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Zhang Q, Zhang Z, Hu X, Sun J, Gao F. Dual-Targeting into the Mitochondria of Cancer Cells for Ratiometric Investigation of the Dynamic Fluctuation of Sulfur Dioxide and Formaldehyde with Two-Photon Integrated Semiconducting Polymer Dots. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:179-190. [PMID: 34968048 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial sulfur dioxide (SO2) and formaldehyde (FA) in cancer cells serve as important signal molecules in mediating multiple physiological and pathological activities. Accurate monitoring of the dynamic fluctuation of SO2 and FA in the mitochondria of cancer cells is important for insight into their relationships and functions in cancer, understanding cancer mechanism, and the role of mitochondrial homeostasis in cancer invasion and metastasis. Herein, a novel integrated two-photon semiconducting polymer dot (BF@Pdots) with dual-targeting (cancer cells and mitochondrial) and dual-emission in green and red regions, which is rationally designed through a four-step engineering strategy by using two newly synthesized functionalized polymers PFNA and FD-PSMA as precursors, has been developed for accurate tracking of the dynamic variation of SO2 and FA in the mitochondria of cancer cells. The sensing mechanism is on the basis of the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) process in BF@Pdots tuned by the reversible Michael addition reaction between the sensing-groups and SO2 (or FA). The integrated BF@Pdots nanoprobes display excellent performances in the accurate detection of the dynamic fluctuation of SO2 and FA such as precise positioning in the mitochondria of cancer cells, self-calibrating ratiometric, two-photon emission with long wavelength excitation, and fast reversible response. The BF@Pdots nanoprobes are also applied to the ratiometric detection of the dynamic fluctuation of exogenous and endogenous SO2 and FA in the mitochondria of cancer cells for the first time with satisfactory results. Taken together, this work will provide an attractive way to develop versatile integrated Pdots-based fluorescent probes through flexible molecular engineering for applications in accurate imaging of biomolecules in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, Laboratory of Biosensing and Bioimaging (LOBAB), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, Laboratory of Biosensing and Bioimaging (LOBAB), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, Laboratory of Biosensing and Bioimaging (LOBAB), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Junyong Sun
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, Laboratory of Biosensing and Bioimaging (LOBAB), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Laboratory of Functionalized Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing, Laboratory of Biosensing and Bioimaging (LOBAB), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, P. R. China
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Burdette MK, Bandera YP, Zhang E, Trofimov A, Dickey A, Foulger I, Kolis JW, Cannon KE, Bartley AF, Dobrunz LE, Bolding MS, McMahon L, Foulger SH. Organic Fluorophore Coated Polycrystalline Ceramic LSO:Ce Scintillators for X-ray Bioimaging. Langmuir 2019; 35:171-182. [PMID: 30518207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The current effort demonstrates that lutetium oxyorthosilicate doped with 1-10% cerium (Lu2SiO5:Ce, LSO:Ce) radioluminescent particles can be coated with a single dye or multiple dyes and generate an effective energy transfer between the core and dye(s) when excited via X-rays. LSO:Ce particles were surface modified with an alkyne modified naphthalimide (6-piperidin-1-yl-2-prop-2-yn-1-yl-1 H-benzo[ de]isoquinoline-1,3-(2 H)-dione, AlNap) and alkyne modified rhodamine B ( N-(6-diethylamino)-9-{2-[(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)carbonyl]phenyl}-3 H-xanthen-3-ylidene)- N-ethylethanaminium, AlRhod) derivatives to tune the X-ray excited optical luminescence from blue to green to red using Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET). As X-rays penetrate tissue much more effectively than UV/visible light, the fluorophore modified phosphors may have applications as bioimaging agents. To that end, the phosphors were incubated with rat cortical neurons and imaged after 24 h. The LSO:Ce surface modified with AlNap was able to be successfully imaged in vitro with a low-output X-ray tube. To use the LSO:Ce fluorophore modified particles as imaging agents, they must not induce cytotoxicity. Neither LSO:Ce nor LSO:Ce modified with AlNap showed any cytotoxicity toward normal human dermal fibroblast cells or mouse cortical neurons, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Burdette
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies , Clemson University , Anderson , South Carolina 29625 , United States
| | - Yuriy P Bandera
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies , Clemson University , Anderson , South Carolina 29625 , United States
| | - Eric Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies , Clemson University , Anderson , South Carolina 29625 , United States
| | - Artem Trofimov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
| | - Ashley Dickey
- Department of Chemistry , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
| | - Isabell Foulger
- Department of Bioengineering , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
| | - Joseph W Kolis
- Department of Chemistry , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
| | - Kelli E Cannon
- Department of Vision Science , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama 35294 , United States
| | - Aundrea F Bartley
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute & Civitan International Research Center , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama 35294 , United States
| | - Lynn E Dobrunz
- Department of Neurobiology, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute & Civitan International Research Center , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama 35294 , United States
| | - Mark S Bolding
- Department of Radiology , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama 35294 , United States
| | - Lori McMahon
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama 35294 , United States
| | - Stephen H Foulger
- Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies , Clemson University , Anderson , South Carolina 29625 , United States
- Department of Bioengineering , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Clemson University , Clemson , South Carolina 29634 , United States
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