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Jang BK, Oh S, Kim D, Cho JS, Lee CH. Exogenous preculture with sucrose and abscisic acid improves post-cryopreservation survival of eastern bracken fern gametophytes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18518. [PMID: 37898728 PMCID: PMC10613233 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45941-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation is an important technique used in the conservation of various plant tissues. This study proposes a cryopreservation method for the long-term conservation of eastern bracken fern gametophytes (Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum). Encapsulation-dehydration of the gametophytes was performed, and the exogenous sucrose and abscisic acid (ABA) preculture conditions were investigated. Gametophytes are sensitive to dehydration and drying, and the following treatment conditions were applied: encapsulation by alginate containing 0.75 M sucrose, 18-h loading treatment with 0.75 M sucrose, and 6-h drying treatment. The survival rate following cryopreservation was determined. The water content of < 27.5% in the alginate beads after dehydration and drying was found to be appropriate for ensuring survival. Additionally, performing an exogenous sucrose and ABA preculture was essential before encapsulation to achieve a survival of ≥ 90%. The high stress induced by cryopreservation and exogenous preculture regulated the expression of PaSuSy, PaLEA14, and PaABI1b and the endogenous ABA content. In eastern bracken gametophytes, ABI1 appears to be a negative regulator of ABA signaling. These results indicate that the encapsulation-dehydration method is effective for the long-term conservation of eastern bracken fern gametophytes, and exogenous preculture alleviates abiotic stress and increases the survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Kook Jang
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, 57922, Republic of Korea
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sewon Oh
- Fruit Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeil Kim
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Sung Cho
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Cheol Hee Lee
- Division of Animal, Horticultural and Food Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
- Brain Korea 21 Center for Bio-Health Industry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Carvalho TF, Carvalho AC, Zanuncio JC, de Oliveira MLR, Machado ELM, José AC, Santos JB, Pereira IM. Does invasion by Pteridium aquilinum (Dennstaedtiaceae) affect the ecological succession in Atlantic Forest areas after a fire? Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:14195-14205. [PMID: 34601685 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16761-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pteridium aquilinum (Dennstaedtiaceae) colonization affects ecological and restoration processes. The knowledge of the impacts on the ecological succession by this species allows the use of restoration strategies in invaded environments. This work aimed to evaluate the floristic composition, diversity, structure, density, basal area, height, and diameter of natural regeneration in three areas of the Atlantic Forest in the Serra do Espinhaço Biosphere Reserve in an area invaded by P. aquilinum after a fire. Three environments with different coverage intensities by P. aquilinum were studied, and the plants over 10 cm in height or 5 cm in canopy diameter were measured. The floristic composition and diversity were analyzed using indices presented by Chao, Fisher, Margalef, Pielou, Shannon-Weaver, and Simpson, and similarity was evaluated by the Jaccard index. Species density, basal area, height, and canopy diameter classes were also evaluated. The floristic composition, diversity, structure of natural regeneration, density, and basal area were higher in post-fire areas with a lower coverage by P. aquilinum. The topsoil coverage with plant litter and the possible effect of P. aquilinum allelopathy probably reduced the species richness and diversity. The proportion of plants from the lowest height and canopy diameter classes was higher under moderate coverage by P. aquilinum. The reduction in the floristic composition, diversity, number of species, and basal area in post-fire areas colonized by P. aquilinum is probably due to this species aggressiveness. The population of this plant is high, accumulating large quantities of plant litter as a physical barrier preventing light and propagules from reaching the soil, reducing the germination of the seed bank and, consequently, the natural regeneration. The floristic composition, diversity, structure of natural regeneration, density, and basal area were lower in areas with higher coverage by P. aquilinum. The proportion of plants in the most significant height and canopy diameter classes was higher with reduced coverage by P. aquilinum. The P. aquilinum reduced forest succession in areas after a fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayane Ferreira Carvalho
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Florestal/DCF, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Aline Cristina Carvalho
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - José Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Marcio Leles Romarco de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Evandro Luiz Mendonça Machado
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 39100-000, Brazil
| | - Anderson Cleiton José
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Florestal/DCF, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - José Barbosa Santos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 39100-000, Brazil.
