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Vitale A, Caggiano V, Martin-Nares E, Frassi M, Dagna L, Hissaria P, Sfriso P, Hernández-Rodríguez J, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Monti S, Tufan A, Piga M, Giardini HAM, Lopalco G, Viapiana O, De Paulis A, Triggianese P, Vitetta R, de-la-Torre A, Fonollosa A, Caroni F, Sota J, Conticini E, Sbalchiero J, Renieri A, Casamassima G, Wiesik-Szewczyk E, Yildirim D, Hinojosa-Azaola A, Crisafulli F, Franceschini F, Campochiaro C, Tomelleri A, Callisto A, Beecher M, Bindoli S, Baggio C, Gómez-Caverzaschi V, Pelegrín L, Soto-Peleteiro A, Milanesi A, Vasi I, Cauli A, Antonelli IPDB, Iannone F, Bixio R, Casa FD, Mormile I, Gurnari C, Fiorenza A, Mejia-Salgado G, Kawakami-Campos PA, Ragab G, Ciccia F, Ruscitti P, Bocchia M, Balistreri A, Tosi GM, Frediani B, Cantarini L, Fabiani C. Orbital/ocular inflammatory involvement in VEXAS syndrome: Data from the international AIDA network VEXAS registry. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2024; 66:152430. [PMID: 38554594 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2024.152430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
VEXAS syndrome is a recently described monogenic autoinflammatory disease capable of manifesting itself with a wide array of organs and tissues involvement. Orbital/ocular inflammatory manifestations are frequently described in VEXAS patients. The objective of this study is to further describe orbital/ocular conditions in VEXAS syndrome while investigating potential associations with other disease manifestations. In the present study, twenty-seven out of 59 (45.8 %) VEXAS patients showed an inflammatory orbital/ocular involvement during their clinical history. The most frequent orbital/ocular affections were represented by periorbital edema in 8 (13.6 %) cases, episcleritis in 5 (8.5 %) patients, scleritis in 5 (8.5 %) cases, uveitis in 4 (6.8 %) cases, conjunctivitis in 4 (6.8 %) cases, blepharitis in 3 (5.1 %) cases, orbital myositis in 2 (3.4 %) cases. A diagnosis of systemic immune-mediated disease was observed in 15 (55.6 %) cases, with relapsing polychondritis diagnosed in 12 patients. A significant association was observed between relapsing polychondritis and orbital/ocular involvement in VEXAS syndrome (Relative Risk: 2.37, 95 % C.I. 1.03-5.46, p = 0.048). Six deaths were observed in the whole cohort of patients after a median disease duration of 1.2 (IQR=5.35) years, 5 (83.3 %) of which showed orbital/ocular inflammatory involvement. In conclusion, this study confirms that orbital/ocular inflammatory involvement is a common finding in VEXAS patients, especially when relapsing polychondritis is diagnosed. This makes ophthalmologists a key figure in the diagnostic process of VEXAS syndrome. The high frequency of deaths observed in this study seems to suggest that patients with orbital/ocular involvement may require increased attention and more careful follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vitale
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Rheumatology Unit, Policlinico "Le Scotte", Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center] Siena, viale Bracci 16, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Valeria Caggiano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Rheumatology Unit, Policlinico "Le Scotte", Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center] Siena, viale Bracci 16, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Eduardo Martin-Nares
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Micol Frassi
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Spedali Civili and Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dagna
- Division of Immunology, Transplants and Infectious Diseases, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Milan, Italy
| | - Pravin Hissaria
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Immunopathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paolo Sfriso
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Padua, Italy
| | - José Hernández-Rodríguez
- Clinical Unit of Autoinflammatory Diseases, Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic of Barcelona [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Ruiz-Irastorza
- Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Biscay, Spain; Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Biscay, Spain
| | - Sara Monti
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Pavia, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Università di Pavia, Italy
| | - Abdurrahman Tufan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Matteo Piga
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University and AOU of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Henrique A Mayrink Giardini
- Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Lopalco
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J) Policlinic Hospital, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ombretta Viapiana
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Italy
| | - Amato De Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Immunology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), WAO Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Triggianese
- Rheumatology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Molecular Medicine and Applied Biotechnology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosetta Vitetta
- Unit of Rheumatology, ASL VC Sant' Andrea Hospital, Vercelli 13100, Italy
| | - Alejandra de-la-Torre
- Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), NeuroVitae Center, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alex Fonollosa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, University of the Basque Country, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Federico Caroni
- Rheumatology Unit, Policlinico "Le Scotte", Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center] Siena, viale Bracci 16, Siena 53100, Italy; Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Jurgen Sota
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Rheumatology Unit, Policlinico "Le Scotte", Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center] Siena, viale Bracci 16, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Edoardo Conticini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Rheumatology Unit, Policlinico "Le Scotte", Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center] Siena, viale Bracci 16, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Jessica Sbalchiero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Rheumatology Unit, Policlinico "Le Scotte", Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center] Siena, viale Bracci 16, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- Rheumatology Unit, Policlinico "Le Scotte", Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center] Siena, viale Bracci 16, Siena 53100, Italy; Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Casamassima
- Rheumatology Unit, Policlinico "Le Scotte", Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center] Siena, viale Bracci 16, Siena 53100, Italy; Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Med Biotech Hub and Competence Center, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Ewa Wiesik-Szewczyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pneumonology, Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of National Defense, Military Institute of Medicine, National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Derya Yildirim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Andrea Hinojosa-Azaola
