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Deng JK, Zhang X, Wu HL, Gan Y, Ye L, Zheng H, Zhu Z, Liu WJ, Liu HF. ROS-ERK Pathway as Dual Mediators of Cellular Injury and Autophagy-Associated Adaptive Response in Urinary Protein-Irritated Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:6614848. [PMID: 33748286 PMCID: PMC7943278 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6614848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ERK, an extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, is involved in various biological responses, such as cell proliferation and differentiation, cell morphology maintenance, cytoskeletal construction, apoptosis, and canceration of cells. In this study, we focused on ERK pathway on cellular injury and autophagy-associated adaptive response in urinary protein-irritated renal tubular epithelial cells and explored the potential mechanisms underlying it. By using antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and catalase, we found that ERK pathway was activated by a reactive oxygen species- (ROS-) dependent mechanism after exposure to urinary proteins. What is more, ERK inhibitor U0126 could decrease the release of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and the number of apoptotic cells induced by urinary proteins, indicating the damaging effects of ERK pathway in mediating cellular injury and apoptosis in HK-2 cells. Interestingly, we also found that the increased expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II (a key marker of autophagy) and the decreased expression of p62 (autophagic substrate) induced by urinary proteins were reversed by U0126, suggesting autophagy was activated by ERK pathway. Furthermore, rapamycin reduced urinary protein-induced NGAL and KIM-1 secretion and cell growth inhibition, while chloroquine played the opposite effect, indicating that autophagy activation by ERK pathway was an adaptive response in the exposure to urinary proteins. Taken together, our results indicate that activated ROS-ERK pathway can induce cellular injury and in the meantime provide an autophagy-associated adaptive response in urinary protein-irritated renal tubular epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-kun Deng
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hong-luan Wu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Yu Gan
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Ling Ye
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Huijuan Zheng
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zebing Zhu
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wei Jing Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
- Renal Research Institution of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Hua-feng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Prevention and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
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Sasongko TH, Sadewa AH, Kusuma PA, Damanik MP, Lee MJ, Ayaki H, Nozu K, Goto A, Matsuo M, Nishio H. ACE gene polymorphism in children with nephrotic syndrome in the Indonesian population. Kobe J Med Sci 2005; 51:41-7. [PMID: 16421456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene carries insertion (I) and deletion (D) polymorphism within its intron 16. The presence of D-allele in the ACE gene has been reported as a probable genetic risk factor for idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS), especially the subtype of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). The D-allele may be related to poor responsiveness to steroid therapy. To clarify the relationship between the D-allele and INS, we studied the prevalence of the D-allele in the Javanese-Indonesian patients. Additionally, we also analyzed relationship between each genotype and steroid sensitivity among the MCNS patients. METHODS Eighty-five Javanese-Indonesian patients under 15 years of age with INS were enrolled in this study: 16 patients with FSGS and 69 patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS). As controls, 68 healthy adult Javanese-Indonesians with no history of kidney disease volunteered to participate in this study. Genotypes based on the polymorphisms (I/D) were determined by using a PCR method. As for the steroid responsiveness, the information of 14 out of 16 FSGS patient (87.5%) and 69 out of 69 MCNS patients (100%) was available. RESULTS The genotype frequencies in the FSGS patients were II 37% (6/16), ID 44% (7/16) and DD 19% (3/16), and the D-allele frequency was 41% (13/32). The genotype frequencies in the MCNS patients were II 56% (39/69), ID 38% (26/69) and DD 6% (4/69), and the D-allele frequency was 25% (34/138). The genotype frequencies in the controls were II 60% (41/68), ID 31% (21/68), and DD 9% (6/68), and the D-allele frequency was 26% (33/136). None of the FSGS patients were sensitive to steroid, while almost all MCNS patients (66/69) were sensitive to steroid. The genotype frequencies among steroid-sensitive MCNS patients were consistent with those of the controls, suggesting that there was no relationship between each genotype and steroid sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS In the Javanese-Indonesian population, none of the comparisons showed any significant differences in the genotypic distribution and allelic frequencies among the three groups, FSGS, MCNS and controls, although D-allele tended to exist more frequently in FSGS patients than in the MCNS patients and controls. In addition, the D-allele frequency was not related to steroid sensitivity in the MCNS patients.