| | - Israel Marinho Pereira
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciência Florestal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Campus JK, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, 39100-000, Brazil
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López CL, Mayta C, Naoki K, Quezada JAN, Hensen I, Gallegos SC. Bracken fern does not diminish arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus inoculum potential in tropical deforested areas. Mycorrhiza 2022; 32:123-131. [PMID: 34750710 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tropical montane forests are threatened by uncontrolled fire events because of agricultural expansion. Consequently, deforested areas frequently are dominated by the bracken fern, Pteridium spp., for long periods, and forest regeneration is limited. Despite considerable research on bracken-dominated ecosystems, little is known about the relationship between bracken mycorrhizal fungi and tree seedlings. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiotic relationships with terrestrial plants, providing nutrients and protection against pathogens and promoting seedling growth and establishment. Therefore, AMF inoculum have high potential for forest restoration programs. Here, we compare the species diversity of AMF spores, root colonization, and seedling growth of Clusia trochiformis 1 year after the addition of different liquefied root inocula: forest conspecific, forest heterospecific, and from Pteridium rhizomes. Thirteen morphospecies of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were identified on the roots of C. trochiformis, and Glomus spp. were the most abundant in all treatments. No differences were observed in spore species richness and diversity among treatments, but spore density was the highest subsequent to the Pteridium inoculum. There was no significant difference in mycorrhizal root colonization and seedling growth of C. trochiformis among inoculated treatments. We found a positive relation between root colonization and total biomass. This study shows that the AMF communities in bracken areas and forests present similar characteristics and that the bracken fern does not limit AMF inoculum potential, favouring seedling growth of Clusia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia L López
- Instituto de Ecología, Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia.
- Estación Biológica Santiago de Chirca, La Paz, Bolivia.
| | - Cesar Mayta
- Instituto de Ecología, Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
- Estación Biológica Santiago de Chirca, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Kazuya Naoki
- Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Jorge A N Quezada
- Instituto de Biología Molecular Y Biotecnología, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Isabell Hensen
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Silvia C Gallegos
- Instituto de Ecología, Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
- Estación Biológica Santiago de Chirca, La Paz, Bolivia
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Williams C, Allison SJ, Phillips RM, Linley PA, Wright CW. An Efficient Method for the Isolation of Toxins from Pteridium aquilinum and Evaluation of Ptaquiloside Against Cancer and Non-cancer Cells. Planta Med 2021; 87:892-895. [PMID: 34020492 DOI: 10.1055/a-1494-3513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The common fern, bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), is well known for its toxic effects on livestock due principally to the carcinogenic constituent ptaquiloside ( 1: ), although other toxins are present including the cyanogenic glycoside, prunasin ( 2: ). Here, we report an improved and relatively "green" process for the isolation of 1: and 2: from fresh bracken fronds and the evaluation of 1: for cytotoxicity against several cancer cell lines. The results indicate that 1: displays selective toxicity against cancer cells relative to noncancer retinal epithelial cells, and the improved method for the isolation of 1: is expected to facilitate further exploration of its pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Williams
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Simon J Allison
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Roger M Phillips
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Peter A Linley
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Colin W Wright
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
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García-Jorgensen DB, Hansen HCB, Abrahamsen P, Diamantopoulos E. A novel model concept for modelling the leaching of natural toxins: results for the case of ptaquiloside. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2020; 22:1768-1779. [PMID: 32716437 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytotoxins are a large class of highly diverse emerging environmental contaminants that have been detected at high concentrations in plants, water and soils. This study presents a novel modelling approach for assessing the fate of plant toxins in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, developed for the specific case of ptaquiloside (PTA), a carcinogenic phytotoxin produced by Pteridium aquilinum. The mechanistic model DAISY has been adapted for reproducing phytotoxin dynamics in plants, covering processes such as toxin generation in the canopy, wash off by precipitation and toxin recovery in the canopy after depletion events. Transport of the toxin in the soil was simulated by the advection-dispersion equation assuming weak sorption and degradation for two Danish soils. The model simulates realistic toxin contents in the plant during the growing season, where the actual PTA content is dynamic and a function of the biomass. An average of 48% of the PTA produced in the canopy is washed off by precipitation, with loads in the soil often in the order of mg m-2 and up to a maximum of 13 mg m-2 in