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Anjum A, Usman S, Aslam A, Faiz M, Usman S, Imran MS, Hussain I, Usman M, Badar S, Iqbal MZ, Dar A, Haq HMA. Prevalence and molecular detection of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in large ruminants in Punjab, Pakistan. Trop Biomed 2020; 37:273-281. [PMID: 33612797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a highly contagious disease of cattle caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. It is characterized by anorexia, fever, dyspnea, polypnea, cough, and nasal discharges. Gross lesions in the lung such as marbling, sequestra, thickening of interlobular septa, and consolidation are evident. Serological tests including complement fixation test and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and molecular tests such as polymerase chain reactions are used for diagnostic purposes. In this study, lung samples of suspected large ruminants (cattle n=560, buffalo n=293) were collected from abattoirs of three districts of Punjab namely Lahore, Kasur and Jhang. PCR was performed with specific primers, targeting the 16S ribosomal RNA gene to detect the positive cases. The results indicated that 49 samples (8.75%) of cattle were positive, with maximum prevalence was observed in Jhang with 16 positive samples (10.06%), but CBPP was not detected in any buffalo sample. High prevalence of disease was seen in cattle of more than seven years of age, in female cattle, and in cross-bred cattle. Age and gender were found significantly associated (P<0.05) with the prevalence of the disease. Gene sequencing of identified 5 isolates of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides had more than 99% similarities with the strains isolated from China, Italy, Australia and Tanzania and were categorized into a monophyletic group but strain isolated from Portugal had more than 55% variable regions, hence clustered separately. This study confirms the presence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in the country which can be a threat to the livestock export market and warrants the implementation of control measures to mitigate the economic losses associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anjum
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S Usman
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Aslam
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Faiz
- King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S Usman
- Nishtar Medical University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - M S Imran
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - I Hussain
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Usman
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - S Badar
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department Punjab, Pakistan
| | - M Z Iqbal
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Dar
- Foot and Mouth Disease Research Center, Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - H M A Haq
- Poultry Research Institute, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Field MS, Szebenyi DM, Perry CA, Stover PJ. Inhibition of 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 458:194-201. [PMID: 17250800 PMCID: PMC1850231 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate analogs with murine methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (MTHFS) was investigated using steady-state kinetics, molecular modeling, and site-directed mutagenesis. MTHFS catalyzes the irreversible cyclization of 5-formyltetrahydrofolate to 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate. Folate analogs that cannot undergo the rate-limiting step in catalysis were inhibitors of murine MTHFS. 5-Formyltetrahydrohomofolate was an effective inhibitor of murine MTHFS (K(i)=0.7 microM), whereas 5-formyl,10-methyltetrahydrofolate was a weak inhibitor (K(i)=10 microM). The former, but not the latter, was slowly phosphorylated by MTHFS. 5-Formyltetrahydrohomofolate was not a substrate for murine MTHFS, but was metabolized when the MTHFS active site Y151 was mutated to Ala. MTHFS active site residues do not directly facilitate N10 attack on the on the N5-iminium phosphate intermediate, but rather restrict N10 motion around N5. Inhibitors specifically designed to block N10 attack appear to be less effective than the natural 10-formyltetrahydrofolate polyglutamate inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha S. Field
- Cornell Unviersity, Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | | | - Patrick J. Stover
- Cornell Unviersity, Graduate Field of Biochemistry, Molecular and Cell Biology, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Tamaoki J, Araake M, Chiyotani A, Isono K, Nagai A. Airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine in mycoplasmal infection: role of histamine N-methyltransferase. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 347:257-60. [PMID: 9653891 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00177-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the modulatory role of histamine-degrading enzymes in airway constrictor responses in mycoplasmal infection, we studied hamster tracheal segments under isometric conditions in vitro. Nasal inoculation with Mycoplasma pneumoniae potentiated the contractile responses to histamine but not to methacholine. Pretreatment of tissues with the histamine N-methyltransferase inhibitor SKF 91488 abolished the infection-induced potentiation, whereas, the diamine oxidase inhibitor aminoguanidine had no effect. The histamine N-methyltransferase but not diamine oxidase activity in tracheal tissues was decreased in infected animals. These results suggest that M. pneumoniae causes airway hyperresponsiveness to histamine probably through a reduction of endogenous histamine N-methyltransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tamaoki
- First Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Japan
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Molinos L, Fernandez R, Dominguez MJ, Riesgo C, Escudero C, Martinez J. Adenosine deaminase activity in the aetiological diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia. Scand J Infect Dis 1997; 29:287-90. [PMID: 9255891 DOI: 10.3109/00365549709019044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A prospective study was undertaken to assess the usefulness of serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in the aetiological diagnosis of 75 patients (mean age 58 years) with community-acquired pneumonia who required hospitalization. Measurements of ADA were also carried out in 35 healthy subjects (mean age 52 years). The serum ADA activity in patients with typical bacterial pneumonia (TBP) was 21 +/- 7 IU/l and in controls 22 +/- 9 IU/l. In 43 patients with atypical pneumonia (AP), ADA levels (43 +/- 23 IU/l) were significantly higher than in the previously related groups (p < 0.001). Analysis within the group of atypical pneumonia showed significant differences for infections caused by Coxiella burnetii (61 +/- 19 IU/l, p < 0.001), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (44 +/- 26 IU/l, p < 0.001) and Legionella pneumophila (39 +/- 15 IU/l, p < 0.05), as compared with patients with bacterial pneumonia and normal control subjects. We conclude that serum ADA in patients with community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization may provide useful additional diagnostic information on the aetiology of pulmonary infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Deaminase/blood
