Multimodal Surgical Approach for Adult Patients With Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction: Clinical and Psychosocial Long-term Outcomes

BACKGROUND

Clinical and psychosocial outcomes of a multimodal surgical approach for chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction were analyzed in 24 patients who were followed over a 2- to 12-year period in a single center after surgery or intestinal/multivisceral transplant (CTx).

METHODS

The main reasons for surgery were sub-occlusion in surgery and parenteral nutrition-related irreversible complications with chronic intestinal failure in CTx.

RESULTS

At the end of follow-up (February 2015), 45.5% of CTx patients were alive: after transplantation, improvement in intestinal function was observed including a tendency toward recovery of oral diet (81.8%) with reduced parenteral nutrition support (36.4%) in the face of significant mortality rates and financial costs (mean, 202.000 euros), frequent hospitalization (mean, 8.8/re-admissions/patient), as well as limited effects on pain or physical wellness.

CONCLUSIONS

Through psychological tests, transplant recipients perceived a significant improvement of mental health and emotional state, showing that emotional factors were more affected than were functional/cognitive impairment and social interaction.

Bacterial translocation in adult small bowel transplantation

The application of intestinal transplantation is limited by the high rate of infectious complications that can occur; the migration of enteric microorganisms to extraintestinal sites (bacterial translocation) has been suggested to be responsible for this event. We reviewed 95 intestinal biopsies performed on 28 transplanted patients to identify histologic features predictive of isolation of enteric microorganisms in extraintestinal sites within the first month after transplantation. At least 1 isolation of enteric microorganisms in the peritoneal cavity and/or in blood samples was obtained in 13 patients (46.4%); this event led to higher 1-year mortality (38.5% vs. 6.7%; P = .041). Of the 95 biopsies, 38 were followed by positive cultures (40.0%), showing higher degrees of mucosal vascular alterations (Ruiz grade) and ischemia/reperfusion injuries (Park/Chiu grade) compared with the negative cases (P < .05). We also observed an higher prevalence of positive cultures in relation to acute cellular rejection episodes (P = .091). Neither clinical or surgical factors nor immunosuppressive therapy were observed to be significantly related to positive cultures. Histologic alterations of the small bowel allograft are related to isolation of enteric microorganisms in extraintestinal sites. The degree of these histologic features can identify patients at high risk of potentially life-threatening infectious complications and death.

Mortality after steroid-resistant acute cellular rejection and chronic rejection episodes in adult intestinal transplants: report from a single center in induction/preconditioning era

Steroid-resistant acute cellular rejection (ACR) and chronic rejection (CR) are still major concerns after intestinal transplantation. We report our experience from a single center on 48 adults recipients using 49 grafts from 2001 to 2011, immunosuppressing them initially with daclizumab initially and later Alemtuzumab. Overall patient survival was 41.9% at 10 years while graft survival was 38.5%. The steroid-resistant ACR population of 14 recipients (28.5%) experienced 50% mortality mainly due to sepsis, while the five (8%) CR recipients, included two survivors. All but 1 graft was placed without a liver. CR was often preceded by ACR episodes. Mortality related to steroid-resistant ACR and CR still affects the intestinal transplant population despite induction/preconditioning, especially in the absence of a protective liver effect of the liver. New immunosuppressive strategies are needed.

Induction therapy in adult intestinal transplantation: reduced incidence of rejection with "2-dose" alemtuzumab protocol

The incidence of early rejection after intestinal transplantation correlates with heightened risk of graft loss and mortality. Many different induction or pre-conditioning protocols have been reported in the last 10 yr to improve outcomes; however, sepsis remains prevalent and diminishes long-term results. We recently began a "2-dose" alemtuzumab trial protocol - 15 mg at day 0 and 15 mg repeated on day 7 - with the hope of reducing our infection rate. We compared three different protocols used at our institution (daclizumab, conventional "4-dose" alemtuzumab, and "2-dose" alemtuzumab). There was a significantly lower rate of early rejection with the "2-dose" alemtuzumab protocol in our study group of mainly (88%) intestinal grafts without accompanying liver engraftment with its protective immunologic effect. Sepsis remained low. Longer follow-up will be required to evaluate the effects of this new protocol on longer-term outcomes.

Early and late virological monitoring of cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpes virus 6 infections in small bowel/multivisceral transplant recipients

BACKGROUND

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are the major causes of graft failure and posttransplantation mortality among small bowel and multivisceral transplantations (SB/MVT). Little is known about human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) infections in transplant recipients.

STUDY PURPOSE

The purposes of this study were to analyze the clinical relevance of CMV, EBV, and HHV-6 infections after small bowel transplantation and to establish whether routine monitoring for HHV-6 infection should be recommended for the prevention of severe complications in this population.

METHODS

Ten adult patients were monitored based on CMV, EBV, and HHV6 DNA quantifications in blood and biopsy tissue samples. Three patients were monitored for at least 5 months (early period) and 7 patients were monitored for 1 to 5 years after transplantation (late period).

RESULTS

In the early period, despite prophylaxis all 3 patients developed symptomatic CMV infections: 1 fever/diarrhea, 1 enteritis and rejection, as well as 1 fever and pneumonia. Only 1 patient developed EBV and HHV-6 infections. The average time of onset of CMV infection was 3 months after transplantation and only 24 days for HHV6 infection. In the late period, of the 7 SB/MVT recipients only 1 developed an EBV infection at 2 years after transplantation. No CMV or HHV-6 infections were identified in any patient.