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francesca Crisafulli
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Spedali Civili and Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Brescia, Italy
| | - Franco Franceschini
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Spedali Civili and Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Brescia, Italy
| | - Corrado Campochiaro
- Division of Immunology, Transplants and Infectious Diseases, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Tomelleri
- Division of Immunology, Transplants and Infectious Diseases, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Milan, Italy
| | - Alicia Callisto
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mark Beecher
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sara Bindoli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Baggio
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Padua, Italy
| | - Verónica Gómez-Caverzaschi
- Clinical Unit of Autoinflammatory Diseases, Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic of Barcelona [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Pelegrín
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institut Clínic d'Oftalmologia (ICOF), Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Institut de Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Soto-Peleteiro
- Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Biscay, Spain; Autoimmune Diseases Unit, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Biscay, Spain
| | - Alessandra Milanesi
- Division of Rheumatology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center], Pavia, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Università di Pavia, Italy
| | - Ibrahim Vasi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Gazi University Hospital, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Alberto Cauli
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University and AOU of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Florenzo Iannone
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J) Policlinic Hospital, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bixio
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Della Casa
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Immunology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Mormile
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Immunology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmelo Gurnari
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alessia Fiorenza
- Unit of Rheumatology, ASL VC Sant' Andrea Hospital, Vercelli 13100, Italy
| | - Germán Mejia-Salgado
- Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), NeuroVitae Center, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Perla Ayumi Kawakami-Campos
- Department of Ophthalmology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gaafar Ragab
- Internal Medicine Department, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Faculty of Medicine, Newgiza University, 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - Francesco Ciccia
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Piero Ruscitti
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Monica Bocchia
- Rheumatology Unit, Policlinico "Le Scotte", Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center] Siena, viale Bracci 16, Siena 53100, Italy; Hematology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, University of Siena, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Alberto Balistreri
- Rheumatology Unit, Policlinico "Le Scotte", Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center] Siena, viale Bracci 16, Siena 53100, Italy; Bioengineering and Biomedical Data Science Lab, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Tosi
- Rheumatology Unit, Policlinico "Le Scotte", Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center] Siena, viale Bracci 16, Siena 53100, Italy; Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Bruno Frediani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Rheumatology Unit, Policlinico "Le Scotte", Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center] Siena, viale Bracci 16, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Luca Cantarini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease Clinic, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Rheumatology Unit, Policlinico "Le Scotte", Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center] Siena, viale Bracci 16, Siena 53100, Italy.
| | - Claudia Fabiani
- Rheumatology Unit, Policlinico "Le Scotte", Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese [European Reference Network (ERN) for Rare Immunodeficiency, Autoinflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases (RITA) Center] Siena, viale Bracci 16, Siena 53100, Italy; Bioengineering and Biomedical Data Science Lab, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Yin R, Zhao M, Xu D, Wang Q, Li M, Zhang W, Zhang F, Zeng X, Huo Y, Hou Y. Relapsing polychondritis: focus on cardiac involvement. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1218475. [PMID: 37771578 PMCID: PMC10523381 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1218475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Relapsing polychondritis (RP) with cardiac involvement may present with acute cardiovascular events, and may be associated with a negative prognosis. Herein, we analyzed the clinical characteristics of RP patients with cardiac involvement. Method RP patients, hospitalized from December 2005 to December 2021 at Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), were screened. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to statistically analyze the clinical characteristics of these patients. Results The incidence of cardiac involvement in inpatients with RP was 24.1%. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed age, central nervous system (CNS) involvement, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) > 6.41, and disease duration > 4 years as risk factors for cardiac involvement in RP. Conversely, the incidence of tracheobronchial and chest wall involvement was significantly lower in the group with cardiac involvement. Multivariate logistic regression confirmed that age, CNS involvement, NLR > 6.41, and disease duration > 4 years were independent factors for cardiac involvement. Subsequently, we identified five well-defined clinical patterns of RP, based on the involvement of different organs in our patients, and found that the heart-brain model was significantly mutually exclusive with the airway model. Conclusion Occurrence of cardiac involvement in RP is associated with age, CNS involvement, NLR, and disease duration. It is mutually exclusive with airway-related involvement. Regular echocardiography and electrocardiography are necessary for patients with RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Mengtao Li
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Huo
- Department of Rheumatology, Jin Cheng People’s Hospital, Jincheng, Shanxi, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
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