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/diagnosis
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Clinical Enzyme Tests
- Community-Acquired Infections/diagnosis
- Female
- Humans
- Legionnaires' Disease/diagnosis
- Legionnaires' Disease/enzymology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/enzymology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/enzymology
- Pneumonia, Rickettsial/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis
- Pneumonia, Viral/enzymology
- Prospective Studies
- Q Fever/diagnosis
- Sensitivity and Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- L Molinos
- Service of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Abstract
Endogenous peroxidase activity has not been localized in the tracheal mucosal epithelial cells of specific pathogen-free (SPF) rats. After natural infection with Mycoplasma pulmonis in SPF rats, peroxidase activity became localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope, and Golgi apparatus of tracheal ciliated or mucous secretory cells. Some secretory cells occasionally had peroxidase-positive secretory granules. At 1 wk M. pulmonis was found to attach to these epithelial cells, which then showed positive peroxidase activity at 2 wk. Serum antibody titers against M. pulmonis were positive at 5 wk. These results suggest that virulent mycoplasma infection and interaction with the tracheal epithelial cells trigger the de novo expression of peroxidase activity, which seems to play a role in mucosal anti-microbial defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kinbara
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Suga M, Ando M, Nishikawa H, Araki S. Adenosine deaminase activity and free IL-2 receptor levels in serum from patients with mycoplasma pneumonia. Jpn J Med 1991; 30:108-12. [PMID: 1907690 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine1962.30.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity and free interleukin (IL)-2 receptor levels were assayed in serum samples from patients with mycoplasma and bacterial pneumonia to evaluate the usefulness of these parameters in distinguishing between these diseases at an early stage. Serum ADA and free IL-2 receptor levels in patients with mycoplasma pneumonia (32.4 +/- 9.2 U/l, 960 +/- 204 U/ml) were significantly higher than those in patients with bacterial pneumonia (12.5 +/- 3.3 U/l, 425 +/- 86 U/ml) and in healthy controls (14.0 +/- 3.4 U/l, 286 +/- 49 U/ml) (p less than 0.001). Of the 20 mycoplasma pneumonia cases, 19 showed increased levels of ADA over 20.8 U/l; in 17 of the 19, the increase of ADA was seen before the elevation of the specific antibody to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. In contrast, serum ADA levels in all 20 cases of bacterial pneumonia were lower than 20.8 U/l. There results indicate that assays for serum ADA and free IL-2 receptor levels are useful in distinguishing between bacterial and mycoplasma pneumonia at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Suga
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kumamoto University School, Japan
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Abstract
We measured the activity of serum adenosine deaminase (ADA) in paired sera from 171 military conscripts with radiographically verified pneumonia. Patient serum samples were selected on the basis of serologic analyses identifying as single etiologic agents Streptococcus pneumoniae in 29 patients, Haemophilus influenzae in 7, Mycoplasma pneumoniae in 43, adenovirus in 24, influenza A or B in 12, and parainfluenza in 5 patients. In 14 patients Neisseria meningitidis and in 31 Chlamydia spp were considered the main etiologic agent. Compared with a control group of 45 healthy men, the ADA activity in patients with pneumonia was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in all patient groups except those with meningococcal pneumonia. The highest ADA levels were seen in patients with pneumonia caused by M pneumoniae (27.4 +/- 9.7 U/L), Chlamydia spp (26.3 +/- 9.1 U/L), and adenovirus (28.5 +/- 10.9 U/L) compared with the controls (11.1 +/- 3.0 U/L). In patients with meningococcal pneumonia, the ADA activity was significantly decreased (p less than 0.001). Serum ADA activity probably reflects differences in cellular immune response to different infectious agents. The ADA determinations may give corroborative information on the etiologic agent of pneumonia.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Deaminase/blood
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/blood
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/enzymology
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Bacterial Infections/blood
- Bacterial Infections/enzymology
- Chlamydia Infections/blood
- Chlamydia Infections/enzymology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Haemophilus Infections/blood
- Haemophilus Infections/enzymology
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Humans
- Influenza, Human/blood
- Influenza, Human/enzymology
- Military Personnel
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Pneumonia/blood
- Pneumonia/enzymology
- Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/blood
- Pneumonia, Mycoplasma/enzymology
- Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/blood
- Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/enzymology
- Pneumonia, Viral/blood
- Pneumonia, Viral/enzymology
- Retrospective Studies
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Affiliation(s)
- M Klockars
- Institute of Occupation Health, Helsinki, Finland
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Sugino H, Mitani I, Koike M, Kodama T, Sokawa J, Sawai H, Ishibashi K, Itoh M, Watanabe S, Sokawa Y. Detection of elevated levels of 2-5A synthetase in serum from children with various infectious diseases. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 24:478-81. [PMID: 3760142 PMCID: PMC268943 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.24.3.478-481.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
By a sensitive radioimmunoassay method, (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase was detected in serum from patients with viral, bacterial, or mycoplasmal infections at elevated levels compared with enzyme levels in serum from healthy individuals and patients suffering from noninfectious diseases.
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Frýdl V. [Mycoplasma pneumoniae--an agent of an opportunistic infection?]. Med Welt 1983; 34:1129-33. [PMID: 6417445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Kirby T, Blum J, Kahane I, Fridovich I. Distinguishing between Mn-containing and Fe-containing superoxide dismutases in crude extracts of cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980; 201:551-5. [PMID: 6994652 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(80)90544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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