CONCLUSIONS

CMV infection is a major cause of organ disease and rejection in the early period after transplantation. EBV infection in adult recipients must be considered also in the late period, particularly in association with severe immunosuppression. Because HHV-6 infection occurs earlier than CMV/EBV, it may serve as an indicator for more intense virological surveillance.

Fatal cytomegalovirus necrotising enteritis in a small bowel transplantation adult recipient with low pp65 antigenaemia levels

Although advances in immunosuppressive therapy have led to increased survival of solid organ transplantation recipients, it is well established that current protocols have been associated with an increased risk of developing tissue-invasive infections. In particular, cytomegalovirus still represents an important cause of morbidity. We report a case of cytomegalovirus infection involving the graft ileum with documented necrotising enteritis that developed after small bowel transplantation. The patient, a 56-year-old Caucasian female with a postsurgery short bowel syndrome, underwent a small bowel transplantation. Immunosuppression was maintained by combination of tacrolimus, steroids and daclizumab. Both the donor and the recipient were serologically negative for cytomegalovirus IgG. Nevertheless, ganciclovir prophylaxis was given for 21 days after surgery, as standard procedure. On hospital day 174, routine pp65 antigenaemia resulted positive (14/200,000 peripheral blood leukocytes). The patient was asymptomatic and preemptive ganciclovir therapy was instituted. In the following 3 days, due to a cytomegalovirus antigenaemia increase, ganciclovir was changed to foscarnet with subsequent virological response (7/200,000 peripheral blood leukocytes, on day 181). Two days later, the patient complained of acute abdominal pain and she underwent surgery for the diagnosis. Since the intraoperative findings consisted of a diffuse acute purulent peritonitis, the intestinal graft, together with native rectum, was removed. Biopsy specimens showed evidence of tissue-invasive cytomegalovirus infection. Postsurgery, the patient developed septic shock and died on day 198 as a consequence of multiple organ failure.

Rituximab as treatment of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder in patients who underwent small bowel/multivisceral transplantation: report of three cases

This report describes three cases of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in multivisceral/small bowel transplant patients treated with rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies). In two cases (one of which was a B-cell lymphoma) a good response to therapy was achieved. A third case (with polymorphic PTLD with low CD20 expression) developed a refractory rejection and PTLD was still documented on graftectomy. Rituximab was well tolerated, and a reduction of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral load was documented by quantitive competitive-EBV polymerase chain reaction. Efficacy of therapy needs to be assessed in controlled studies.

Outcomes after adult isolated small bowel transplantation: experience from a single European centre

BACKGROUND

Adult isolated small bowel transplantation is considered the standard treatment for patients with life-threatening parenteral nutrition-related complications. Here, we report a 3-year experience in a single European centre between December 2000 and December 2003.

AIMS

To evaluate and discuss pre-transplant and post-transplant factors that influenced survival rates in our series.

PATIENTS

Fourteen patients, with a mean parenteral nutrition course of 27 months, were transplanted. In eight cases they had not experienced any major complication from parenteral nutrition.

METHODS

We described pre-transplant evaluation and inclusion criteria, surgical technique and clinical management after transplant. Immunosuppressive therapy was based on induction drugs and Tacrolimus. We reported survival rates, major complications and rejection events.

RESULTS

One-year actuarial survival rate was of 92.3% with a mean 21-month follow-up (range 3-36 months). We had no intraoperative deaths. One patient (7.2%) died of sepsis following cytomegalovirus enteritis. One patient underwent graftectomy (7.2%) for intractable severe acute rejection. One-year actuarial graft survival rate of 85.1%. One patient (7.2%) affected by post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease is alive and disease-free after 8 months.

CONCLUSION

We believe candidate selection, induction therapy, donor selection and short ischemia time play an important role in survival after small bowel transplantation.

[Outcome of isolated small bowel transplantation in adults: experience from a single Italian center]

AIM

Isolated small bowel transplantation is becoming the treatment of choice for adult patients with serious parenteral nutrition (PN) related complications: we report our three-year experience (December 2000-December 2003) from a single Italian center (Modena-Italy), with one of the larger European series.

METHODS

We transplanted 14 patients, with a previous mean PN course of 27 months and a mean 21-month post-transplantation follow-up (range 3-36 months), obtaining a one-year actuarial survival rate of 92.3% with no intraoperative deaths.

RESULTS

We lost 1 patient (7.2%), died for post-transplantation overwhelming sepsis following Cytomegalovirus (CMV) enteritis. Thirteen patients are alive, with one-year actuarial graft survival rate of 85.1%: 1 patient underwent graft removal (7.2%) for intractable severe acute rejection. Our immunosuppressive regimen was based on tacrolimus and 3 induction protocols: daclizumab (8 patients) with steroids, alemtuzumab (4 patients) and thymoglobulin (2 patients) without steroids. In 9 cases, we added sirolimus. Nine recipients experienced 22 episodes of acute cellular rejection (ACR), treated successfully in all cases but one. One patient (7.2%) was treated successfully for Post Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease (PTLD) and is disease-free after 8 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Small bowel transplantation can achieve optimal results depending on appropriate immunosuppressive management and candidate selection, added to shorter ischemia time and careful donor and graft selection.