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Abstract
Lymphocyte ectoenzymes with immunomodulatory function were investigated in 11 children with minimal change disease (MCD), 9 with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), and 17 age- and sex-matched healthy children. Basal, concanavalin A (Con A)-, and pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated lymphocyte ecto-5'-nucleotidase (5'-Nu), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), and alkaline phosphodiesterase I (APD) activities were determined. In MCD relapse ecto-APD activity of unstimulated lymphocytes was higher than controls. Ecto-APD of Con A-stimulated lymphocytes was below controls (23.0, range 7.2-48.7 nmol/min per 10(6) lymphocytes) in all active MCD (18.7, range 7.6-32.6), during corticosteroid treatment (14.6, range 4.5-54), and in remission (13.1, range 6.1-19.6), but was significant only in remission. Con A-stimulated DPP IV was significantly lower from controls (53.8, range 19.3-85.7 nmol/min per 10(6) lymphocytes) in all active MCD (38.1, range 10.8-82.1), during treatment (37.5, range 20.2-58.7), and in remission (39.4, range 24.3-69.6). In FSGS, unstimulated lymphocyte ecto-APD activity was greater than controls. However, Con A-stimulated lymphocyte ecto-APD and DPP IV activities were not significantly different from controls. Con A stimulation of lymphocyte ecto-APD and DPP IV activity was significantly reduced in MCD relapse and in remission, but not in FSGS. Basal, Con A-, and PWM-stimulated ecto-5'-Nu in MCD and FSGS were not different from controls. These results suggest a role for abnormal T cell function in MCD but not in FSGS. The difference in mitogen-stimulated expression of these ectoenzymes suggests a different pathogenesis of childhood MCD and primary FSGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Stefanović
- Institute of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, Faculty of Medicine, Nis, Yugoslavia
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Halkas AC, Gaillard MC, Thomson PD, Green SL, Ludewick H, Kala U. Variants of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor in black and white South African patients with focal glomerulosclerosis and minimal change nephrotic syndrome. J Med Genet 1998; 35:6-9. [PMID: 9475086 PMCID: PMC1051178 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.35.1.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and biochemical characteristics of certain alleles of alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor in black and white South African patients with two common types of pathology causing the nephrotic syndrome. DESIGN A cross sectional study of black and white patients with focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS) or minimal change disease (MCNS) and black and white controls. SETTING The patients were drawn from the Paediatric Nephrology Units at the Johannesburg and Baragwanath Hospitals and the controls were drawn from the South African Blood Transfusion Service and the Paediatric Nephrology Clinic in Johannesburg. RESULTS There was a significant increase in the prevalence of the V allele in black patients with FGS (12%) as compared to black controls (1%) (p = 0.01). None of the white patients with FGS had the V allele but two out the five coloured (mixed race) patients had the V allele (20%). An increase in the prevalence of the S allele of alpha 1PI was found in white patients with FGS and MCNS (10%) as compared to white controls (2%). The plasma elastase inhibitory capacity (EIC) associated with the phenotypes (PI) M1 (Ala213)S, M1 (Ala213) V, and M1 (Ala213) M1 (Ala213) was significantly decreased as compared to the EIC associated with PI M1 (Val213) M1 (Val213) (p = 0.006, p = 0.004, and p = 0.025, respectively). Twelve of 13 patients with FGS and infected with tuberculosis had either the M1 (Ala213) V or F alleles and required transplantation owing to the severity of the disease. All of these patients were either black or coloured. However, eight of 12 patients with FGS who had the M1 (Ala213) V or S alleles but were PPD negative did not require transplantation. CONCLUSION It is possible that the combination of functionally less efficient alpha 1PI and an inflammatory challenge associated with an infection such as tuberculosis could predispose black and coloured nephrotic patients to more aggressive scarring in FGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Halkas
