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Fang Y, Liu Z, Chen Z, Xu X, Xiao M, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Du Y, Jiang C, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Fan B, Terheyden-Keighley D, Liu Y, Shi L, Hui Y, Zhang X, Zhang B, Feng H, Ma L, Zhang Q, Jin G, Yang Y, Xiang B, Liu L, Zhang X. Smad5 acts as an intracellular pH messenger and maintains bioenergetic homeostasis. Cell Res 2017; 27:1083-1099. [PMID: 28675158 PMCID: PMC5587853 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2017.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both environmental cues and intracellular bioenergetic states profoundly affect intracellular pH (pHi). How a cell responds to pHi changes to maintain bioenergetic homeostasis remains elusive. Here we show that Smad5, a well-characterized downstream component of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling responds to pHi changes. Cold, basic or hypertonic conditions increase pHi, which in turn dissociates protons from the charged amino acid clusters within the MH1 domain of Smad5, prompting its relocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. On the other hand, heat, acidic or hypotonic conditions decrease pHi, blocking the nuclear export of Smad5, and thus causing its nuclear accumulation. Active nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Smad5 induced by environmental changes and pHi fluctuation is independent of BMP signaling, carboxyl terminus phosphorylation and Smad4. In addition, ablation of Smad5 causes chronic and irreversible dysregulation of cellular bioenergetic homeostasis and disrupted normal neural developmental processes as identified in a differentiation model of human pluripotent stem cells. Importantly, these metabolic and developmental deficits in Smad5-deficient cells could be rescued only by cytoplasmic Smad5. Cytoplasmic Smad5 physically interacts with hexokinase 1 and accelerates glycolysis. Together, our findings indicate that Smad5 acts as a pHi messenger and maintains the bioenergetic homeostasis of cells by regulating cytoplasmic metabolic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiang Fang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhongliang Liu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiangjie Xu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mengtao Xiao
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaobai Zhang
- The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanhua Du
- The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Cizhong Jiang
- The School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuzheng Zhao
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Beibei Fan
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daniel Terheyden-Keighley
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi Hui
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hexi Feng
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Quanbin Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guohua Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bin Xiang
- China Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Tongji University Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, and Neuroregeneration Key Laboratory of Shanghai Universities, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Tongji University Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Ascenzi MG, Blanco C, Drayer I, Kim H, Wilson R, Retting KN, Lyons KM, Mohler G. Effect of localization, length and orientation of chondrocytic primary cilium on murine growth plate organization. J Theor Biol 2011; 285:147-55. [PMID: 21723296 PMCID: PMC3163056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The research investigates the role of the immotile chondrocytic primary cilium in the growth plate. This study was motivated by (i) the recent evidence of the mechano-sensorial function of the primary cilium in kidney tubule epithelial cells and (ii) the distinct three-dimensional orientation patterns that the chondrocytic primary cilium forms in articular cartilage in the presence or the absence of loading. For our investigation, we used the Smad1/5(CKO) mutant mouse, whose disorganized growth plate is due to the conditional deletion of Smad 1 and 5 proteins that also affect the so-called Indian Hedgehog pathway, whose physical and functional topography has been shown to be partially controlled by the primary cilium. Fluorescence and confocal microscopy on stained sections visualized ciliated chondrocytes. Morphometric data regarding position, orientation and eccentricity of chondrocytes, and ciliary localization on cell membrane, length and orientation, were collected and reconstructed from images. We established that both localization and orientation of the cilium are definite, and differently so, in the Smad1/5(CKO) and control mice. The orientation of the primary cilium, relative to the major axis of the chondrocyte, clusters at 80° with respect to the anterior-posterior direction for the Smad1/5(CKO) mice, showing loss of the additional clustering present in the control mice at 10°. We therefore hypothesized that the clustering at 10° contains information of columnar organization. To test our hypothesis, we prepared a mathematical model of relative positioning of the proliferative chondrocytic population based on ciliary orientation. Our model belongs to the category of "interactive particle system models for self-organization with birth". The model qualitatively reproduced the experimentally observed chondrocytic arrangements in growth plate of each of the Smad1/5(CKO) and control mice. Our mathematically predicted cell division process will need to be observed experimentally to advance the identification of ciliary function in the growth plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Grazia Ascenzi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Rehab Bldg 22-69, 1000 Veteran Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Christian Blanco
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Los Angeles, Math Sciences Building 6363, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ian Drayer
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Los Angeles, Math Sciences Building 6363, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hannah Kim
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Los Angeles, Math Sciences Building 6363, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ryan Wilson
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Los Angeles, Math Sciences Building 6363, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Kelsey N. Retting
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, 615 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Karen M. Lyons
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, 615 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - George Mohler
- Department of Mathematics, University of California at Los Angeles, Math Sciences Building 6363, 520 Portola Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Pangas SA, Li X, Umans L, Zwijsen A, Huylebroeck D, Gutierrez C, Wang D, Martin JF, Jamin SP, Behringer RR, Robertson EJ, Matzuk MM. Conditional deletion of Smad1 and Smad5 in somatic cells of male and female gonads leads to metastatic tumor development in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:248-57. [PMID: 17967875 PMCID: PMC2223289 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01404-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) family has critical roles in the regulation of fertility. In addition, the pathogenesis of some human cancers is attributed to misregulation of TGFbeta function and SMAD2 or SMAD4 mutations. There are limited mouse models for the BMP signaling SMADs (BR-SMADs) 1, 5, and 8 because of embryonic lethality and suspected genetic redundancy. Using tissue-specific ablation in mice, we deleted the BR-SMADs from somatic cells of ovaries and testes. Single conditional knockouts for Smad1 or Smad5 or mice homozygous null for Smad8 are viable and fertile. Female double Smad1 Smad5 and triple Smad1 Smad5 Smad8 conditional knockout mice become infertile and develop metastatic granulosa cell tumors. Male double Smad1 Smad5 conditional knockout mice are fertile but demonstrate metastatic testicular tumor development. Microarray analysis indicated significant alterations in expression of genes related to the TGFbeta pathway, as well as genes involved in infertility and extracellular matrix production. These data strongly implicate the BR-SMADs as part of a critical developmental pathway in ovaries and testis that, when disrupted, leads to malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Pangas
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
AbstractSmad5 is known to transduce intracellular signals from bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily and are involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis. Recent findings suggest that BMP4 stimulates proliferation of human primitive hematopoietic progenitors in vitro, while early progenitors from mice deficient in Smad5 display increased self-renewal capacity in murine embryonic hematopoiesis. Here, we evaluate the role of Smad5 in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) fate decisions in adult mice by using an inducible MxCre-mediated conditional knockout model. Surprisingly, analysis of induced animals revealed unperturbed cell numbers and lineage distribution in peripheral blood (PB), bone marrow (BM), and the spleen. Furthermore, phenotypic characterization of the stem cell compartment revealed normal numbers of primitive lin–Sca-1+c-Kit+ (LSK) cells in Smad5–/– BM. When transplanted in a competitive fashion into lethally irradiated primary and secondary recipients, Smad5-deficient BM cells competed normally with wild-type (wt) cells, were able to provide long-term reconstitution for the hosts, and displayed normal lineage distribution. Taken together, Smad5-deficient HSCs from adult mice show unaltered differentiation, proliferation, and repopulating capacity. Therefore, in contrast to its role in embryonic hematopoiesis, Smad5 is dispensable for hematopoiesis in the adult mouse.
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