Histological criteria for the identification of acute cellular rejection in human small bowel allografts: results of the pathology workshop at the VIII International Small Bowel Transplant Symposium

Acute cellular rejection remains a serious and frequent complication during the posttransplant course of small bowel allograft recipients. Currently, small bowel biopsies are the optimal method to identify this form of rejection. The morphological criteria for this diagnosis have been known for some time; however, no consensus study has classified these changes. To address issues in bowel transplant pathology, several pathologists experienced in this particular subdiscipline participated in a Pathology Workshop preceding the VIIIth International Small Bowel Transplant Symposium in Miami, Florida. Among the results of this workshop was the development a standardized grading scheme for acute cellular rejection in small bowel transplants.

Granzyme B and perforin as predictive markers for acute rejection in human intestinal transplantation

In human heart and kidney transplantations, granzyme B (GrB) and perforin have both been shown to be predictive markers for acute cellular rejection (ACR). We investigated the tissue expression and possible relationship of GrB and perforin to the clinical outcome, histopathology, and function of intestinal transplants. In 13 consecutive patients undergoing small intestine transplantation, histologic/immunohistochemical rejection monitoring was performed together with GrB and perforin immunostaining (score "0", 0%-10% positive lymphocytes; "1", 10%-25%; "2", 25%-50%; "3", >50%). Eleven patients are currently alive and well. All 11 had at least one episode of ACR: one patient had 6 episodes of severe ACR requiring retransplantation; the remaining 10 experienced only mild or moderate rejection. Both GrB and perforin were always co-expressed. A highly significant correlation was observed between GrB/perforin scores and histological severity of ACR (Pearson's coefficient, R < 0.0009). Interestingly, score 3 GrB/perforin immunostaining was recorded only in the context of severe ACR; all the histologically negative or "indeterminate" biopsies (n = 6) taken from a single affected patient showed GrB/perforin scores of 1 or 2. By contrast, none of the other tested histologically negative/"indeterminate" biopsies (n = 350), including those performed during graft stabilization, had raised GrB or perforin scores. We conclude that in intestinal transplantation recipients, a direct correlation seems to exist between histologically confirmed ACR and raised GrB/perforin immunohistochemical scores. Our findings suggest the need to investigate the possibility of predicting ACR by routine serum polymerase chain reaction (PCR) monitoring, which would reduce discomfort to patients.

Three-year experience in clinical intestinal transplantation

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of 19 patients who underwent intestinal transplantation (ITx) for intestinal failure.

METHODS

The 19 patients who underwent primary ITx between December 2000 and May 2003 were prescribed three different immunosuppressive protocols that included daclizumab, alemtuzumab, and antithymocyte globulin induction, respectively. A mucosal surveillance protocol for early detection of rejection consisted of zoom video endoscopy and serial biopsies associated with orthogonal polarization spectral imaging. Retrospective review of the clinical records was performed to assess the impact of new modalities of immunosuppression and intestinal mucosal monitoring on patient outcomes.

RESULTS

All patients were adults (mean age 35.8 years). Etiology of intestinal failure included chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (n = 6), intestinal angiomatosis (n = 1), Gardner syndrome (n = 2), intestinal infarction (n = 8), radiation enteritis (n = 1), and intestinal atresia (n = 1). All patients experienced complications from total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Thirteen patients (68.4%) received isolated small bowel, whereas six (31.6%) received multivisceral grafts with or without the liver. Thirteen of 19 patients experienced at least one episode of rejection (68.4%). Most ACR episodes were treated with steroid boluses and resolved completely within 5 days. The overall 1-year patient survival was 82%. All living patients are in good health with functioning grafts having been weaned off TPN after a mean of 23.7 days post-ITx.

DISCUSSION

Advances in immunosuppressive therapy with early detection and prompt treatment of rejection episodes make ITx a valuable treatment option for patients with intestinal failure and TPN-related life-threatening complications.

Fasting insulin and uric acid levels but not indices of iron metabolism are independent predictors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A case-control study

BACKGROUND

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a common reason for hepatological consultation and may herald severe hepatic and extra-hepatic disease. The aetiopathogenesis of this condition is an area of increasing interest.

AIM

To evaluate anthropometric and biochemical factors associated to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a case-control study. Methods. Demographic and biochemical data of 60 consecutive patients with bright liver absent-to-low alcohol consumption, no evidence of viral, genetic and autoimmune diseases, were compared to those of 60 age- and gender-matched historical controls without fatty liver by univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

Patients were more often hypertriglyceridaemic, obese and diabetic than controls (p<.01). Mean values of alanine transaminase, gammaglutamyltranspeptidase, triglycerides, uric acid, fasting and log insulin, transferrin percent saturation and ferritin were significantly higher in the patients, while transferrin and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, a quantitative insulin sensitivity index, were lower. No iron storage was found in those who underwent liver biopsy At univariate analysis the relative risk for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease significantly increased (p<0. 05) with increasing body mass index, fasting insulin, alanine transaminase, uric acid, triglycerides and gammaglutamyltranspeptidase; it decreased with increasing transferrin and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. Multiple logistic regression analysis disclosed only fasting insulin and uric acid to be independent predictors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Fasting insulin and serum uric acid levels indicating insulin resistance, but not indices of iron overload, are independent predictors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Liver and kidney foreign bodies granulomatosis in a patient with malocclusion, bruxism, and worn dental prostheses