a single rain event. Degradation in the soil removes 99.9% of the total PTA input to the soil, while only 0.1% leaches into the soil. The median annual flux-averaged predicted environmental concentrations during single events are often in the order of μg L-1, reaching up to 60 μg L-1 for the worst-case scenario. The simulated results for both degradation and wash off are of the same order of magnitude as the published data. Based on the results, we conclude that DAISY, with the newly implemented processes, is a useful tool for understanding, describing and predicting the fate of PTA in the soil. Further work comparing the model results with real data is needed for the calibration and validation of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B García-Jorgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Baer A, Wheeler JK, Pittermann J. Limited hydraulic adjustments drive the acclimation response of Pteridium aquilinum to variable light. Ann Bot 2020; 125:691-700. [PMID: 31956911 PMCID: PMC7102999 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The success of invasive plants can be attributed to many traits including the ability to adapt to variable environmental conditions. Whether by adaptation, acclimation or phenotypic plasticity, these plants often increase their resource-use efficiency and, consequently, their fitness. The goal of this study was to examine the hydraulic and eco-physiological attributes of sun and shade populations of Pteridium aquilinum, a weedy fern, to determine whether the presence of vessels and other hydraulic attributes affects its success under a variety of light conditions. METHODS Hydraulic traits such as cavitation resistance, hydraulic conductivity, photosynthesis and water potential at turgor loss point were measured on fronds from sun and shade populations. Anatomical and structural traits such as conduit diameter and length, stomatal density and vein density were also recorded. Diurnal measures of leaf water potential and stomatal conductance complement these data. KEY RESULTS Gas exchange was nearly double in the sun plants, as was water-use efficiency, leaf-specific conductivity, and stomatal and vein density. This was largely achieved by a decrease in leaf area, coupled with higher xylem content. There was no significant difference in petiole cavitation resistance between the sun and shade leaves, nor in xylem-specific conductivity. Hydraulic conduit diameters were nearly equivalent in the two leaf types. CONCLUSIONS Shifts in leaf area and xylem content allow P. aquilinum to occupy habitats with full sun, and to adjust its physiology accordingly. High rates of photosynthesis explain in part the success of this fern in disturbed habitats, although no change was observed in intrinsic xylem qualities such as cavitation resistance or conduit length. This suggests that P. aquilinum is constrained by its fundamental body plan, in contrast to seed plants, which show greater capacity for hydraulic adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Baer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - James K Wheeler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Jarmila Pittermann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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Wolf PG, Rowe CA, Kinosian SP, Der JP, Lockhart PJ, Shepherd LD, McLenachan PA, Thomson JA. Worldwide relationships in the fern genus Pteridium (bracken) based on nuclear genome markers. Am J Bot 2019; 106:1365-1376. [PMID: 31545874 PMCID: PMC6856829 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Spore-bearing plants are capable of dispersing very long distances. However, it is not known if gene flow can prevent genetic divergence in widely distributed taxa. Here we address this issue, and examine systematic relationships at a global geographic scale for the fern genus Pteridium. METHODS We sampled plants from 100 localities worldwide, and generated nucleotide data from four nuclear genes and two plastid regions. We also examined 2801 single nucleotide polymorphisms detected by a restriction site-associated DNA approach. RESULTS We found evidence for two distinct diploid species and two allotetraploids between them. The "northern" species (Pteridium aquilinum) has distinct groups at the continental scale (Europe, Asia, Africa, and North America). The northern European subspecies pinetorum appears to involve admixture among all of these. A sample from the Hawaiian Islands contained elements of both North American and Asian P. aquilinum. The "southern" species, P. esculentum, shows little genetic differentiation between South American and Australian samples. Components of African genotypes are detected on all continents. CONCLUSIONS We find evidence of distinct continental-scale genetic differentiation in Pteridium. However, on top of this is a clear signal of recent hybridization. Thus, spore-bearing plants are clearly capable of extensive long-distance gene flow; yet appear to have differentiated genetically at the continental scale. Either gene flow in the past was at a reduced level, or vicariance is possible even in the face of long-distance gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G. Wolf
- Department of Biology and Ecology CenterUtah State UniversityLoganUtah84322USA
- Present address:
Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Alabama in HuntsvilleHuntsvilleAlabama35899USA
| | - Carol A. Rowe
- Department of Biology and Ecology CenterUtah State UniversityLoganUtah84322USA
| | - Sylvia P. Kinosian
- Department of Biology and Ecology CenterUtah State UniversityLoganUtah84322USA
| | - Joshua P. Der
- Department of Biological ScienceCalifornia State UniversityFullertonCalifornia92831USA
| | - Peter J. Lockhart
- Institute of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Lara D. Shepherd
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa TongarewaPO Box 467Wellington6140New Zealand
| | | | - John A. Thomson
