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Chen L, Haider K, Ponda M, Cariappa A, Rowitch D, Pillai S. Protein kinase C-associated kinase (PKK), a novel membrane-associated, ankyrin repeat-containing protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:21737-44. [PMID: 11278382 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008069200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel murine membrane-associated protein kinase, PKK (protein kinase C-associated kinase), was cloned on the basis of its physical association with protein kinase Cbeta (PKCbeta). The regulated expression of PKK in mouse embryos is consistent with a role for this kinase in early embryogenesis. The human homolog of PKK has over 90% identity to its murine counterpart, has been localized to chromosome 21q22.3, and is identical to the PKCdelta-interacting kinase, DIK (Bahr, C., Rohwer, A., Stempka, L., Rincke, G., Marks, F., and Gschwendt, M. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 36350-36357). PKK comprises an N-terminal kinase domain and a C-terminal region containing 11 ankyrin repeats. PKK exhibits protein kinase activity in vitro and associates with cellular membranes. PKK exists in three discernible forms at steady state: an underphosphorylated form of 100 kDa; a soluble, cytosolic, phosphorylated form of 110 kDa; and a phosphorylated, detergent-insoluble form of 112 kDa. PKK is initially synthesized as an underphosphorylated soluble 100-kDa protein that is quantitatively converted to a detergent-soluble 110-kDa form. This conversion requires an active catalytic domain. Although PKK physically associates with PKCbeta, it does not phosphorylate this PKC isoform. However, PKK itself may be phosphorylated by PKCbeta. PKK represents a developmentally regulated protein kinase that can associate with membranes. The functional significance of its association with PKCbeta remains to be ascertained.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Cariappa A, Tang M, Parng C, Nebelitskiy E, Carroll M, Georgopoulos K, Pillai S. The Follicular versus Marginal Zone B Lymphocyte Cell Fate Decision Is Regulated by Aiolos, Btk, and CD21. Immunity 2001; 14:603-15. [PMID: 11371362 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Most splenic B cells in mice that lack Aiolos are mature IgD(hi)IgM(lo) follicular lymphocytes, suggesting that maturation signals delivered via the BCR are enhanced in the absence of Aiolos. The enhanced maturation of follicular B cells is accompanied by the absence of MZ B lymphocytes and the downregulation of CD21 expression in follicular B cells, all of which depend on the generation of signals via Btk, which is in epistasis to Aiolos. The inverse relationship between the strength of BCR signaling and MZ B cell development is supported by an examination of MZ B cells in CD21 null mice. These data support the view that antigens (in contrast to "tonic" signals) drive the development of naive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cariappa
- Cancer Center and, Massachusetts General Hospital and, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Abstract
Although immunoglobulin (Ig)M(hi)IgD(lo/-)CD21(hi) marginal zone B cells represent a significant proportion of naive peripheral splenic B lymphocytes, few of the genes that regulate their development have been identified. This subset of peripheral B cells fails to emerge in mice that lack nuclear factor (NF)-kappa Bp50. Less drastic reductions in marginal zone B cell numbers are also seen in the spleens of recombination activating gene (Rag)-2(-/-) mice reconstituted with NF-kappa Bp65(-/-) fetal liver cells and in c-Rel(-/-) mice. In contrast, steady-state levels of IgD(hi) splenic follicular B cells are not significantly reduced in the absence of NF-kappa Bp50, NF-kappa Bp65, or c-Rel. Reconstitution of B cells in Rag-2(-/-) mice with a mixture of p50(-/-)/p65(-/-) fetal liver cells and Rag-2(-/-) bone marrow cells revealed that the generation of marginal zone B cells requires the expression of NF-kappa B in developing B cells, as opposed to supporting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cariappa
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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Chaudhuri S, Cariappa A, Tang M, Bell D, Haber DA, Isselbacher KJ, Finkelstein D, Forcione D, Pillai S. Genetic susceptibility to breast cancer: HLA DQB*03032 and HLA DRB1*11 may represent protective alleles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:11451-4. [PMID: 11027344 PMCID: PMC17220 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.21.11451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are believed to emerge only when immune surveillance fails. We wished to ascertain whether the failure to inherit putative protective alleles of HLA class II genes is linked to the development of breast cancer. We molecularly typed HLA DPB1, DQB1, DRB1, and DRB3 alleles in 176 Caucasian women diagnosed with early-onset breast cancer and in 215 ethnically matched controls. HLA DQB*03032 was identified in 7% of controls but in no patients with early-onset breast cancer (P = 0.0001). HLA DRB1*11 alleles were also significantly overrepresented (P < 0.0001) in controls (16. 3%) as compared with patients with early-onset breast cancer (3.5%). HLA DQB*03032 and HLA DRB1*11 alleles may have a protective role in human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chaudhuri