Granulomatous reactions caused by foreign bodies have been described in drug abusers, in subjects exposed to occupational pollutants, and more rarely, in association with the use of prosthetic devices. We describe a 62-year-old patient with multiorgan parenchymal granulomatosis caused by inorganic debris of unknown origin. The patient presented with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, progressive cholestasis, and acute renal failure. Liver and kidney biopsies showed the presence of noncaseating epithelioid giant-cell granulomas containing scattered polarizable particles. Similar particles were also present in stools. Studies by innovative scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive microanalytical techniques showed that the particles isolated in liver, kidney, and stools were made by feldspars, the main component of porcelain. No occupational or environmental exposure to these materials could be identified in this patient and the only reliable source of the porcelain debris turned out to be constituted by 2 dental bridges evidently worn because of a possible inappropriate construction, malocclusion, and bruxism. The porcelain of the dental prostheses had the same elemental spectrum of the particles isolated from stool specimens and liver-kidney granuloma. After identification of the dental prostheses as the most likely source of ceramic debris, and after their removal, the particles from stool specimens disappeared. The patient was then treated with steroids leading to a remission of the clinical symptoms and a decrease in granulomatous inflammatory reaction in both liver and kidney. This is the first report suggesting that a foreign body systemic granulomatosis can be associated with worn dental prostheses.

High doses of alpha-interferon are required in chronic hepatitis due to coinfection with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus: long term results of a prospective randomized trial

OBJECTIVE

Coinfection with hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses is associated with a more severe liver disease, increased frequency in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, and resistance to interferon (IFN) therapy when performed with the standard dosages used in single infections. In the attempt to verify whether the outcome of IFN therapy in patients with hepatitis B and hepatitis C coinfection can be improved, we have planned a prospective, randomized trial with medium to high dosages of interferon three times a week for 6 months.

METHODS

Thirty patients with HBV-HCV coinfection, and chronic hepatitis were randomized to receive either 6 or 9 MU alpha-interferon three times a week for 6 months. Patients were HBsAg positive, anti-HBe positive, HBV DNA negative by dot blot (6/30 positive by polymerase chain reaction), and anti-HCV-positive, HCV RNA positive. Pretreatment and posttreatment liver biopsies were performed.

RESULTS

Five patients treated with 9 MU IFN consistently cleared HCV RNA and HBV DNA, whereas none of those treated with 6 MU reacted in a similar fashion (p = 0.045). Responders showed significant improvement of histological activity index in comparison with nonresponders (mean Ishak score pretreatment versus posttreatment p = 0.002). Long term follow-up showed that none of the patients treated with high doses developed cirrhosis whereas 4/14 treated with low doses did develop cirrhosis.

CONCLUSION

Even though the percentage was not very high, the sustained response, the striking histological improvement, and the lack of development of cirrhosis achieved in these patients, indicate that with HBV-HCV coinfection, a trial with high doses of interferon is strongly recommended.

Endorectal sonographic appearances of rectal MALT lymphoma, its response to therapy, and local recurrence

Endorectal sonography may significantly help to evaluate rectal lymphoma. We report the sonographic findings in a case of rectal non-Hodgkin's MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma, including the monitoring of response to therapy and confirmation of recurrence, in a 45-year-old man. On endorectal sonography of the rectal wall, the mucosa was markedly thickened to 1.1 cm and was diffusely hypoechoic and risen into multiple polypoid folds. The submucosa and muscularis propria appeared normal. Multiple lymph nodes were visualized in the perirectal fat; they were homogeneously hypoechoic, were round or oval, and ranged from 1.0 cm to 2.6 cm. Endoscopic biopsies revealed a grade I non-Hodgkin's MALT lymphoma. Following chemotherapy, endorectal sonography showed that the surface of the rectal mucosa had a smoother appearance and near-normal thickness, but lymph nodes, although smaller, remained visible in the perirectal fat. Four months later, endorectal sonography demonstrated a local relapse of disease, with significant thickening of the rectal mucosa and multiple lymph nodes visible in the perirectal fat. Following high-dose chemotherapy for the recurrence, endorectal sonography demonstrated a near-normal appearance of the rectal mucosa.

Usefulness of endorectal ultrasound after preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer: comparison between sonographic and histopathologic changes

PURPOSE

Our aim was to assess the advantages of endorectal ultrasound after preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer, its reliability in tumoral staging, and its capacity to identify completely sterilized lesions.

METHODS

From 1994 to 1997, 29 patients with rectal cancer were systematically subjected to endorectal ultrasound before and after preoperative radiotherapy. Each patient was administered 30 to 50 Gy, followed by surgery six to eight weeks after completion of radiotherapy. Endorectal ultrasound was performed using a biplanar (linear and sectorial) endorectal probe. The morphologic, quantitative, and echo-pattern changes of the irradiated tumor were examined. Results of ultrasound findings before and after radiotherapy and a histologic examination of the surgical specimens were compared. Histopathologic studies were used to evaluate macromicroscopical radiation-induced changes, case by case. A comparison between tumoral shrinkage and fibrotic replacement was made using the semiquantitative Dworak's method.

