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Oyama Y, Traynor AE, Barr W, Burt RK. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for autoimmune diseases: nonmyeloablative conditioning regimens. Bone Marrow Transplant 2003; 32 Suppl 1:S81-3. [PMID: 12931250 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for autoimmune diseases have been, because of safety reasons, overwhelmingly autologous. Results are, in general, encouraging with improvement in quality of life, a remission of up to several years, and perhaps in some diseases improved survival. This indicates that further study of autologous HSCT especially under phase III design is warranted. However, the ultimate goal of HSCT is cure of otherwise incurable autoimmune diseases. For this reason, allogeneic HSCT in carefully selected high-risk patients with autoimmune diseases using strategies to minimize both regimen-related toxicity and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is ongoing at Northwestern University and will be reviewed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Oyama
- Division of Immunotherapy, Northwestern University Medical School, 320 E. Superior, 3-489, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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2
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Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is being increasingly utilized for the treatment of a whole spectrum of severe autoimmune diseases refractory to conventional therapy. Although allogeneic HSCT has been followed by durable complete remission in a restricted number of patients with coincidental disease, the autologous procedure is generally preferred because of its lesser toxicity. Most autoimmune diseases are the consequence of a multistep process, mainly originating from the interplay of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors. It has been postulated that if immunosuppressive regimens can eliminate or effectively reduce the level of autoreactive T and B cells, then regeneration of de novo immunity even in the autologous setting may bypass the initial breakdown of self-tolerance and ensure prolonged disease remission. As mentioned in a recent review of this field, protocol design including conditioning regimen, patient selection, stem cell source and final outcome are likely to be disease-specific. The following is a summary of the 2002 International Bone Marrow Transplantation Registry/American Society of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (IBMTR/ASBMT) satellite symposium in Orlando, Florida on 24 February 2002 on 'Expanding the Promise of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Autoimmune Diseases'.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Burt
- Northwestern University Department of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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3
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Oyama Y, Papadopoulos EB, Miranda M, Traynor AE, Burt RK. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for Evans syndrome. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001; 28:903-5. [PMID: 11781654 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2001] [Accepted: 08/16/2001] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Evans syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by combined autoimmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). Standard treatments consist of transfusions, corticosteroids, splenectomy, IVIG, anabolic steroids, vincristine, alkylating agents, or cyclosporine. In a patient with refractory disease, an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) resulted in complete clinical and serologic remission for more than 30 months. Allogeneic HSCT may be the only current curative therapy for Evans syndrome but may also be complicated by significant toxicities.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use
- Adult
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/drug therapy
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/surgery
- Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/therapy
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Autoimmune Diseases/drug therapy
- Autoimmune Diseases/surgery
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Danazol/therapeutic use
- Graft vs Host Disease/etiology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use
- Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Infliximab
- Male
- Mycophenolic Acid/analogs & derivatives
- Mycophenolic Acid/therapeutic use
- Opportunistic Infections/etiology
- Prednisone/therapeutic use
- Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic/etiology
- Remission Induction
- Salvage Therapy
- Splenectomy
- Syndrome
- Thrombocytopenia/drug therapy
- Thrombocytopenia/surgery
- Thrombocytopenia/therapy
- Transplantation Conditioning/adverse effects
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Vincristine/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Oyama
- Division of Immune Therapy and Autoimmune Diseases, Northwestern University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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4
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Traynor AE, Noga SJ. NCCN: Multiple myeloma. Cancer Control 2001; 8:78-87. [PMID: 11760563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although multiple myeloma is sensitive to both chemotherapy and RT, it remains incurable at present. However, treatment algorithms based on published data, as well as clinical experience, can be developed to optimize therapy. This includes not only therapy for the underlying disease but also supportive therapy to enhance quality of life. Because myeloma is incurable, these guidelines prominently identify the clinical settings appropriate for treatment of patients on clinical research protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Traynor
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, USA
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5
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Pavletic SZ, Klassen LW, Pope R, O'Dell JR, Traynor AE, Haire CE, Graziano F, Oyama Y, Barr W, Burt RK. Treatment of relapse after autologous blood stem cell transplantation for severe rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol Suppl 2001; 64:28-31. [PMID: 11642500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
There is little information about the clinical course of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who relapse after autologous blood stem cell transplantation (ASCT). We describe 6 patients with severe RA who received ASCT in 3 US centers. Duration of followup was between 24 and 42 months posttransplant. Five patients achieved major responses but relapsed 3-22 months posttransplant. Two patients with relapse improved remarkably after restarting disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD). Two patients developed a mild RA flare at 3 and 5 months posttransplant and improved spontaneously. All 4 patients who improved after an initial disease flare remained highly functional at 14-22 months posttransplant. All patients in this study were anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) drug naive; all received a TNF blocker as a second line posttransplant salvage therapy, but only 3 responded. Future ASCT strategies need to focus on improving the durability of the early posttransplant responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Z Pavletic
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-7680, USA.