- National Herbarium of New South WalesRoyal Botanic Gardens and Domain TrustMrs. Macquaries RoadSydneyNew South Wales2000Australia
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Leite-Rossi LA, Saulino HHL, Shimabukuro EM, Cunha-Santino MB, Trivinho-Strixino S. Shredder Chironomid Diets Are Influenced by Decomposition Rates of Different Leaf Litter Species. Neotrop Entomol 2019; 48:38-49. [PMID: 29651693 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-018-0608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The diet of shredder chironomid larvae depends on the local and temporal conditions of the food resources. We analysed the gut content of shredder chironomid larvae that colonised the leaf litter of three riparian species: Hedychium coronarium, Pteridium arachnoideum and Magnolia ovata. We hypothesised that the differences in the decomposition rates of leaf litter species influence the consumption of plant tissue by shredder chironomid taxa over time. We incubated perforated bottles with each leaf species within four low-order streams during 1st, 3rd, 7th, 22nd, 36th, 55th and 85th day of exposure. We used an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to compare differences in the percentage of AFDM (ash-free dry mass) and AOM (amorphous organic matter) among leaf litter species. To verify differences in the larvae abundance, we used a general linear model, and to test if there were feeding preferences for AFDM and AOM, we used the adapted Paloheimo selectivity index. Magnolia ovata presented a higher quantity of AOM followed by H. coronarium and P. arachnoideum. Pteridium arachnoideum showed a higher AFDM followed by H. coronarium and M. ovata. The larvae abundance was different among plant species and varied significantly with AFDM and AOM quantities. The consumption of plant tissue by shredder chironomid differed temporarily and among riparian species, where facultative or strict shredders showed strong association with different leaf litter species. The amount of AFDM and AOM in plant tissues explained these differences. We highlighted that shredder chironomids displayed an important role as co-participants in the decomposition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Leite-Rossi
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais (PPG-ERN), Campus de São Carlos, Univ Federal de São Carlos, Washington Luís Road, km 235 - SP-310, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brasil
| | - H H L Saulino
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais (PPG-ERN), Campus de São Carlos, Univ Federal de São Carlos, Washington Luís Road, km 235 - SP-310, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brasil.
| | - E M Shimabukuro
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais (PPG-ERN), Campus de São Carlos, Univ Federal de São Carlos, Washington Luís Road, km 235 - SP-310, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brasil
| | - M B Cunha-Santino
- Depto de Hidrobiologia, Campus de São Carlos, Univ Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - S Trivinho-Strixino
- Depto de Hidrobiologia, Campus de São Carlos, Univ Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brasil
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Milligan G, Booth KE, Cox ES, Pakeman RJ, Le Duc MG, Connor L, Blackbird S, Marrs RH. Change to ecosystem properties through changing the dominant species: Impact of Pteridium aquilinum-control and heathland restoration treatments on selected soil properties. J Environ Manage 2018; 207:1-9. [PMID: 29149640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that soils are influenced by the plant species that grow in them. Here we consider the effects of management-induced changes to plant communities and their soils during restoration within a 20-year manipulative experiment where the aim was to change a late-successional community dominated by the weed, Pteridium aquilinum, to an earlier-successional grass-heath one. The ecological restoration treatments altered the above- and below-ground components of the community substantially. Untreated plots maintained a dense Pteridium cover with little understory vegetation, cutting treatments produce significant reductions of Pteridium, whereas herbicide (asulam) produced significant immediate reductions in Pteridium but regressed towards the untreated plots within 10 years. Thereafter, all asulam-treated plots were re-treated in year 11, and then were spot-sprayed annually. Both cutting and asulam treatments reduced frond density to almost zero and resulted in a grass-heath vegetation. There was also a massive change in biomass distribution, untreated plots had a large above-ground biomass/necromass that was much reduced where Pteridium was controlled. Below-ground in treated plots, there was a replacement of the substantive Pteridium rhizome mass with a much greater root mass of other species. The combined effects of Pteridium-control and restoration treatment, reduced soil total C and N as and available P concentrations, but increased soil pH and available N. Soil biological activity was also affected with a reduction in soil N mineralization rate, but an increased soil-root respiration. Multivariate analysis showed a clear trend along a pH/organic matter gradient, with movement along it correlated to management intensity from the untreated plots with low pH/high organic matter and treated plots with to a higher pH/lower organic matter in the sequence asulam treatment, cut once per year to cut twice per year. The role that these changed soil conditions might have in restricting Pteridium recovery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Milligan
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - K E Booth
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - E S Cox
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R J Pakeman
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M G Le Duc
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - L Connor
