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Khan AH, Afroze B, Majid H, Zaidi Y, Jamil A, Jafri L. Musculoskeletal manifestations in Alkaptonuria: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e28241. [PMID: 34941093 PMCID: PMC8702201 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the patient characteristics and clinical presentation of Alkaptonuria cases reported by the Biochemical Genetics Lab.An observational study was conducted at the Biochemical Genetics Lab. Alkaptonuria patients were diagnosed based on the homogentisic acid peak in urine and their demographics and clinical data collected from to 2013 to 2019. Clinical history related to joint diseases, ochronotic presentation, and urine darkening on standing was collected.During 7 years, 21 Alkaptonuria cases were reported from BGL; mean age 19.4 ± 24.5 years (range 0.2-66 years) and male to female ratio of 2:1. Of the total, only 9 were adults (mean age, 44 ± 12 years). Most adult patients had musculoskeletal involvement, with joint pain (n = 9) and ochronotic pigmentation (n = 6), whereas all patients presented with a history of urine darkening on standing (21/21 cases).The high prevalence of musculoskeletal involvement observed in patients with albuminuria is likely to be missed by physicians unless specifically tested for in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Habib Khan
- Department of Pathology& Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Pathology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Bushra Afroze
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Pediatrics, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Majid
- Department of Pathology& Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Pathology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Yusra Zaidi
- Department of Pathology& Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Pathology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Azeema Jamil
- Department of Pathology& Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Pathology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Lena Jafri
- Department of Pathology& Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Pathology, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
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Ranganath LR, Khedr M, Milan AM, Davison AS, Hughes AT, Usher JL, Taylor S, Loftus N, Daroszewska A, West E, Jones A, Briggs M, Fisher M, McCormick M, Judd S, Vinjamuri S, Griffin R, Psarelli EE, Cox TF, Sireau N, Dillon JP, Devine JM, Hughes G, Harrold J, Barton GJ, Jarvis JC, Gallagher JA. Nitisinone arrests ochronosis and decreases rate of progression of Alkaptonuria: Evaluation of the effect of nitisinone in the United Kingdom National Alkaptonuria Centre. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 125:127-134. [PMID: 30055994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
QUESTION Does Nitisinone prevent the clinical progression of the Alkaptonuria? FINDINGS In this observational study on 39 patients, 2 mg of daily nitisinone inhibited ochronosis and significantly slowed the progression of AKU over a three-year period. MEANING Nitisinone is a beneficial therapy in Alkaptonuria. BACKGROUND Nitisinone decreases homogentisic acid (HGA), but has not been shown to modify progression of Alkaptonuria (AKU). METHODS Thirty-nine AKU patients attended the National AKU Centre (NAC) in Liverpool for assessments and treatment. Nitisinone was commenced at V1 or baseline. Thirty nine, 34 and 22 AKU patients completed 1, 2 and 3 years of monitoring respectively (V2, V3 and V4) in the VAR group. Seventeen patients also attended a pre-baseline visit (V0) in the VAR group. Within the 39 patients, a subgroup of the same ten patients attended V0, V1, V2, V3 and V4 visits constituting the SAME Group. Severity of AKU was assessed by calculation of the AKU Severity Score Index (AKUSSI) allowing comparison between the pre-nitisinone and the nitisinone treatment phases. RESULTS The ALL (sum of clinical, joint and spine AKUSSI features) AKUSSI rate of change of scores/patient/month, in the SAME group, was significantly lower at two (0.32 ± 0.19) and three (0.15 ± 0.13) years post-nitisinone when compared to pre-nitisinone (0.65 ± 0.15) (p < .01 for both comparisons). Similarly, the ALL AKUSSI rate of change of scores/patient/month, in the VAR group, was significantly lower at one (0.16 ± 0.08) and three (0.19 ± 0.06) years post-nitisinone when compared to pre-nitisinone (0.59 ± 0.13) (p < .01 for both comparisons). Combined ear and ocular ochronosis rate of change of scores/patient/month was significantly lower at one, two and three year's post-nitisinone in both VAR and SAME groups compared with pre-nitisinone (p < .05). CONCLUSION This is the first indication that a 2 mg dose of nitisinone slows down the clinical progression of AKU. Combined ocular and ear ochronosis progression was arrested by nitisinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Ranganath
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK.