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6
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Traynor AE, Schroeder J, Rosa RM, Cheng D, Stefka J, Mujais S, Baker S, Burt RK. Treatment of severe systemic lupus erythematosus with high-dose chemotherapy and haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation: a phase I study. Lancet 2000; 356:701-7. [PMID: 11085688 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02627-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who experience persistent multiorgan dysfunction, despite standard doses of intravenous cyclophosphamide, represent a subset of patients at high risk of early death. We investigated the safety and efficacy of immune suppression and autologous haemopoietic stem-cell infusion to treat such patients. METHODS From 1996, we selected patients with persistent SLE despite use of cyclophosphamide. Patients underwent dose-intense immune suppression and autologous haemopoietic stem-cell (CD34) infusion. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were analysed by flow cytometry, ELISA, and T-cell-receptor spectratyping before and after transplantation. We mobilised autologous haemopoietic stem cells with 2.0 g/m2 cyclophosphamide and 10 microg/kg granulocyte colony stimulating factor daily, enriched with CD34-positive selection, and reinfused after immunosuppression with 200 mg/kg cyclophosphamide, 1 g methylprednisolone, and 90 mg/kg equine antithymocyte globulin. RESULTS Nine patients underwent stem-cell mobilisation but two were excluded before transplantation because of infection. The remaining seven received high-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell infusion. Median time to an absolute neutrophil count higher than 0.5x10(9)/L and nontransfused platelet count higher than 20x10(9)/L was 9 days (range 8-11) and 11 days (10-13), respectively. At a median follow-up of 25 months (12-40), all patients were free from signs of active lupus. Renal, cardiac, pulmonary, and serological markers, and T cell phenotype and repertoire had normalised. INTERPRETATION Patients remained free from active lupus and improved continuously after transplantation, with no immunosuppressive medication or small residual doses of prednisone. T-cell repertoire diversity and responsiveness was restored. Durability of remission remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Traynor
- Robert H Lurie Cancer Center, Division of Immunotherapy for Autoimmune Diseases, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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7
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Abstract
The treatment of severe autoimmune diseases has been recently revitalized by the introduction of intense immune suppression with immune ablative intent followed by three different procedures. These are allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), autologous HSCT (using either marrow or peripheral blood), and intense immune suppression without stem cell support. Current trials suggest that high dose immune suppressive therapy with or without autologous hematopoietic stem cell support can induce remission of previously refractory disease. Follow-up is too brief to determine if intense immune suppression, and more specifically autologous HSCT, will ultimately cure SLE. It is conceivable that an allogeneic source of stem cells from a normal donor (e.g. HLA matched sibling) will be required to achieve a cure. It is also possible that autologous HSCT, even if not curative, may prolong the life of patients with otherwise high-risk features. In carefully selected patients, the potential benefits of this procedure may outweigh the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Burt
- Northwestern University Medical Center, The Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Burt
- Allogeneic Transplantation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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9
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Abstract
Patients with recurrent leukemia after an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant may be treated with donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI). The transfusion of lymphocytes from the original hematopoietic stem cell donor induces remission in approximately one third of relapsed AML cases and 80% of relapsed CML. DLI may be complicated by delayed and sometimes lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In an attempt to avoid this complication, several centers have initiated DLI trials in which the infused lymphocytes carry a suicide gene, herpes simplex thymidine kinase (HStk), which confers sensitivity to ganciclovir (GCV). In the event of severe GVHD, administration of GCV should terminate or ameliorate GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Burt
- Northwestern University School of Medicine, Robert H Lurie Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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10
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Burt RK, Traynor AE. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a new therapy for autoimmune disease. Oncologist 1999; 4:77-83. [PMID: 10337375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R K Burt
- Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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11