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Building 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Cariappa A, Kim TJ, Pillai S. Accelerated emigration of B lymphocytes in the Xid mouse. J Immunol 1999; 162:4417-23. [PMID: 10201977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The B cell receptor is required for the emigration of newly generated B lymphocytes and for their maintenance in the periphery. A specific maintenance defect was noted in fraction I (IgDhighIgMlow) B cells in Xid mice (which harbor a mutation in Btk). Although Bcl-2 levels in fractions I and II (IgDhighIgMhigh) are equivalent in normal and Xid B cells, a novel peak of Bcl-2low fraction III (IgDlowIgMhigh) B cells was noted in the Xid mouse. Since this B cell population resembled bone marrow immature B cells, we examined the emigration of newly formed B cells in normal and Xid mice. These studies revealed the accelerated emigration of newly formed Xid B cells. We conclude that distinct Btk-independent and Btk-dependent signals mediate emigration and maintenance events during peripheral B cell maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cariappa
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Wang JH, Avitahl N, Cariappa A, Friedrich C, Ikeda T, Renold A, Andrikopoulos K, Liang L, Pillai S, Morgan BA, Georgopoulos K. Aiolos regulates B cell activation and maturation to effector state. Immunity 1998; 9:543-53. [PMID: 9806640 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Aiolos encodes a zinc finger DNA-binding protein that is highly expressed in mature B cells and is homologous to Ikaros. In the periphery of mice homozygous for an Aiolos-null mutation, B cells exhibit an activated cell surface phenotype and undergo augmented antigen receptor (BCR)-mediated in vitro proliferative responses, even at limiting amounts of stimulant. In vivo, T cell-dependent B cell responses, including the formation of germinal centers and elevated serum IgG and IgE, are detected in Aiolos-deficient mice in the absence of immunization. Auto-antibodies and development of B cell lymphomas are frequently seen among aging Aiolos mutants. In sharp contrast to conventional B cells, B cells of the peritoneum, of the marginal zone, and the recirculating bone marrow population are greatly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Wang
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown 02129, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although inflammation in Crohn's disease is believed to be mediated by activated T cells, genotyping of all MHC class II alleles in white people with this disease has not been reported. AIMS To perform a detailed molecular analysis of HLA DPB, DQB, and DRB genes in white patients with Crohn's disease and controls in order to determine if the inheritance of any class II genes confers susceptibility or resistance to this disease. METHODS Complete molecular typing of HLA class II DPB, DQB, and DRB alleles was performed in 58 white patients with Crohn's disease and 93 healthy controls using a polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide based approach. RESULTS No significant association with any DPB or DQB alleles was noted in patients with Crohn's disease. Since our previous studies had shown a strong association of an HLA DRB3*0301/DRB1*1302 haplotype with Crohn's disease, we re-examined this association using more stringent genotyping criteria. This haplotype was present in 20.7% of patients and 5.4% of controls (p = 0.0066; relative risk = 4.59). CONCLUSIONS The DRB3*0301/DRB1*1302 haplotype is the only significant MHC class II association noted in white people with Crohn's disease and represents the strongest association of any MHC or non-MHC locus with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cariappa
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
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Cariappa A, Flyer DC, Rollins CT, Roopenian DC, Flavell RA, Brown D, Waneck GL. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored H-2Db molecules are defective in antigen processing and presentation to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:2215-24. [PMID: 8814270 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830260938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored (GPI)-Db molecules are defective in mediating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) lysis of transfected lymphoma cells, compared to their transmembrane (TM) counterpart. This defect is manifest when antigenic peptide must be processed and presented through the endogenous pathway. These same transfectants can be lysed by allospecific CTL, or by antigen-specific Db-restricted CTL when pulsed with appropriate exogenous synthetic peptide, demonstrating that they can bind and present peptide for CTL-mediated lympholysis. The defect apparently results from differences between GPI-Db and TM-Db assembly and transport, or from differences in membrane topology that affect CD8+ CTL recognition of major histocompatibility complex/peptide complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cariappa
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown 02129, USA
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Sadasivan BK, Cariappa A, Waneck GL, Cresswell P. Assembly, peptide loading, and transport of MHC class I molecules in a calnexin-negative cell line. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1995; 60:267-75. [PMID: 8824400 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.1995.060.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B K Sadasivan