RESULTS

Morphologically and quantitatively, postradiation endorectal ultrasound showed the reappearance of anatomic cleavage planes, a considerable shrinkage of the tumor, and in low rectal tumors, an increase in the distance from the anorectal ring in more than 50 percent of the cases. These data had a direct influence on surgical treatment. Histologic examination showed that, in 28 out of 29 cases, fibrosis was the most dominant component of the irradiated lesions, varying by more than 50 to 100 percent of the lesion (four cases pTO). A comparison of postradiation endorectal ultrasound with histopathology revealed that fibrosis became the morphologic basis of ultrasound images; therefore, after radiotherapy, what endorectal ultrasound staged was no longer the tumor but the extent of fibrosis in the rectal wall. A histopathologic examination showed that the residual tumor, when present, was always within the fibrosis, never outside or separate from it. Postradiation endorectal ultrasound showed echo-pattern changes. Some of the changes (more echogenic and nonhomogeneous lesions) were histologically related to the persistence of the tumor to a considerable degree; other changes (reappearance of parietal layers) were related to complete sterilization of lesions in two of three cases.

CONCLUSIONS

From the morphologic and quantitative point of view, postradiation endorectal ultrasound provides oncologists and surgeons useful information to assess treatment effectiveness and plan the surgical approach. From the tumor staging point of view, our report presents a completely new concept: that six to eight weeks after radiotherapy, endorectal ultrasound no longer stages the tumor, but rather the fibrosis that takes its place. However, postradiation endorectal ultrasound is a valid tool, because the extent of fibrosis in the rectal wall is a direct indication of the depth of residual cancer. A residual tumor, when present, is always inside the fibrosis. Finally, however, as regards the capacity of endorectal ultrasound to exclude or indicate complete sterilization of the lesion, the actual significance of the echo-pattern changes we observed needs to be assessed further by studies on a large number of cases.

Herpesvirus DNA is frequently detected in liver tissue from hepatitis C patients

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Herpesviruses infect the liver and cause minor hepatitis. Our aim is to verify the presence of herpesviruses in the liver from hepatitis C patients and the possible influence of these viruses in the liver disease.

METHODS

We searched for herpesvirus DNA in liver biopsies from patients with hepatitis C and from a control group without hepatitis by means of nested polymerase chain reaction. Serological investigations were carried out as well.

RESULTS

Thirty-four liver specimens from hepatitis C patients were examined, 12 of which (35.3%) were positive for at least one herpesvirus DNA, whereas among the 19 control specimens only two were positive (10.5%; P = 0.049). Liver biopsies from seven patients, three with acute hepatitis of unknown origin, three with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and one with autoimmune hepatitis were also investigated and three positive samples were found.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of herpesvirus DNA was found higher in patients with hepatitis C than in individuals without hepatitis. The influence of herpesviruses on the clinical course of hepatitis C is considered.

Placental candidiasis: report of four cases, one with villitis

Four cases of placental candidiasis, an uncommon complication of rupture of the membranes, are presented. In addition to chorioamnionitis, in one of these cases villitis was also observed. Villitis is a rare occurrence in Candida infection and this represents only the second case in the literature. The involvement of villi may be suggestive of blood-borne infection. However, since neither the mother nor the foetus presented any signs of systemic dissemination, the authors suggest a hypothesis of contamination of the villi from foci of chorioamnionitis.

Chronic hepatitis C in children: the pathological and clinical spectrum

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Apart from the high-risk groups, the pathology of chronic hepatitis C in children is not well known. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphology of chronic hepatitis C in children without any underlying systemic disease and to evaluate its relationship to clinicovirological factors.

METHODS

Liver biopsy specimens from 80 children positive for antibody to hepatitis C virus were evaluated using a semiquantitative scoring system.

RESULTS

Chronic hepatitis was mild in most cases but had high-grade activity in 17 children (21.2%). A significant association was found between the grade of focal necrosis and alanine transaminase levels (P < 0.003). Fibrosis was absent in 22 cases (27.5%), mild in 44 (55%), and moderate in 13 (16.2%). Only 1 patient had cirrhosis. A significant relationship was detected between fibrosis scores and (1) duration of disease (P < 0.03); (2) portal inflammation (P < 0. 002); and (3) interface hepatitis (P < 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS

In otherwise healthy children, chronic hepatitis C is a morphologically mild disease in most cases. Fibrosis increases with the duration of disease, suggesting that end-stage disease may develop in young adulthood. Alanine transaminase levels correlate with intralobular focal necrosis but not with other lesions. In this respect, liver biopsy retains its importance in the management of chronic hepatitis C in children.

Adult celiac disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis: two case reports

The association of primary sclerosing cholangitis and celiac disease is uncommon. Herein, we report on 2 different cases which developed this association. Case 1 was a 59 year-old female who firstly complained of symptoms of cholestasis. The diagnosis of primary cholangitis was made on liver biopsy, and the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) showed narrowing and irregularity of the extra- and intrahepatic bile ducts. The results were positive for antiendomysial antibodies and the jejunal biopsy confirmed the coexistence of celiac disease, which was asymptomatic until that moment. The gluten-free diet ameliorated the index of cholestasis. Case 2 was an old man suffering from undiagnosed celiac disease for at least 5 years prior to admission at our Department. The diagnosis was based on the histological examination of a jejunal biopsy. The patient did not follow the gluten-free diet and was again admitted to our Department 6 years later with symptoms of cholestasis. The liver biopsy and ERCP confirmed the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis.