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Burt RK, Kuzel TM, Fishman M, Brush M, Villa M, Welles C, Rosen S, Traynor AE. Stem cell component therapy: supplementation of unmanipulated marrow with CD34 enriched peripheral blood stem cells. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999; 23:381-6. [PMID: 10100582 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1701585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Eleven patients with hematologic malignancies and two with aplastic anemia were treated using unmanipulated marrow and immunoselected CD34+ blood cells. Donors began G-CSF (10 microg/kg) injections 1 day after undergoing bone marrow harvest. Blood stem cells were collected on day 5 of G-CSF. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were depleted via CD34-positive selection. If, after marrow and blood harvest, less than 2.0 x 10(6) CD34 cells/kg were mobilized, leukapheresis was repeated on day 6. Median time to an absolute neutrophil count greater than 500 microl was day 10; transfusion-independent platelet count greater than 20,000/microl was day 13; average hospital discharge was day 14; and average inpatient hospital charges were 101,870 US dollars. Acute GVHD grade II occurred in five of 13 patients. No patient developed grade III or IV acute GVHD. At a median follow-up of 10 months, no patient has developed extensive chronic GVHD. Allografts of unmanipulated bone marrow supplemented with G-CSF-mobilized and CD34 immunoselected blood cells may prevent an increased risk of GVHD while preserving the rapid engraftment kinetics of peripheral blood. Supplementation of marrow with CD34 enriched blood cells appears to result in rapid engraftment, early hospital discharge, lower inpatient charges, decreased regimen-related toxicity, and no apparent increase in GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Burt
- Northwestern University Medical School, Department of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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12
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Burt RK, Traynor AE, Pope R, Schroeder J, Cohen B, Karlin KH, Lobeck L, Goolsby C, Rowlings P, Davis FA, Stefoski D, Terry C, Keever-Taylor C, Rosen S, Vesole D, Fishman M, Brush M, Mujias S, Villa M, Burns WH. Treatment of autoimmune disease by intense immunosuppressive conditioning and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood 1998; 92:3505-14. [PMID: 9808541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis are immune-mediated diseases that are responsive to suppression or modulation of the immune system. For patients with severe disease, immunosuppression may be intensified to the point of myelosuppression or hematopoietic ablation. Hematopoiesis and immunity may then be rapidly reconstituted by reinfusion of CD34(+) progenitor cells. In 10 patients with these autoimmune diseases, autologous hematopoietic stem cells were collected from bone marrow or mobilized from peripheral blood with either granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) or cyclophosphamide and G-CSF. Stem cells were enriched ex vivo using CD34(+) selection and reinfused after either myelosuppressive conditioning with cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg), methylprednisolone (4 g) and antithymocyte globulin (ATG; 90 mg/kg) or myeloablative conditioning with total body irradiation (1,200 cGy), methylprednisolone (4 g), and cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg). Six patients with multiple sclerosis, 2 with systemic lupus erythematosus, and 2 with rheumatoid arthritis have undergone hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Mean time to engraftment of an absolute neutrophil count greater than 500/microL (0.5 x 10(9)/L) and a nontransfused platelet count greater than 20,000/microL (20 x 10(9)/L) occurred on day 10 and 14, respectively. Regimen-related nonhematopoietic toxicity was minimal. All patients improved and/or had stabilization of disease with a follow-up of 5 to 17 months (median, 11 months). We conclude that intense immunosuppressive conditioning and autologous T-cell-depleted hematopoietic transplantation was safely used to treat these 10 patients with severe autoimmune disease. Although durability of response is as yet unknown, all patients have demonstrated stabilization or improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Burt
- Departments of Medicine, Neurology, Nephrology, and Rheumatology, Division of Hematology/Oncology & Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Medical School and Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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13
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Halgren RG, Traynor AE, Pillay S, Zell JL, Heller KF, Krett NL, Rosen ST. 8Cl-cAMP cytotoxicity in both steroid sensitive and insensitive multiple myeloma cell lines is mediated by 8Cl-adenosine. Blood 1998; 92:2893-8. [PMID: 9763575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We have examined the cytotoxic effects of cyclic adenosine-3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) derivatives on multiple myeloma cells lines and determined that the 8-Chloro substituted derivative (8Cl-cAMP) is one of the most potent. We report here that 8Cl-cAMP is cytotoxic to both steroid sensitive and insensitive myeloma cells with a half maximal concentration of approximately 3 micromol/L. 8Cl-cAMP toxicity in myeloma cells is dependent on phosphodiesterase activity in the serum of cell culture medium. A metabolite of 8Cl-cAMP, 8-Chloro-adenosine (8Cl-AD), kills myeloma cells as effectively as 8Cl-cAMP. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) converts 8Cl-AD into 8Cl-inosine and abrogates the cytotoxic effects of 8Cl-cAMP, 8Cl-AMP, and 8Cl-AD, as does 5-(p-Nitrobenzyl)-6-Thio-Inosine (NBTI), an inhibitor of nucleoside uptake. These data suggest that 8Cl-cAMP must be converted to 8Cl-AD and that 8Cl-AD is the compound that enters the cell. Contrary to glucocorticoid-mediated cell death in myeloma cells, the pathway of 8Cl-AD-mediated cell death appears to be independent of interleukin-6 (IL-6) actions. Although the exact mode of action for this agent is currently unknown, its ability to kill steroid sensitive and insensitive multiple myeloma cells in an IL-6 independent fashion may offer exciting new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Halgren
- Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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14