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Buis B, Wever PC, Koomen GC, van Acker BA, Groothoff JW, Krediet RT, Arisz L. Clearance ratios of amylase isoenzymes and IgG subclasses: do they reflect glomerular charge selectivity? Nephron Clin Pract 1997; 75:444-50. [PMID: 9127332 DOI: 10.1159/000189583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The clearance ratios of endogenous plasma proteins with the same size but a different charge, such as the amylase isoenzymes and the immunoglobulin (Ig) G subclasses, have been used to assess glomerular charge selectivity in man. These proteins are, however, subject to tubular reabsorption. In this study we measured the IgG subclass/IgG clearance ratios for IgG1 (pI 8.0-9.5), IgG2 (pI 7.0-7.5) and IgG4 (pI < 6) in 6 healthy volunteers. Our results suggested a selective influence of tubular reabsorption: the IgG1/IgG clearance ratio was 0.68 +/- 0.14 (mean +/- SD) and lower than IgG2/IgG (2.02 +/- 1.06, p < or = 0.01). IgG4/IgG was 0.89 +/- 0.39. In addition, we studied the clearance ratios of pancreatic (PA, pI 7.0) and salivary amylase (SA, pI 5.9-6.4) and of IgG1 and IgG2 in 8 patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome (MCNS), 11 patients recovering from acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and 9 healthy volunteers (controls). In MCNS glomerular charge selectivity is lost, while in recovering ATN tubular function is severely disturbed. The PA/SA clearance ratio was 3.25 +/- 0.89 in controls, reflecting intact glomerular charge selectivity. In MCNS patients the PA/SA clearance ratio had decreased to 1.21 +/- 0.23 (p < or = 0.001). In ATN patients the PA/SA clearance ratio was reduced as well: 1.55 +/- 0.41 (p < or = 0.001), although the aselective nature of the proteinuria and the modest albuminuria indicated intact glomerular charge selectivity. The IgG1/ IgG2 clearance ratio was 0.54 +/- 0.15 in controls, again suggesting preferential tubular reabsorption of IgG1. In MCNS patients the IgG1/IgG2 clearance ratio was 0.16 +/- 0.10 (p < or = 0.001); this probably reflects the relatively increased glomerular sieving of IgG2 when glomerular charge selectivity is lost. In ATN patients the IgG1/IgG2 clearance ratio was 1.07 +/- 0.47 (p < or = 0.001), which suggests a partial loss of preferential reabsorption of IgG1. It was concluded that the PA/SA clearance ratio is influenced by loss of tubular function and therefore does not reflect glomerular charge selectivity specifically. The IgG1/IgG2 ratio cannot be used to assess glomerular charge selectivity either because of the interference of selective tubular reabsorption of the subclasses. These findings put the assessment of glomerular charge using endogenous proteins in a new light and bring forward the necessity to interpret these ratios with the utmost cautiousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Buis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Koide H, Nakamura T, Ebihara I, Tomino Y. Increased mRNA expression of metalloproteinase-9 in peripheral blood monocytes from patients with immunoglobulin A nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1996; 28:32-9. [PMID: 8712219 DOI: 10.1016/s0272-6386(96)90127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We examined metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -2, -3, and -9 mRNA expression by peripheral blood monocytes from 50 patients with immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy, 20 with membranous nephropathy, 10 with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, five with focal glomerulosclerosis, 30 with non-IgA proliferative glomerulonephritis, and 40 healthy normal controls who were comparable with regard to age and sex. Monocytes from patients with IgA nephropathy expressed a higher level of MMP-9 mRNA than those from patients with other forms of glomerulonephritis or from healthy controls (MMP-9 to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ratio: IgA nephropathy, 1.68 +/- 0.24; membranous nephropathy, 0.22 +/- 0.08; minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, 0.24 +/- 0.06; focal glomerulosclerosis, 0.32 +/- 0.08; non-IgA proliferative glomerulonephritis, 0.30 +/- 0.12; and healthy controls, 0.16 +/- 0.04). When the biopsy specimens were classified into four grades according to the severity of glomerular and interstitial pathology, highly significant differences were observed among MMP-9 mRNA levels in monocytes from all four groups of patients with IgA nephropathy (grade I, 0.44 +/- 0.09; grade II, 1.06 +/- 0.26; grade III, 2.22 +/- 0.68; grade IV, 2.86 +/- 0.88). In addition, MMP-9 mRNA levels from patients with IgA nephropathy correlated with urinary protein excretion (P < 0.001). However, we detected minimal mRNA expression of MMP-1, -2, and -3 by peripheral blood monocytes from patients with IgA nephropathy or other forms of glomerulonephritis and from normal healthy controls. Our results suggest that increased MMP-9 mRNA expression in circulating monocytes may contribute to the progression of IgA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Koide
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Koto Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Zoch-Zwierz W, Rudobielska M. [Glycine transamidinase (ADT) activity in the serum and urine of children with lipoid nephrosis]. Pediatr Pol 1983; 58:621-4. [PMID: 6657332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Zoch-Zwierz W. [N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity in the serum and urine of children with lipid nephrosis]. Pol Tyg Lek 1982; 37:333-5. [PMID: 7134036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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