| | - M Khedr
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - A M Milan
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - A S Davison
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - A T Hughes
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - J L Usher
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - S Taylor
- Physiotherapy, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - N Loftus
- Physiotherapy, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - A Daroszewska
- Rheumatology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK; Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK
| | - E West
- Dermatology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - A Jones
- Anaesthesia, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - M Briggs
- Ophthalmology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - M Fisher
- Cardiology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - M McCormick
- ENT, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - S Judd
- Dietetics, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - S Vinjamuri
- Nuclear Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - R Griffin
- Liverpool Cancer Trials Unit, University of Liverpool, Block C, Waterhouse Building, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - E E Psarelli
- Liverpool Cancer Trials Unit, University of Liverpool, Block C, Waterhouse Building, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - T F Cox
- Liverpool Cancer Trials Unit, University of Liverpool, Block C, Waterhouse Building, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - N Sireau
- AKU Society, 66 Devonshire Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - J P Dillon
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK
| | - J M Devine
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK
| | - G Hughes
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK
| | - J Harrold
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK
| | - G J Barton
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - J C Jarvis
- Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - J A Gallagher
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZX, UK
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Arnoux JB, Le Quan Sang KH, Brassier A, Grisel C, Servais A, Wippf J, Dubois S, Sireau N, Job-Deslandre C, Ranganath L, de Lonlay P. Old treatments for new insights and strategies: proposed management in adults and children with alkaptonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:791-6. [PMID: 25860819 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-015-9844-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Alkaptonuria (AKU) is caused by deficiency of the enzyme homogentisate 1,2 dioxygenase. It results in an accumulation of homogentisate which oxidizes spontaneously to benzoquinone acetate, a highly oxidant compound, which polymerises to a melanin-like structure, in a process called ochronosis. Asymptomatic during childhood, this accumulation will lead from the second decade of life to a progressive and severe spondylo-arthopathy, associated with multisystem involvement: osteoporosis/fractures, stones (renal, prostatic, gall bladder, salivary glands), ruptures of tendons/muscle/ligaments, renal failure and aortic valve disease. The pathophysiological mechanisms of AKU remain poorly understood, but recent advances lead us to reconsider the treatment strategy in AKU patients. Besides the supporting therapies (pain killers, anti-inflammatory drugs, physiotherapy, joints replacements and others), specific therapies have been considered (anti-oxidant, low protein diet, nitisinone), but clinical studies have failed to prove efficiency on the rheumatological lesions of the disease. Here we propose a treatment strategy for children and adults with AKU, based on a review of the latest findings on AKU and lessons from other aminoacipathies, especially tyrosinemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Arnoux
- Reference Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, 149 rue de Sèvres, Paris, 75015, France,
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Abstract
Alkaptonuria (AKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder due to homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) deficiency in the liver and characterized by a triad of signs, according to chronology of appearance: homogentisic aciduria (HGA) or alkaptonuria, ochronosis then ochronotic arthropathy. This inborn error of metabolism is caused by mutations in the HGD gene. In this work we report observations of 96 AKU French patients from 81 families collected in the literature since 1882 and from our personal contribution since 1986, giving an incidence of the disease of around 1:680,000 (96/64.10(6)). As expected for an autosomal recessive disorder the main findings of this study were: a slight predominance of males (51/93, 54,8%) over females (42/93, 45,2%), a strong predominance of sibships with one affected individual (68/81, 84,0%) over sibships with two (11/81, 13.6%) and three(2/81, 2.4%) affected individuals. AKU families are scaterred among the French territory suggesting that most cases occured in non-consanguineous unions. Consanguinity was only found in five families. Other peculiarities of this study were (a) ten of these families have both parents from a foreign geographical origin: Poland(3), Italy(3), Portugal(2), Ukraine(1) and India(1) and four families with only one foreign parent (Algeria, Armenia, Serbia, UK), (b) HGD mutations were found in 23 families, (c) four of theses 96 patients were seen by us respectively 28, 29, 39 and 45 years after their report in the literature and (d) seven patients present cardiac and/or renal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Raphael Aquaron
- Laboratoire de biochimie et biologie moléculaire, Aix-Marseille Université, Campus Santé Timone, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, cedex5, France.
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Abstract
Exogenous ochronosis is clinically and histologically similar to its endogenous counterpart; however, it exhibits no systemic effects and is not an inherited disorder. It is characterized by an asymptomatic hyperpigmentation of the face, sides and back of the neck, back, and extensor surfaces of the extremities. The associated ochronotic discoloration most commonly results from use of products containing hydroquinone. It also occurs following use of antimalarials and products containing resorcinol, phenol, mercury or picric acid. The etiology of hydroquinone-induced hyperpigmentation in exogenous ochronosis remains speculative. The majority of patients with this condition are Black, but it has been reported to occur in Hispanics and Caucasians. Exogenous ochronosis is prevalent among South African Blacks, but is believed relatively uncommon within the US. The reasons for this phenomenon are not clear, but it could be a result of the use of skin care products containing resorcinol in combination with hydroquinone or the use of hydroquinone in a hydroalcoholic lotion. Treatment of this condition is difficult. The offending agent must be avoided, but improvement occurs only slowly. A number of topical agents have been studied as have dermabrasion and the use of lasers. Controlled studies in larger numbers of patients are require to determine the true efficacy of newer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Levin
- University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, San Francisco, California, USA
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