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Burt RK, Traynor AE, Cohen B, Karlin KH, Davis FA, Stefoski D, Terry C, Lobeck L, Russell EJ, Goolsby C, Rosen S, Gordon LI, Keever-Taylor C, Brush M, Fishman M, Burns WH. T cell-depleted autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis: report on the first three patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998; 21:537-41. [PMID: 9543056 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1701129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central nervous system characterized by immune-mediated destruction of myelin. In patients with progressive deterioration, we have intensified immunosuppression to the point of myeloablation. Subsequently, a new hematopoietic and immune system is generated by infusion of CD34-positive hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Three patients with clinical MS and a decline of their Kurtzke extended disability status scale (EDSS) by 1.5 points over the 12 months preceding enrollment and a Kurtzke EDSS of 8.0 at the time of enrollment were treated with hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation using a myeloablative conditioning regimen of cyclophosphamide (120 mg/kg), methylprednisolone (4 g) and total body irradiation (1200 cGy). Reconstitution of hematopoiesis was achieved with CD34-enriched stem cells. The average time of follow-up is 8 months (range 6-10 months). Despite withdrawal of all immunosuppressive medications, functional improvements have occurred in all three patients. We conclude that T cell-depleted hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be performed safely in patients with severe and debilitating multiple sclerosis. Stem cell transplantation has resulted in modest neurologic improvements for the first time since onset of progressive disease although no significant changes in EDSS or NRS scales are evident at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Burt
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, USA
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15
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Link CJ, Burt RK, Traynor AE, Drobyski WR, Seregina T, Levy JP, Gordon L, Rosen ST, Burns WH, Camitta B, Casper J, Horowitz M, Juckett M, Lawton C, Margolis D, Pietryga D, Rowlings P, Taylor C, Furtado M, Stefka J, Gupta-Burt S, Kaiser H, Vesole DH. Adoptive immunotherapy for leukemia: donor lymphocytes transduced with the herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene for remission induction. HGTRI 0103. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:115-34. [PMID: 9458247 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.1-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study will evaluate the safety and efficacy of allogenic donor lymphocyte infusions in patients who have relapsed hematologic malignancies after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Donor lymphocyte transfusions have resulted in the cure of some patients with relapsed leukemia or lymphoproliferative disorder after allogeneic BMT, but has been complicated by the development of graft versus host disease (GvHD). We hypothesize that a retroviral vector containing the Herpes simplex thymidine kinase (HStk) gene will allow for retention of the anti-leukemia response of transfused donor lymphocytes while allowing for the adverse effects of GVHD to be mitigated. Patients with relapsed hematologic malignancies after allogeneic BMT will be infused with ex vivo gene modified donor lymphocytes. The Herpes Simplex thymidine kinase (HStk) gene will be transduced into the cells ex vivo using LTKOSN. 1 vector supernate. Insertion of the HStk gene into lymphocytes confers a sensitivity to the anti-herpes drug ganciclovir (GCV). This selective destruction of donor lymphocytes in situ will be used to abrogate the effect of graft versus host disease, if it develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Link
- Human Gene Therapy Research Institute, Des Moines, IA 50309, USA
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16
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Krett NL, Zell JL, Halgren RG, Pillay S, Traynor AE, Rosen ST. Cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate-mediated cytotoxicity in steroid sensitive and resistant myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3:1781-7. [PMID: 9815564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a neoplastic proliferation of plasma cells. Glucocorticoids are among the most effective agents against multiple myeloma, acting through the glucocorticoid receptor to induce programmed cell death. However, some patients do not respond to glucocorticoids, and those that do respond eventually develop resistance to this therapy. Alternative strategies using drugs that mediate cytotoxicity through complementary pathways have theoretical appeal. Cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) derivatives are cytotoxic to a number of cell lines of lymphocytic origin. cAMP analogues activate protein kinase A, affecting cell growth and differentiation. The cascade of events initiated by cAMP derivatives and glucocorticoid, although distinct, may share some distal molecular targets. We have found that pharmacological concentrations of 8-chloro-cAMP, dibutyryl-cAMP, and 8-bromo-cAMP are cytotoxic to multiple myeloma cells, enhance glucocorticoid effects, and can kill glucocorticoid-resistant clones. cAMP analogues induce apoptosis as demonstrated by the fragmentation of myeloma DNA chromatin in a distinctive ladder pattern. In contrast to glucocorticoids, cAMP growth inhibition cannot be reversed by exogenous interleukin 6. cAMP derivatives have activity against multiple myeloma and are appropriate candidates for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Krett
- Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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17