- Section of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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Cariappa A. Patient service or patient care? Natl Med J India 1992; 5:41. [PMID: 1304256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abraham B, Cariappa A. Inter- and intra-laboratory variation in the reporting of skin smears in leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1991; 59:76-81. [PMID: 2030318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper defines the variations in the reporting of skin smears between a base and field laboratory in a leprosy control program. Ten percent of all slides read by the field laboratory in a control area were re-read by the base laboratory. There was almost no variation in the reporting of negative slides, but a variation of 1 + was present in approximately 92% of positive slides. Thus, there was agreement in approximately 8% of positive slides. This paper also defines the variations in the reporting of positive slides under "ideal" conditions by describing the results of a study on intra- and inter-observer variations among technicians at the base laboratory. There was between 45% and 55% agreement within observers and about 36% agreement between observers. The results of both studies are compared. Simple guidelines are derived to monitor the reporting of skin smears in leprosy control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Abraham
- Schieffelin Leprosy Research and Training Center, Karigiri, India
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Abraham B, Cariappa A, Chacko CJ. Rifampin in drug-incorporated diet: effect of duration and temperature of storage. Relevance to drug-susceptibility testing in mice inoculated with M. leprae. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1991; 59:68-75. [PMID: 2030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper is in two parts. Plasma concentrations of rifampin were assayed at 11 time points in 24 hr in mice fed one of three dosages of rifampin, either by gavage or by dietary incorporation. The drug-mixed diets had been stored for a maximum of 3 weeks at 4 degrees C or at room temperature (30 degrees C-35 degrees C). The peak concentration of rifampin produced by gavage was approximately 11/2 times higher than the maximum plasma concentration of the corresponding dosage in fresh diet. Plasma concentrations decreased with the increasing duration of storage of the drug-mixed diet, irrespective of whether the diet was stored at 4 degrees C or at room temperature. This decrease was less when the diet was stored at 4 degrees C than at room temperature. Drug levels were also assayed in another set of mice selected from ongoing drug-susceptibility experiments; these mice were fed a rifampin-incorporated diet stored at room temperature. The plasma concentrations in these mice, assayed at the time of foot pad harvest, were generally higher than in the 24-hr experiment. The harvest results from these mice were compared with the harvest results from a third set of mice, also from ongoing drug-susceptibility experiments, but fed a rifampin-mixed diet stored at 4 degrees C. Multiplication of Mycobacterium leprae in mouse foot pads was prevented by rifampin mixed in the diet at a dosage of greater than or equal to 0.003%, whether stored at room temperature or at 4 degrees C.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B Abraham
- Branch of Laboratories, Schieffelin Leprosy Research & Training Centre, Karigiri, India
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Devasundaram J, Cariappa A. Problems of erratic power supply in Africa and India. LEPROSY REV 1987; 58:431-2. [PMID: 3431340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Forty-six patients from 23 Indian families with hereditary chronic nephritis (HCN) with or without Alport's syndrome are presented. The occurrence of this disease in diverse Indian races, communities and castes is now documented. Clinical and laboratory findings in these patients are similar to those reported from temperate regions.
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Walter A, Krishnaswami H, Cariappa A. Microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti in cytologic smears. Acta Cytol 1983; 27:432-6. [PMID: 6349200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti were observed in cytologic material in 35 cases. The material included cervicovaginal smears (17 cases), effusions (14), urine (2), bronchial washings (1) and ovarian cyst fluid (1). The initial diagnosis was made from the cytologic smear in all cases; none had clinical filariasis. Symptomatic vaginal bleeding in 9 of the 17 cases with microfilaria-positive cervicovaginal smears was reflected in the large numbers of red blood cells found in the smear. Blood eosinophilia was present in 11 of 19 cases investigated. Eosinophils were seen in the smears in 20 cases. In the majority of the cases of effusions with microfilariae the effusions were malignant. Significant adherence of inflammatory cells and macrophages to microfilariae was present in 7 of the 35 cases. The significance of these findings is discussed.
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Cariappa A, Thomas JA, Sri Murthy KR. Hepatoblastoma: an attempt at characterization. Indian J Cancer 1981; 18:69-73. [PMID: 6266945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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