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - S Blackbird
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R H Marrs
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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Clauson-Kaas F, Ramwell C, Hansen HCB, Strobel BW. Ptaquiloside from bracken in stream water at base flow and during storm events. Water Res 2016; 106:155-162. [PMID: 27716466 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The bracken fern (Pteridium spp.) densely populates both open and woodland vegetation types around the globe. Bracken is toxic to livestock when consumed, and a group of potent illudane-type carcinogens have been identified, of which the compound ptaquiloside (PTA) is the most abundant. The highly water soluble PTA has been shown to be leachable from bracken fronds, and present in the soil and water below bracken stands. This has raised concerns over whether the compound might pose a risk to drinking water sources. We investigated PTA concentrations in a small stream draining a bracken-infested catchment at base flow and in response to storm events during a growth season, and included sampling of the bracken canopy throughfall. Streams in other bracken-dominated areas were also sampled at base flow for comparison, and a controlled pulse experiment was conducted in the field to study the in-stream dynamics of PTA. Ptaquiloside concentrations in the stream never exceeded 61 ng L-1 in the base flow samples, but peaked at 2.2 μg L-1 during the studied storm events. The mass of PTA in the stream, per storm event, was 7.5-93 mg from this catchment. A clear temporal connection was observed between rainfall and PTA concentration in the stream, with a reproducible time lag of approx. 1 h from onset of rain to elevated concentrations, and returning rather quickly (about 2 h) to base flow concentration levels. The concentration of PTA behaved similar to an inert tracer (Cl-) in the pulse experiment over a relative short time scale (minutes-hours) reflecting no PTA sorption, and dispersion and dilution considerably lowered the observed PTA concentrations downstream. Bracken throughfall revealed a potent and lasting source of PTA during rainfall, with concentrations up to 169 μg L-1, that did not decrease over the course of the event. In the stream, the throughfall contribution to PTA cannot be separated from a possible below-ground input from litter, rhizomes and soil. Catchment-specific factors such as the soil pH, topography, hydrology, and bracken coverage will evidently affect the level of PTA observed in the receiving stream, as well as the distance from bracken, but time since precipitation seems most important. Studying PTA loads and transport in surface streams fed by bracken-infested catchments, simply taking occasional grab samples will not capture the precipitation-linked pulses. The place and time of sampling governs the findings, and including event-based sampling is essential to provide a more complete picture of PTA loads to surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Clauson-Kaas
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark; Centre for Chemical Safety and Stewardship, Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Carmel Ramwell
- Centre for Chemical Safety and Stewardship, Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York, YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Chr B Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Bjarne W Strobel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Wanat N, Joussein E, Soubrand M, Lenain JF. Arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and lead (Pb) availability from Au-mine Technosols: a case study of transfer to natural vegetation cover in temperate climates. Environ Geochem Health 2014; 36:783-795. [PMID: 24474610 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-014-9596-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Soils from old Au-mine tailings (La Petite Faye, France) were investigated in relation to the natural vegetation cover to evaluate the risk of metals and metalloids (Pb, As, Sb) mobilizing and their potential transfer to native plants (Graminea, Betula pendula, Pteridium aquilinum, Equisetum telmateia). The soils are classified as Technosols with high contamination levels of As, Pb, and Sb. The single selective extractions tested to evaluate available fraction (CaCl2, acetic acid, A-Rhizo, and DTPA) showed low labile fractions (<5 % of bulk soil contents), but still significant levels were observed (up to 342.6 and 391.9 mg/kg for As and Pb, respectively) due to the high contamination levels of soils. Even at high soil contaminations (considered as phytotoxic levels for plants), translocation factors for native plants studied are very low resulting in low concentrations of As, Sb, and Pb in their aerial part tissues. This study demonstrates the important role of (1) native plant cover in terms of "stabilization" of these contaminants, and (2) the poor effectiveness of extraction procedures used for this type of soil assemblages, i.e., rich in specific mineral phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastasia Wanat
- Université de Limoges, Groupement de Recherche Eau, Sol et Environnement (GRESE), FST, 123 Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060, Limoges Cedex, France