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Traynor AE, Cundiff DL, Soff GA. cAMP influence on transcription of thrombomodulin is dependent on de novo synthesis of a protein intermediate: evidence for cohesive regulation of myogenic proteins in vascular smooth muscle. J Lab Clin Med 1995; 126:316-23. [PMID: 7665981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) increases thrombomodulin (TM) mRNA and protein in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The mechanism of that enhancement is now further defined. A time course evaluation of this effect by Northern blot analysis showed that exposure to the cAMP analog dibutyryl-cAMP and theophylline (CT) amplified TM mRNA sixfold by 3 hours. This effect was sustained through 9 hours and began to decline by 24 hours of CT exposure. In vitro exposure of VSMCs either to CT and actinomycin D or to actinomycin D alone showed equivalent half-lives for TM mRNA. This indicates that the increase in TM mRNA with CT supplementation was not the result of enhanced mRNA stability. Nuclear run-off analysis of VSMCs grown in the presence of control or CT-supplemented medium showed that the increase in TM mRNA in VSMCs with CT exposure was transcriptional. CT exposure was associated with an eightfold increase in measured TM transcription at 90 minutes. As previously reported, cAMP induced a decrease in tropomyosin and in alpha-actin mRNA species, a change that paralleled the enhancement of TM. Thus cAMP enhances transcription of this antithrombotic species while simultaneously causing diminished expression of these myogenic mRNA species. Addition of cycloheximide prevented the cAMP-mediated increase in TM mRNA and curtailed the down-regulation of myogenic mRNA species, alpha-actin, and tropomyosin. This suggests that the cAMP-mediated down-regulation of some smooth muscle-specific mRNA, including tropomyosin mRNA and alpha-actin mRNA, like the enhancement of TM transcription, is dependent on de novo protein synthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Traynor
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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18
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Cornwell TL, Soff GA, Traynor AE, Lincoln TM. Regulation of the expression of cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase by cell density in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Vasc Res 1994; 31:330-7. [PMID: 7986957 DOI: 10.1159/000159061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase (cGMP kinase) is the major receptor protein for cGMP in vascular smooth muscle. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) isolated from the rat aorta express type I cGMP kinase at high levels, but expression decreases markedly upon passage of the cells. In primary or early passage, the expression of cGMP kinase is lowest when cells are plated at low density as assessed by immunological and Northern analyses. Expression increases at confluence and is maintained in postconfluent cultures. With repeated passaging, however, the levels of cGMP kinase decrease even in confluent and postconfluent cultures so that after several passages enzyme levels are undetectable. The decrease in expression in passaged cells is not due to exposure to serum-derived growth factors, but rather on the repeated exposure of cells to conditions in which cell density is reduced (i.e., subculturing). These results indicate that aortic VSMC grown at low density or those repetitively passaged have reduced expression of cGMP kinase, and thus may not represent appropriate cultures with which to investigate the role of nitric oxide and cGMP in VSMC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Cornwell
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294
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19
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Traynor AE, Weitzman SA, Gordon LI. Bacterial phosphatidylcholine-preferring phospholipase C reversibly inhibits the membrane component of the NADPH oxidase in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: implications for host defense. Cell Immunol 1993; 152:582-93. [PMID: 8258155 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1993.1314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial phosphatidylcholine-preferring phospholipase C (PC-PLC) has been recognized as a virulence factor and is implicated in the hemolytic and dermonecrotic properties associated with certain organisms. Moreover, recent data suggest that PC-PLC may be an important component in the signal transduction cascade by contributing to diacylglycerol (DAG) mass via the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC). We have previously shown that PC-PLC can inhibit superoxide generation in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). We now extend these observations and show that the mechanism of PC-PLC inhibition of superoxide generation is reversible inhibition of the membrane component of the NADPH oxidase (in a cell-free system) accompanied by expected generation of DAG and phosphorylcholine. Addition of PC reversed the effects of the enzyme. Surprisingly, we also found that phosphatidic acid (PA), the hydrolysis product of phospholipase D, was also produced in intact PMN following PC-PLC exposure. Subsequent addition of the agonist N-formylmethionyl-phenylalanine resulted in further PA production. Restoration of PA in cell-free preparations partially restored superoxide generating capability. We conclude that PC-PLC may enhance bacterial virulence by inhibiting superoxide generation by human PMN, and that this effect is due to direct inhibition of the membrane component of the NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Traynor
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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Abstract
We report 6 patients for whom cranial neuropathy was a major manifestation of primary amyloidosis. In 3 of the 6, multiple cranial nerves were involved. All had tissue biopsy documentation of amyloidosis. In 2, nerve biopsy also confirmed amyloidosis. All had renal involvement manifested by proteinuria. Primary systemic amyloidosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of cranial neuropathy, especially when proteinuria is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Traynor
