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Cosín-Roger J, Ortiz-Masiá D, Calatayud S, Hernández C, Álvarez A, Hinojosa J, Esplugues JV, Barrachina MD. M2 macrophages activate WNT signaling pathway in epithelial cells: relevance in ulcerative colitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78128. [PMID: 24167598 PMCID: PMC3805515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages, which exhibit great plasticity, are important components of the inflamed tissue and constitute an essential element of regenerative responses. Epithelial Wnt signalling is involved in mechanisms of proliferation and differentiation and expression of Wnt ligands by macrophages has been reported. We aim to determine whether the macrophage phenotype determines the expression of Wnt ligands, the influence of the macrophage phenotype in epithelial activation of Wnt signalling and the relevance of this pathway in ulcerative colitis. Human monocyte-derived macrophages and U937-derived macrophages were polarized towards M1 or M2 phenotypes and the expression of Wnt1 and Wnt3a was analyzed by qPCR. The effects of macrophages and the role of Wnt1 were analyzed on the expression of β-catenin, Tcf-4, c-Myc and markers of cell differentiation in a co-culture system with Caco-2 cells. Immunohistochemical staining of CD68, CD206, CD86, Wnt1, β-catenin and c-Myc were evaluated in the damaged and non-damaged mucosa of patients with UC. We also determined the mRNA expression of Lgr5 and c-Myc by qPCR and protein levels of β-catenin by western blot. Results show that M2, and no M1, activated the Wnt signaling pathway in co-culture epithelial cells through Wnt1 which impaired enterocyte differentiation. A significant increase in the number of CD206+ macrophages was observed in the damaged mucosa of chronic vs newly diagnosed patients. CD206 immunostaining co-localized with Wnt1 in the mucosa and these cells were associated with activation of canonical Wnt signalling pathway in epithelial cells and diminution of alkaline phosphatase activity. Our results show that M2 macrophages, and not M1, activate Wnt signalling pathways and decrease enterocyte differentiation in co-cultured epithelial cells. In the mucosa of UC patients, M2 macrophages increase with chronicity and are associated with activation of epithelial Wnt signalling and diminution in enterocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Cosín-Roger
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Ortiz-Masiá
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Sara Calatayud
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Angeles Álvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Juan V. Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- FISABIO, Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria D. Barrachina
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Shang YC, Chong ZZ, Wang S, Maiese K. Erythropoietin and Wnt1 govern pathways of mTOR, Apaf-1, and XIAP in inflammatory microglia. Curr Neurovasc Res 2011; 8:270-85. [PMID: 22023617 PMCID: PMC3254854 DOI: 10.2174/156720211798120990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory microglia modulate a host of cellular processes in the central nervous system that include neuronal survival, metabolic fluxes, foreign body exclusion, and cellular regeneration. Elucidation of the pathways that oversee microglial survival and integrity may offer new avenues for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Here we demonstrate that erythropoietin (EPO), an emerging strategy for immune system modulation, prevents microglial early and late apoptotic injury during oxidant stress through Wnt1, a cysteine-rich glycosylated protein that modulates cellular development and survival. Loss of Wnt1 through blockade of Wnt1 signaling or through the gene silencing of Wnt1 eliminates the protective capacity of EPO. Furthermore, endogenous Wnt1 in microglia is vital to preserve microglial survival since loss of Wnt1 alone increases microglial injury during oxidative stress. Cellular protection by EPO and Wnt1 intersects at the level of protein kinase B (Akt1), the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p70S6K, which are necessary to foster cytoprotection for microglia. Downstream from these pathways, EPO and Wnt1 control "anti-apoptotic" pathways of microglia through the modulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability, the release of cytochrome c, and the expression of apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). These studies offer new insights for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative disorders that focus upon inflammatory microglia and novel signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen Shang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
- Cancer Center - New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
| | - Zhao Zhong Chong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
- Cancer Center - New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
| | - Shaohui Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
- Cancer Center - New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
| | - Kenneth Maiese
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Signaling, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
- Cancer Center - New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07101 New Jersey
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Abstract
