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Shanaka KASN, Jung S, Madushani KP, Kim MJ, Lee J. Viperin mutation is linked to immunity, immune cell dynamics, and metabolic alteration during VHSV infection in zebrafish. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1327749. [PMID: 38173722 PMCID: PMC10763233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1327749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Viperin is a prominent antiviral protein found in animals. The primary function of Viperin is the production of 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-cytidine triphosphate (ddhCTP), an inhibitory nucleotide involved in viral RNA synthesis. Studies in mammalian models have suggested that ddhCTP interferes with metabolic proteins. However, this hypothesis has yet to be tested in teleost. In this study, the role of Viperin in regulating metabolic alterations during viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection was tested. When infected with VHSV, viperin -/- fish showed considerably higher mortality rates. VHSV copy number and the expression of the NP gene were significantly increased in viperin -/- fish. Metabolic gene analysis revealed significant differences in soda, hif1a, fasn, and acc expression, indicating their impact on metabolism. Cholesterol analysis in zebrafish larvae during VHSV infection showed significant upregulation of cholesterol production without Viperin. In vitro analysis of ZF4 cells suggested a considerable reduction in lipid production and a significant upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation with the overexpression of viperin. Neutrophil and macrophage recruitment were significantly modulated in viperin -/- fish compared to the wild-type (WT) fish. Thus, we have demonstrated that Viperin plays a role in interfering with metabolic alterations during VHSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. S. N. Shanaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Jung
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - K. P. Madushani
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- Bioresource Industrialization Center, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Kim JJ, Hong S, Seo JY. A Cysteine Residue of Human Cytomegalovirus vMIA Protein Plays a Crucial Role in Viperin Trafficking to Control Viral Infectivity. J Virol 2023; 97:e0187422. [PMID: 37306568 PMCID: PMC10308886 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01874-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Viperin is a multifunctional interferon-inducible protein that is directly induced in cells by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. The viral mitochondrion-localized inhibitor of apoptosis (vMIA) interacts with viperin at the early stages of infection and translocates it from the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria, where viperin modulates the cellular metabolism to increase viral infectivity. Viperin finally relocalizes to the viral assembly compartment (AC) at late stages of infection. Despite the importance of vMIA interactions with viperin during viral infection, their interacting residues are unknown. In the present study, we showed that cysteine residue 44 (Cys44) of vMIA and the N-terminal domain (amino acids [aa] 1 to 42) of viperin are necessary for their interaction and for the mitochondrial localization of viperin. In addition, the N-terminal domain of mouse viperin, which is structurally similar to that of human viperin, interacted with vMIA. This indicates that the structure, rather than the sequence composition, of the N-terminal domain of viperin, is required for the interaction with vMIA. Recombinant HCMV, in which Cys44 of vMIA was replaced by an alanine residue, failed to translocate viperin to the mitochondria at the early stages of infection and inefficiently relocalized it to the AC at late stages of infection, resulting in the impairment of viperin-mediated lipid synthesis and a reduction in viral replication. These data indicate that Cys44 of vMIA is therefore essential for the intracellular trafficking and function of viperin to increase viral replication. Our findings also suggest that the interacting residues of these two proteins are potential therapeutic targets for HCMV-associated diseases. IMPORTANCE Viperin traffics to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and viral assembly compartment (AC) during human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Viperin has antiviral activity at the ER and regulates cellular metabolism at the mitochondria. Here, we show that Cys44 of HCMV vMIA protein and the N-terminal domain (aa 1 to 42) of viperin are necessary for their interaction. Cys44 of vMIA also has a critical role for viperin trafficking from the ER to the AC via the mitochondria during viral infection. Recombinant HCMV expressing a mutant vMIA Cys44 has impaired lipid synthesis and viral infectivity, which are attributed to mislocalization of viperin. Cys44 of vMIA is essential for the trafficking and function of viperin and may be a therapeutic target for HCMV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Jin Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sookyung Hong
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Seo
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Gao Y, Li C, Shi L, Wang F, Ye J, Lu YA, Liu XQ. Viperin_sv1 promotes RIG-I expression and suppresses SVCV replication through its radical SAM domain. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 123:104166. [PMID: 34116117 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SVCV infection is known to activate the host's innate immune responses, including the production of interferon (IFN) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Viperin_sv1 is a novel splice variant of viperin, which is induced during SVCV infection and proves to positively regulate the IFN activation and production. However, the underlying mechanism remains unsolved. In this study, the P protein of SVCV was identified to be the key to induce the mRNA modification and production of viperin_sv1 during the virus infection. Besides, Viperin_sv1 was able to trigger the RLR signaling cascades to activate type-1 interferon response. Additional analysis revealed that viperin_sv1 promoted the stability and function of RIG-I, which result in the production of IFN and ISGs. Moreover, the central SAM domain of viperin_sv1 was demonstrated to be essential for regulating RIG-I protein expression and inducing IFN production. Furthermore, this study also showed that SVCV replication could be inhibited by the viperin_sv1 SAM domain. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that viperin_sv1 reduces the replication of SVCV by promoting the RIG-I protein expression. Our findings identified the antiviral function played by the SAM domain of viperin_sv1 and suggested an antiviral mechanism that is conserved among different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan-An Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Xue-Qin Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China; Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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