- Division of Hematology and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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Traynor AE, Scott PJ, Harris AL, Badwey JA, Sklar LA, Babior BM, Curnutte JT. Respiratory burst oxidase activation can be dissociated from phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate degradation in a cell-free system from human neutrophils. Blood 1989; 73:296-300. [PMID: 2535944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the respiratory burst oxidase in cell-free preparations from 32P-labeled neutrophils was compared with changes in levels of radioactively labeled phosphoinositides in the same preparations. With membrane particles, treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the presence of cytosol led to activation of the oxidase without an alteration in levels of labeled phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) or phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP). Conversely, solubilization of the membrane particles with deoxycholate resulted in loss of nearly 98% of the radioactive PIP2 without activation of the oxidase. In this solubilized preparation, the oxidase could subsequently be fully activated by SDS in the presence of cytosol, even though the labeled PIP2 was almost totally depleted. Two PIP2-derived second messengers, diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, as well as the protein kinase C activator phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), failed to activate the oxidase. These results suggest that in a cell-free preparation from human neutrophils, detergent-mediated activation of the respiratory burst oxidase is independent of changes in the levels of phosphoinositides or phosphoinositide-derived second messengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Traynor
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Allen RA, Traynor AE, Omann GM, Jesaitis AJ. The chemotactic peptide receptor. A model for future understanding of chemotactic disorders. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1988; 2:33-59. [PMID: 3279020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Chemotaxis by human phagocytes enables these cells to find sites of injury or inflammation in the host. This function is a complex orchestration of biochemical and morphologic events that begins with the occupancy of specific surface receptors for chemotactic agents. The response is propagated and amplified by a biochemical cascade of transduction reactions. This cascade is mediated by receptor interactions with guanyl nucleotide binding proteins, subsequent activation of phospholipase C, and a resulting increase in phospholipid turnover. These events are spatially and temporarily integrated as elevations in the concentrations of intracellular Ca++ and diacylglycerol combine to activate protein kinase C. At the macromolecular and subcellular level, integration of these functions with as yet undiscovered pathways results in stimulation of actin polymerization, shape change, degranulation, and membrane flow. Final integration of these events results in the morphologic process of directed migration of the cell along concentration gradients of chemotaxins. During this process, chemotactic receptors are continuously regulated and feed back information to the response system that adjusts the biochemistry and morphology accordingly. This article has briefly considered some of the relationships between these transduction events and the control of a specific chemotactic receptor system employing the N-formylated chemotactic peptides. It is hoped that knowledge of this regulation will aid the physician in understanding the origin of chemotactic disorders derived from defects in chemotactic receptor systems of the phagocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Allen
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California
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Omann GM, Traynor AE, Harris AL, Sklar LA. LTB4 induced activation signals and responses in neutrophils are short-lived compared to formylpeptide. The Journal of Immunology 1987. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.138.8.2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) was shown to be a potent stimulator of neutrophil actin polymerization as detected by right-angle light scatter and rhodamine-phalloidin staining of F-actin. When we compared the kinetics of this neutrophil cytoskeletal response to the chemoattractants formylpeptide and LTB4, we observed that the response to LTB4 was markedly shorter-lived. To understand the basis of this result, we re-examined the kinetics of superoxide generation, elastase release, intracellular calcium elevation, and phosphoinositide metabolism in neutrophils stimulated with LTB4 and N-formylhexapeptide. LTB4 was relatively inefficient in producing superoxide and in releasing elastase. Although both responses were initiated with similar rapidity, they turned off sooner with LTB4 as compared with N-formylhexapeptide stimulation. Intracellular calcium elevation, a signal that is necessary for superoxide generation and degranulation, was of similar magnitude but of shorter duration in response to LTB4 as compared with the N-formylhexapeptide. The LTB4-induced rise of phosphatidic acid also was not sustained as long as the N-formylhexapeptide-induced increase. Prior exposure of neutrophils to LTB4 did not inhibit subsequent stimulation of superoxide generation by N-formylhexapeptide. Thus, the inability of LTB4 to stimulate superoxide generation was not due to LTB4-induced global inhibitory signals. The deficiency in LTB4-induced superoxide and elastase responses may be related to short-lived LTB4-induced activation signals and/or the number of receptors contributing to these responses.