Impacting a significant portion of the world's population with increasing incidence in minorities, the young, and the physically active, diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications affect approximately 20 million individuals in the United States and over 100 million individuals worldwide. In particular, vascular disease from DM may lead to some of the most serious complications that can extend into both the cardiac and nervous systems. Unique strategies that can prevent endothelial cell (EC) demise and elucidate novel cellular mechanisms for vascular cytoprotection become vital for the prevention and treatment of vascular DM complications. Here, we demonstrate that erythropoietin (EPO), an agent that has recently been shown to extend cell viability in a number of systems extending beyond hematopoietic cells, prevents EC injury and apoptotic nuclear DNA degradation during elevated glucose exposure. More importantly, EPO employs Wnt1, a cysteine-rich glycosylated protein involved in gene expression, cell differentiation, and cell apoptosis, to confer EC cytoprotection and maintains the integrity of Wnt1 expression during elevated glucose exposure. In addition, application of anti-Wnt1 neutralizing antibody abrogates the protective capacity of both EPO and Wnt1, illustrating that Wnt1 is an important component in the cytoprotection of ECs during elevated glucose exposure. Intimately linked to this cytoprotection is the downstream Wnt1 pathway of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3beta) that requires phosphorylation of GSK-3beta and inhibition of its activity by EPO. Interestingly, inhibition of GSK-3beta activity during elevated glucose leads to enhanced EC survival, but does not synergistically improve protection by EPO or Wnt1, suggesting that EPO and Wnt1 are closely tied to the blockade of GSK-3beta activity. Our work exemplifies an exciting potential application for EPO in regards to the treatment of DM vascular disease complications and highlights a previously unrecognized role for Wnt1 and the modulation of the downstream pathway of GSK-3beta to promote vascular cell viability during DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhong Chong
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Yan Chen Shang
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Kenneth Maiese
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
- Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201
- Corresponding Author: Kenneth Maiese, MD, Department of Neurology, 8C-1 UHC, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 St. Antoine, Detroit, MI 48201. Voice: 313-966-0833, Fax: 313-966-0486, ,
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Mikami I, You L, He B, Xu Z, Batra S, Lee AY, Mazieres J, Reguart N, Uematsu K, Koizumi K, Jablons DM. Efficacy of Wnt-1 monoclonal antibody in sarcoma cells. BMC Cancer 2005; 5:53. [PMID: 15913453 PMCID: PMC1164405 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-5-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcomas are one of the most refractory diseases among malignant tumors. More effective therapies based on an increased understanding of the molecular biology of sarcomas are needed as current forms of therapy remain inadequate. Recently, it has been reported that Wnt-1/beta-catenin signaling inhibits apoptosis in several cancers. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of a monoclonal anti-Wnt-1 antibody in sarcoma cells. METHODS We treated cell lines A-204, SJSA-1, and fresh primary cultures of lung metastasis of sarcoma with a monoclonal anti-Wnt-1 antibody. Wnt-1 siRNA treatment was carried out in A-204. We assessed cell death using Crystal Violet staining. Apoptosis induction was estimated by flow cytometry analysis (Annexin V and PI staining). Cell signaling changes were determined by western blotting analysis. RESULTS We detected Wnt-1 expression in all tissue samples and cell lines. Significant apoptosis induction was found in monoclonal anti-Wnt-1 antibody treated cells compared to control monoclonal antibody treated cells (p < 0.02). Similarly, we observed increased apoptosis in Wnt-1 siRNA treated cells. Blockade of Wnt-1 signaling in both experiments was confirmed by analyzing intracellular levels of Dishevelled-3 and of cytosolic beta-catenin. Furthermore, the monoclonal anti-Wnt-1 antibody also induced cell death in fresh primary cultures of metastatic sarcoma in which Wnt-1 signaling was active. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that Wnt-1 blockade by either monoclonal antibody or siRNA induces cell death in sarcoma cells. These data suggest that Wnt-1 may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of a subset of sarcoma cells in which Wnt-1/beta-catenin signaling is active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Mikami
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
- Department of Surgery II, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Liang You
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Biao He
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Zhidong Xu
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Sonny Batra
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Amie Y Lee
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Julien Mazieres
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Noemi Reguart
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Kazutsugu Uematsu
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Kiyoshi Koizumi
- Department of Surgery II, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - David M Jablons
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
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