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Dexter N, Hudson M, James S, MacGregor C, Lindenmayer DB. Unintended consequences of invasive predator control in an Australian forest: overabundant wallabies and vegetation change. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69087. [PMID: 23990879 PMCID: PMC3749205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over-abundance of native herbivores is a problem in many forests worldwide. The abundance of native macropod wallabies is extremely high at Booderee National Park (BNP) in south-eastern Australia. This has occurred because of the reduction of exotic predators through an intensive baiting program, coupled with the absence of other predators. The high density of wallabies at BNP may be inhibiting the recruitment of many plant species following fire-induced recruitment events. We experimentally examined the post-fire response of a range of plant species to browsing by wallabies in a forest heavily infested with the invasive species, bitou bush Chrysanthemoides monilifera. We recorded the abundance and size of a range of plant species in 18 unfenced (browsed) and 16 fenced (unbrowsed) plots. We found the abundance and size of bitou bush was suppressed in browsed plots compared to unbrowsed plots. Regenerating seedlings of the canopy or middle storey tree species Eucalyptus pilularis, Acacia implexa, Allocasuarina littoralis, Breynia oblongifolia and Banksia integrifolia were either smaller or fewer in number in grazed plots than treatment plots as were the vines Kennedia rubicunda, Glycine tabacina and Glycine clandestina. In contrast, the understorey fern, Pteridium esculentum increased in abundance in the browsed plots relative to unbrowsed plots probably because of reduced competition with more palatable angiosperms. Twelve months after plots were installed the community structure of the browsed and unbrowsed plots was significantly different (P = 0.023, Global R = 0.091). The relative abundance of C. monilifera and P. esculentum contributed most to the differences. We discuss the possible development of a low diversity bracken fern parkland in Booderee National Park through a trophic cascade, similar to that caused by overabundant deer in the northern hemisphere. We also discuss its implications for broad scale fox control in southern Australian forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Dexter
- Booderee National Park, Jervis Bay, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Matt Hudson
- Booderee National Park, Jervis Bay, Australia
| | | | - Christopher MacGregor
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, National Environmental Research Program, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - David B. Lindenmayer
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, National Environmental Research Program, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Eatough Jones M, Paine TD. Detecting changes in insect herbivore communities along a pollution gradient. Environ Pollut 2006; 143:377-87. [PMID: 16459003 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 12/10/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The forests surrounding the urban areas of the Los Angeles basin are impacted by ozone and nitrogen pollutants arising from urban areas. We examined changes in the herbivore communities of three prominent plant species (ponderosa pine, California black oak and bracken fern) at six sites along an air pollution gradient. Insects were extracted from foliage samples collected in spring, as foliage reached full expansion. Community differences were evaluated using total herbivore abundance, richness, Shannon-Weiner diversity, and discriminant function analysis. Even without conspicuous changes in total numbers, diversity or richness of herbivores, herbivore groups showed patterns of change that followed the air pollution gradient that were apparent through discriminant function analysis. For bracken fern and oak, chewing insects were more dominant at high pollution sites. Oak herbivore communities showed the strongest effect. These changes in herbivore communities may affect nutrient cycling in forest systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Eatough Jones
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Abstract
Salient features of structure of the spermatozoid of a fern (Pteridium aquilinum) have been determined by a combination of visual and ultraviolet microscopy, with electron microscopy of shadow-cast whole mounts and thin sections, using magnifications up to but not exceeding 50,000 diameters. Attention has been concentrated on the arrangement rather than on the internal details of the various parts. The most important component, apart from the spirally wound nucleus, numerous (about 40) cilia, and mitochondria, is a sheet of parallel fibres spirally wound near the surface of a cone of cytoplasm to which all the other major components are in various ways attached. The diameter of the individual fibres is of the order of 200 A. A few details are given of other minor cell constituents including additional mechanical materials, starch-containing leucoplasts, and the smaller cytoplasmic inclusions.
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PARKER WH, MCCREA CT. BRACKEN (PTERIS AQUILINA) POISONING OF SHEEP IN THE NORTH YORK MOORS. Vet Rec 1965; 77:861-5. [PMID: 14331487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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SAMRUATRUAMPHOL S, PARSONS HT. An anti-thiamine effect produced in human subjects by bracken ferns. J Am Diet Assoc 1955; 31:790-3. [PMID: 13242333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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SIPPEL WL. Bracken fern poisoning. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1952; 121:9-13. [PMID: 14927519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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EVANS WC, JONES NR, EVANS RA. The mechanism of the anti-aneurin activity of bracken (Pteris aquilina). Biochem J 1950; 2:38-9. [PMID: 15424231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
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EVANS ETR, EVANS WC. The effect of the inclusion of bracken (Pteris aquilina) in the diet of rats. Biochem J 1949; 44:ix. [PMID: 18130445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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HAAG JR, WESWIG PH, FREED AM. Antithiamine activity of bracken fern. Fed Proc 1947; 6:408. [PMID: 20343864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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