Isolated jejunal Crohn's disease in a young adult presenting as fever of unknown origin

A 27-yr-old man was referred for fever, weight loss, fatigue, and occasional mild epimesogastric pain without diarrhea or vomiting. Laboratory tests were suggestive of an active inflammatory disease but serological, bacteriological, viral searches, markers of autoimmunity, and neoplasia were all negative. The following were also negative: ultrasonography; conventional x-rays; CT scans; esophagogastroduodenoscopy, pancolonoscopy with ileoscopy; cytohistology including duodenum and ileocolon. Empiric antibiotic regimens failed to control the temperature. Small bowel enema disclosed multiple proximal jejunal strictures. Jejunoscopy revealed erythema, friability, linear ulcerations, stenosis, and dilation in the proximal jejunum. Multiple directed biopsies showed inflammatory changes devoid of any specific features. The patient received steroid treatment and his temperature normalized. Six months later, he was readmitted on account of intestinal subocclusion that was managed conservatively. A few days later urgent laparotomy was performed with peritoneal lavage, repair of double perforated proximal jejunal ulcers, and stricturoplasty. Surgical jejunal biopsy confirmed the results of enteroscopic biopsies. The patient is presently without fever, in the absence of steroid treatment. There have been no reports of cryptogenic fever due to isolated jejunal Crohn's disease in the recent literature. Our patient's clinical picture resembled disease as seen in older children and adolescents, in whom it is a difficult diagnosis owing to the absence of diarrhea. In adults with Crohn's disease isolated jejunal involvement represents approximately 1% of cases. A thorough small bowel investigation is warranted in young adults with cryptogenic fever and low serum protein levels, even in the absence of major gastrointestinal complaints.

Variant liver estrogen receptor transcripts already occur at an early stage of chronic liver disease

Variant estrogen receptors may be found in hepatocellular carcinoma and may influence its natural history. Because it is not known whether their occurrence is an early or a late event during the course of chronic liver disease or whether they cluster in some subgroups of patients, we investigated a series of patients in different stages of chronic liver disease. One hundred eleven consecutive patients were studied for variant estrogen receptor transcripts by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction of RNA extracted from liver biopsy specimens. In chronic active hepatitis, variant estrogen receptor transcripts were coexpressed with wild-type significantly more often in men than in women (P = .029) and in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive subjects than in subjects positive for antibody to hepatitis C virus (P = .0006). In hepatocellular carcinoma, again in men (P = .004) and in HBsAg-positive patients (P = .0015), the variant estrogen receptor transcript was overexpressed or remained the only one expressed. Patients with liver cell dysplasia presented with the same estrogen receptor pattern than patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. This further reinforces the significance of liver cell dysplasia as a preneoplastic condition. The significantly higher occurrence of variant estrogen receptor in men (especially in HBsAg-positive men) already at an early stage of disease, like chronic active hepatitis, suggests that the alteration of estrogen receptors, favoring uncontrolled proliferation and development of hyperplasia, might constitute a prominent mechanism facilitating neoplastic transformation especially in men.

Combined neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin (Merkel cell tumor) and trichilemmal cyst

We report a case of neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinoma (NC) of the skin, associated with a trichilemmal cyst, showing pagetoid spread into the trichilemmal epithelium. The association of the two lesions may strengthen the hypothesis that NC originates from pluripotent stem cells of adnexal epithelium.

[The use of echo-guided fine-needle biopsy in the diagnosis of nodular hepatic lesions]

211 patients were submitted to percutaneous ultrasound-guided liver biopsy: 184 patients (87.2%) had only one focal lesion, the other 27 had two or more lesions. In 9 patients (4.27%) the material drawn out from the liver was not adequate for microscopic examination (Retrieval Rate 95.7%). Histological evaluation revealed: absence of neoplasm in 67 patients (31.75%), benign lesion in 29 patients (13.74%), primitive malignant lesion in 70 patients (33.18%) and metastatic malignant lesion in 36 patients (17.06%). Combining the histological data with disease manifestation, biopsy showed a sensitivity of 95.1%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, negative predictive value of 89.4% and a diagnostic accuracy of 92.4%. None of the most important complications described in literature was observed. Our study confirms that ultrasound guided biopsy is a procedure of high diagnostic value in patients with nodular liver lesions, advantageous for its simplicity, low cost and safety.

Fatty liver in heterozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia caused by a novel truncated form of apolipoprotein B

Fatty liver has been anecdotally associated with heterozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia. The aim of this study was to characterize the molecular defect in a subject with heterozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 52 mg/dL; apolipoprotein [apo] B, 15 mg/dL) and otherwise unexplained fatty liver. Plasma lipoproteins were separated by ultracentrifugation, and apo B was analyzed by electrophoresis and immunoblotting. A fragment of genomic DNA corresponding to the 5' end of exon 26 of the apo B gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The plasma lipoproteins of the proband contained, besides normal apo B-100, a 200-kilodalton truncated apo B whose size suggested the presence of a mutation in exon 26 of the apo B gene. The nucleotide sequence of a fragment of the 5' end of exon 26 revealed that the proband was a heterozygote for a 14-nucleotide deletion, producing a frameshift resulting in a premature stop codon at residue 1768. This truncated apo B was named apo B-38.95. The proband's father was a carrier of the same mutation. Fatty liver in this subject with familial heterozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia most likely results from the inability of apo B-38.95 to export lipids from hepatocytes into the blood stream. Heterozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia should be considered in a hypolipidemic subject with an otherwise unexplained fatty liver.