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Omann GM, Traynor AE, Harris AL, Sklar LA. LTB4 induced activation signals and responses in neutrophils are short-lived compared to formylpeptide. J Immunol 1987; 138:2626-32. [PMID: 3031161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) was shown to be a potent stimulator of neutrophil actin polymerization as detected by right-angle light scatter and rhodamine-phalloidin staining of F-actin. When we compared the kinetics of this neutrophil cytoskeletal response to the chemoattractants formylpeptide and LTB4, we observed that the response to LTB4 was markedly shorter-lived. To understand the basis of this result, we re-examined the kinetics of superoxide generation, elastase release, intracellular calcium elevation, and phosphoinositide metabolism in neutrophils stimulated with LTB4 and N-formylhexapeptide. LTB4 was relatively inefficient in producing superoxide and in releasing elastase. Although both responses were initiated with similar rapidity, they turned off sooner with LTB4 as compared with N-formylhexapeptide stimulation. Intracellular calcium elevation, a signal that is necessary for superoxide generation and degranulation, was of similar magnitude but of shorter duration in response to LTB4 as compared with the N-formylhexapeptide. The LTB4-induced rise of phosphatidic acid also was not sustained as long as the N-formylhexapeptide-induced increase. Prior exposure of neutrophils to LTB4 did not inhibit subsequent stimulation of superoxide generation by N-formylhexapeptide. Thus, the inability of LTB4 to stimulate superoxide generation was not due to LTB4-induced global inhibitory signals. The deficiency in LTB4-induced superoxide and elastase responses may be related to short-lived LTB4-induced activation signals and/or the number of receptors contributing to these responses.
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Smolen JE, Stoehr SJ, Traynor AE, Sklar LA. The kinetics of secretion from permeabilized human neutrophils: release of elastase and correlations with other granule constituents and right angle light scatter. J Leukoc Biol 1987; 41:8-13. [PMID: 3468190 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.41.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that human neutrophils can be permeabilized with the cholesterol-complexing agent digitonin. These permeabilized cells can be induced to secrete lysosomal constituents when exposed to micromolar levels of free Ca2+, a process that is enhanced by certain guanine nucleotides. We examined the kinetics in this system by employing both direct and indirect measures of secretion. A continuous, fluorescent assay of elastase permits real-time monitoring of secretion from azurophil granules. The kinetics of elastase release proved to be rapid, beginning within 3-10 sec and reaching a maximum at 1-2 min. Changes in the Ca2+ concentration did not affect the "lag period" for release. A comparison of the Ca2+ dose-response curves for release of the various granule constituents indicated that elastase was being secreted along with other contents of the azurophil granules. Changes in right angle light scatter (RLS), which have been shown to correlate closely with secretion, also commenced rapidly after the addition of Ca2+; when measured simultaneously, both the Ca2+ dose-response characteristics for changes in RLS and elastase release were very similar. Changes in RLS could be halted within 5 sec by excess EGTA and restarted promptly by repletion with secretory concentrations of Ca2+. In addition, neomycin, a phospholipase C inhibitor, profoundly diminished degranulation as monitored by RLS and end-point techniques. A continuous assay employing 9-aminoacridine self-quenching as a measure of secretion proved far less satisfactory, but, nonetheless, produced similar kinetics and dose-response characteristics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Tecoma ES, Motulsky HJ, Traynor AE, Omann GM, Muller H, Sklar LA. Transient catecholamine modulation of neutrophil activation: kinetic and intracellular aspects of isoproterenol action. J Leukoc Biol 1986; 40:629-44. [PMID: 3021883 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.40.5.