolation and presumptive identification of certain clinically important yeast species, e.g., Candida albicans. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness and time advantage of using it in comparison with Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA). Three possible pathways, each of which included the use of one or both media, were compared in a routine laboratory. A total of 21 yeast isolates was cultured from 298 clinical samples from neutropenic and AIDS patients. An overall sensitivity of 95.2% was observed for each medium and primary isolation on CHROMagar was found to be 100% sensitive and 100% specific for C. albicans. For identification purposes, after initial culture the use of CHROMagar provided the most economical and least time-consuming method. Direct inoculation on to CHROMagar is recommended for blood cultures when yeast cells are seen on microscopy and where early appropriate therapy is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ainscough
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London
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Latouche GN, Daniel HM, Lee OC, Mitchell TG, Sorrell TC, Meyer W. Comparison of use of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics for identification of species of the anamorph genus Candida and related teleomorph yeast species. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:3171-80. [PMID: 9399515 PMCID: PMC230143 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.12.3171-3180.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 49 type and neotype isolates and 32 clinical isolates of the anamorph genus Candida and related teleomorph genera were obtained from different culture collections and clinical laboratories. Isolates were subjected to two phenotypic methods of identification, Vitek yeast biochemical card (YBC) and API ID 32C, both based on carbohydrate assimilation, and one genotypic method, PCR fingerprinting, based on the detection of DNA polymorphisms between minisatellite-specific sequences with the primer M13 (5' GAGGGTGGCGGTTCT 3'). The correct identification of a strain at the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures was used as the gold standard for the identification of an isolate. When the study was restricted to species included in the respective biochemical databases, the Vitek YBC and API ID 32C systems performed adequately with positive identification rates of 87.3 and 76.8%, respectively. When uncommon species were added to the study, several of which are not included in the databases, the identification efficiencies were 76.5 and 77.5%, respectively. By comparison, all isolates were correctly identified by PCR fingerprinting, with 63 reference species profiles in the databank. Sufficient polymorphisms among the total set of banding patterns were observed, with adequate similarity in the major patterns obtained from a given species, to allow each isolate to be assigned unambiguously to a particular species. In addition, variations in minor bands allowed for differentiation to the strain level. PCR fingerprinting was found to be rapid, reproducible, and more cost-effective than either biochemical approach. Our results provide reference laboratories with an improved identification method for yeasts based on genotypic rather than phenotypic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Latouche
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Australia
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Abstract
Enhanced recovery of fungal isolates from blood by using the Isolator system has been reported previously. We examined bacterial and fungal blood cultures during a 14-month period to determine if this enhanced recovery required a separate fungal culture and to determine the differential utility between a fungal blood culture and a routine bacterial culture. During this period, 84 of 5,196 (1.6%) fungal blood cultures and 170 of 25,702 (0.6%) bacterial blood cultures were positive for yeast or filamentous fungi. Thirty-seven positive fungal cultures, simultaneously collected, had correspondingly positive bacterial cultures. An additional 15 positive fungal cultures yielded isolates that had either been previously recovered from a bacterial culture or were recovered from a bacterial culture collected within 48 h. Of the 32 unpaired fungal cultures remaining, 5 were Candida albicans whose unique isolation was believed to be the result of specimen sampling variance rather than any enhanced recovery characteristics of fungal culture methods. Examination of patient data relating to the 27 remaining isolates (24 patients episodes) showed that only five fungal blood cultures (0.096% of all collected) had any impact on patient therapy decisions, and one of these was judged to be the cause of unnecessary therapy. Our data suggest that separate fungal cultures of blood are not cost-effective for those laboratories using the Isolator for routine blood cultures and furthermore may not be cost-effective for laboratories using automated broth systems that are comparable to the Isolator in recovery of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Morrell
- Department of Pathology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157, USA
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Abstract
We have developed rapid and economic methods for the isolation of nucleic acids from filamentous fungi. The main advantages of these methods are: (1) the mycelium is directly recovered from a Petri-dish culture, (2) the complete experiment takes place in microfuge tubes, (3) it is very fast and allows for the processing of 24 samples in the same day, and (4) up to 100 micrograms of total DNA or RNA are recovered, both of which are sufficiently pure for most purposes. Of particular interest is the recovery of large amounts of mitochondrial DNA as visualised by electrophoresis in ethidium bromide-stained gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lecellier
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire du C.N.R.S., Gif sur Yvette, France
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Mitchell TG, Sandin RL, Bowman BH, Meyer W, Merz WG. Molecular mycology: DNA probes and applications of PCR technology. J Med Vet Mycol 1994; 32 Suppl 1:351-66. [PMID: 7722798 DOI: 10.1080/02681219480000961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T G Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Valesco M, Harris JL, Barcelona L, Bulmer GS, Gugnani HC, McAleer R, Negroni R. Practical mycology for low budget laboratories. J Med Vet Mycol 1994; 32 Suppl 1:211-5. [PMID: 7722787 DOI: 10.1080/02681219480000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Valesco
- Alameda County Health Care Services Agency, Public Health Laboratory, Oakland, CA 94607
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Bullock WE, Deepe GS. Medical mycology in crisis. J Lab Clin Med 1983; 102:685-93. [PMID: 6631166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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