Nuclear areas in breast cancer: relationship with estrogen and progesterone receptor expression

The relationship between nuclear area and the expression of estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) was evaluated in a series of 66 breast carcinomas (50 primaries, 16 metachronous recurrences). Nuclear measurements were directly performed on touch imprints previously reacted for ER and PR by the immunocytochemical method. Nuclei expressing ER or PR were found to be smaller than negative ones. Moreover, area values of PR+ nuclei overlapped with those of ER+ ones. The pattern of receptor expression co-existence was observed to be closely related to nuclear dimensions, since a significant increase in mean nuclear areas was detected in cells from ER-/PR-tumours, as compared with cells from ER+/PR+, ER+/PR- and ER-/PR+ sub-groups. Nuclear area values were also determined in both steroid receptor-positive and steroid receptor-negative neoplastic cells co-existing in the same breast carcinoma. No significant differences in nuclear area values were found between receptor-positive and receptor-negative neoplastic cells in tumours featuring a positive status for at least one of the steroid receptors (ER+/PR+, ER+/PR- or ER-/PR+). On the contrary, in breast carcinomas characterized by a negative steroid receptor status (ER-/PR-), receptor-negative neoplastic nuclei were significantly larger than receptor-positive ones. It is suggested that heterogeneous steroid receptor expression may be caused by a completely different pathogenetic mechanism in receptor-positive and receptor-negative breast carcinomas.

Triple therapy with azithromycin, omeprazole, and amoxicillin is highly effective in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori: a controlled trial versus omeprazole plus amoxicillin

BACKGROUND

Azithromycin is a new-generation, acid-stable macrolide antibiotic that achieves remarkably high concentrations in gastric tissue, persisting above the MIC90 for Helicobacter pylori over a 5-day period after a single 500-mg oral dose.

METHODS

We evaluated a new metronidazole-free triple therapy with omeprazole 20 mg b.i.d. plus amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d. (both for 14 days) and azithromycin 500 mg mane (for the first 3 days only) (group I) versus double therapy with omeprazole 20 mg b.i.d. plus amoxicillin 1 g t.i.d., both for 14 days (group II). H. pylori status was determined by urease test and histology before and 6 wk after completion of therapy.

RESULTS

Ninety-two patients with peptic ulcer disease or nonulcer dyspepsia completed the study. H. pylori infection was eradicated in 44 (91.6%) of 48 patients randomized to receive triple therapy versus 26 (59.1%) of 44 who received double therapy (p < 0.001). Smoking, but not omeprazole pretreatment, proved to be a risk factor for treatment failure only in the double-therapy group (p = 0.05). All ulcers healed by the time of the 8-wk endoscopic control. Side effects, usually minor, were recorded in 12.5% and 9.1% of patients, respectively (NS), but therapy had to be discontinued in one patient in group I and in three in group II (NS).

CONCLUSIONS

Two-week triple therapy with omeprazole, amoxicillin, and (for the first 3 days) low-dose azithromycin is highly effective in eradicating H. pylori. This regimen is safe and well-tolerated, and we recommend that it be used as first-line treatment, as an alternative to less-effective omeprazole-amoxicillin double therapy. Moreover, azithromycin appears to be a new, promising antibiotic for future innovative anti-H. pylori combinations.

Ancient schwannoma of the motor branch of the median nerve: a clinical case

The authors present a case of ancient schwannoma of the motor branch of the median nerve. An accurate peroperative diagnosis was not possible despite the use of MRI. Sectioning of the nerve was required as the tumor could not be enucleated.

Assessment of proliferative rate of breast cancer by Ki-67 monoclonal antibody

The proliferative activity of 163 primary breast cancers was assessed by immunocytochemistry with the mouse monoclonal antibody Ki-67, which recognizes a nuclear antigen expressed in all phases of the cell cycle except for Go. The overall frequency distribution of Ki-67 staining was of exponential type, with percentage of positive staining cells ranging from 0.3 to 88.3%, with a median value of 10.1%. No relationship was observed between Ki-67 values and menopausal status of patients. A significant positive correlation was found between Ki-67 values and tumor grade, especially mitotic grade. Estrogen Receptors (ER) were assayed by immunocytochemistry with ER-ICA method and by dextran-coated charcoal method (DCC) in 129 and 141 tumors, respectively. A negative correlation was found between the ER content by both methods and Ki-67 score. Eighty-nine percent of cases with Ki-67 value less than 10.1% contained more than 10% ER-ICA-positive cells. Progesterone receptors (PgR) were assayed by immunocytochemistry with PgR-ICA method and by DCC in 62 and 141 tumors, respectively. A negative correlation was observed between the PgR content by both methods and Ki-67 score. No correlation was found between Ki-67 score and lymph node involvement by tumor. These findings suggests that Ki-67 score could be used as an independent prognostic marker, useful to distinguish different risk for recurrence within the two clinically heterogeneous groups of N- and N+ patients.

[Clear cell sarcoma of the hand. Description of a case]

Clear cell sarcoma of the hand. Case report. Histologic, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of a case of clear cell sarcoma (also called malignant melanoma of soft parts) arisen in the index finger of the right hand in a 28 year-old-woman are described in this report. Typical forms of this tumor are deeply located and associated with tendons and aponeuroses, lacking cutaneous involvement. The tumor has to be differentiated from other benign and malignant lesions of the soft parts, such as a giant cell tumor of tendon sheaths and a fibrosarcoma. The demonstration of melanin and a positive immunohistochemical reaction for S-100 protein and HMB-45 (a melanin-associated antigen) can assist in the differential diagnosis. In spite of a slow and protracted clinical course, many of the patients experience multiple local recurrences and distant metastases. Prognosis is poor in a high percentage of cases.