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of neutrophil activation by catecholamines may reflect regulatory mechanisms that couple beta-adrenergic and N-formyl peptide receptors to antagonistic biochemical pathways. We examined kinetic and mechanistic aspects of the inhibition by catecholamines of neutrophil activation by formyl peptides. Inhibition of oxidant production by isoproterenol (ISO) was detected as low as 3 nM, had an ID50 of 10(-7) M, and could be blocked and reversed by propranolol. Recovery of cell function occurred over a period of minutes when the concentration of ISO was less than 10(-6) M. These observations are discussed in terms of the interaction of ISO with the adrenergic receptors. The site of catecholamine action is addressed. ISO neither influences formyl peptide-receptor interaction nor does it inhibit oxidant production by phorbol ester. These results suggest an impairment of intracellular signalling processes that couple the formyl peptide-receptor binding to cell activation. We observed inhibition of intracellular Ca++ elevation by ISO only at low formyl peptide concentrations. This inhibition is consistent with a partial inhibition of phosphoinositide metabolism, which was observed. Several other cell responses, including actin polymerization and right angle light scatter, are minimally inhibited by 10(-6) M ISO indicating that the cell activation process is not entirely obliterated. The presence of catecholamine and formyl peptide results in a synergistic elevation of cAMP. The intracellular targets of ISO action may be regulated by cAMP dependent kinases and could follow a branchpoint in the activation sequence that leads distinctly to oxidase activation and cytoskeletal activation.
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Traynor AE. The relationship between neurite extension and phospholipid metabolism in PC12 cells. Brain Res 1984; 316:205-10. [PMID: 6087994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
NGF stimulates a variety of changes in PC12 cells. These include neurite extension and an increase in the metabolism of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid (the so-called 'PI effect'). Cyclic AMP has been postulated to mediate many of the effects of NGF on PC12 cells, and we recently found that a variety of agents which stimulate neurite extension also increase intracellular cyclic AMP. These agents included phospholipase A2 and phospholipase C. In an effort to clarify the relationship of the 'PI effect' to other NGF-induced events we investigated the effects of these agents and of cyclic AMP on phospholipid metabolism. All agents which elevate cyclic AMP stimulate phosphatidylinositol metabolism. In addition, elevated exogenous KCl, which does not stimulate cyclic AMP production, promotes neurite extension and also causes the 'PI effect'. These data suggest that an increase in the turnover of phosphatidylinositol may be a requisite event in neurite outgrowth.
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Traynor AE, Schubert D. Phospholipases elevate cyclic AMP levels and promote neurite extension in a clonal nerve cell line. Brain Res 1984; 316:197-204. [PMID: 6087993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 and C increase choline acetyltransferase (CAT) activity and promote neurite extension in PC12 cells. Since these phospholipases also elevate intracellular cyclic AMP, they probably stimulate CAT and neurite outgrowth through their ability to increase cyclic AMP levels. Other possible modes of action of phospholipases such as the release of arachidonic acid or the production of lysolipids are less likely to play a role in this system.
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Abstract
In response to nerve growth factor (NGF), clonal pheochromocytoma cells flatten and extend neurites capable of making functional synapses. Although no significant changes in overall phospholipid composition occur in the presence of NGF, there is increased incorporation of 32PO4 into phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid within 10 min after the addition of NGF. NGF stimulates the incorporation of 32PO4 into other lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine, to a lesser extent. The kinetics of the NGF-induced phosphatidylinositol responses are different when the cells are in suspension from when they are attached to culture dishes. These changes in phospholipid metabolism are discussed with respect to their role in NGF-induced nerve differentiation.
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Traynor AE, Schlapfer WT, Barondes SJ. Stimulation is necessary for the development of tolerance to a neuronal effect of ethanol. J Neurobiol 1980; 11:633-7. [PMID: 6255092 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480110613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol accelerates the decay of post-tetanic potentiation at an identified synapse in Aplysia. We have previously shown that with repeated exposures the ethanol effect diminishes, a development termed "tolerance." Here we present evidence that the establishment of tolerance depends on a adequate stimulation of the presynaptic terminal in the presence of ethanol. Elevated magnesium in the perfusion medium prevents tolerance, whereas elevated calcium in the perfusion medium reduces the amount of stimulation required for tolerance to develop.
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