Immunocytochemical detection of estrogen receptors by staining with monoclonal antibodies on cytologic specimens of human breast cancer

A study was undertaken to test the possibility of determining the estrogen receptor (ER) content in human breast cancers by staining with commercial specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) on cytologic specimens (touch imprints and fine needle aspirates). The aspirates were suspended in a cell culture medium and cytocentrifuged onto slides to preserve their morphologic characteristics and to allow a proper immunocytochemical staining for ERs. MAb staining for ER was also performed on the respective surgical samples. The staining of cytologic samples for ER showed 100% specificity and 95% sensitivity in comparison to the staining of the histologic samples. Moreover, comparison of the percentage of stained cells in the cytologic specimens to the ER content in the respective surgical specimens, as assayed by the dextran-coated charcoal method, showed the MAb staining of cytologic samples to have 94% specificity and 100% sensitivity. These results support the reliability of MAb staining for ERs in cytologic samples and suggest that it could be the assay of choice in particular clinical settings in the evaluation of primary and recurrent breast cancers.

Expression of p21 ras gene products in breast cancer relates to histological types and to receptor and nodal status

Expression of the p21 product of the ras gene family was investigated in a series of 142 infiltrating primary breast tumors by two specific ras p21 monoclonal antibodies with an immunocytochemical technique. The majority of tumors demonstrated a varying number of positive cells. A significant association between p21 expression and tumor histotype was found: among ductal carcinomas the comedo variety was always positive; conversely, lobular tumors were more frequently negative. Nodal status was recorded for all patients. A significant difference was found in nodal status with respect to p21 expression: tumors with more than 50% positive cells were more often N+. Estrogen receptor (ER) status was determined in 77 tumors. Tumors with higher levels of p21 contained a high percentage of estrogen receptor positive cells. The present results show that p21 expression in human breast cancer could be a marker of tumor aggressiveness and might thus improve the predictive power of known prognostic factors such as estrogen receptor and nodal status.

Immunocytochemical demonstration of estrogen receptors by monoclonal antibodies in human breast cancer: correlation with estrogen receptor assay by dextran-coated charcoal method

Immunocytochemical demonstration of estrogen receptors in 115 human breast cancer specimens was performed using mouse monoclonal antibodies against estrogen receptor and avidin-biotin as the displaying system. The antibody indicated a highly heterogeneous endowment of neoplastic cells with estrogen receptor at both nuclear and cytoplasmic levels. The percentage of labeled cells within each tumor specimen was recorded to compare this immunocytochemical assay with the biochemical assay of estrogen receptors by the dextran-coated charcoal method. A significant correlation was observed between these two assays. The present results show that estrogen receptors can be confidently demonstrated at the single cell level, thus providing additional information to quantitative biochemical assays. Their prognostic and therapeutic predictive powers may be usefully integrated, particularly in view of the heterogeneous distribution of receptors among cancer cells.

Pathophysiology of estrogen receptors in mammary tissue by monoclonal antibodies

Identification of preneoplastic lesions of the breast has mainly rested on morphological grounds, supported by epidemiological data. These studies assign a definite precancerous potential to a group of atypical hyperplastic lesions and in situ carcinoma. In spite of much effort no criteria are yet available to understand which, among these lesions, is committed to infiltrative growth, in other words, to understand the risk to a single patient. Estrogens are know to play a critical role in the etiology of breast cancer. The hypothesis is investigated that this role is dependent on a modified expression of their receptor. To approach this question estrogen receptor expression was traced by specific monoclonal anti-receptor antibodies and immunocytochemistry, on a spectrum of breast tissue changes, from normal tissue to infiltrating cancer. Estrogen receptor expression is heterogeneous in normal tissue and in infiltrating cancer, and on the contrary is homogeneous in proliferative atypical lesions and in in situ carcinomas. Present results show that receptor expression is enhanced and becomes homogeneous, maybe constitutive, in atypical hyperplasia and in in situ carcinoma and that this phenomenon could subserve important changes of proliferative capacity which are necessary and possibly sufficient for autonomous growth.

Isolation of prolactin-producing cells from first and second trimester decidua

Two cell types isolated and purified to homogeneity from human decidua obtained at 8-17 weeks of gestation were shown immunocytochemically to correspond to decidual and epithelial cells in the tissue of origin. The decidual cells reacted with antihuman PRL antiserum, and epithelial cells reacted with antiserum against keratin, an epithelial cell marker. Decidual and epithelial cells were cultured separately to determine their abilities to release PRL to the medium. Decidual cells released 140-410 ng PRL/mg protein in 24 h, whereas no PRL was detectable in cultures of isolated epithelial cells. These homogeneous preparations provide an excellent system with which to study the regulation of PRL production and other biochemical properties of decidual components.

Ultrasonic anatomical study of the lesser omental sac: a pictorial essay

The peritoneal and visceral limits of the lesser omental sac have been studied by ultrasound in ten patients with gross ascites. Ascitic fluid provides necessary contrast and ultrasound examination gives valuable anatomic information. A few pathologic examples are also studied.