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Cridge H, MacLeod AG, Pachtinger GE, Mackin AJ, Sullivant AM, Thomason JM, Archer TM, Lunsford KV, Rosenthal K, Wills RW. Evaluation of SNAP cPL, Spec cPL, VetScan cPL Rapid Test, and Precision PSL Assays for the Diagnosis of Clinical Pancreatitis in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:658-664. [PMID: 29424454 PMCID: PMC5866996 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sensitivity, specificity, and agreement of 4 diagnostic assays (SNAP canine pancreatic lipase (cPL), specific cPL (Spec cPL), VetScan cPL Rapid Test, and Precision PSL) for pancreatitis in dogs have not been directly compared. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine the level of agreement among each of the 4 assays and a clinical suspicion score, level of agreement among the assays, and sensitivity and specificity of each assay in a clinically relevant patient group. ANIMALS Fifty client-owned dogs with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease. METHODS Prospective study. History, physical examination, complete blood count, serum biochemistry, abdominal ultrasound examination, and the 4 diagnostic assays for pancreatitis were performed. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to determine the level of agreement between each assay and a clinical suspicion score determined by a panel of 5 board-certified veterinary internists. RESULTS The ICC between the clinical suspicion score and the 4 assays were SNAP cPL, 0.61; Spec cPL, 0.68; VetScan cPL Rapid Test, 0.68; and Precision PSL, 0.60. The sensitivities of the assays ranged from 73.9 to 100.0%, whereas the specificities were SNAP cPL, 71.1-77.8%; Spec cPL, 74.1-81.1%; VetScan cPL Rapid Test, 76.9-83.8%; and Precision PSL, 64.0-74.3%. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE A good to excellent level of agreement was demonstrated among the 4 assays. The previously unreported sensitivity and specificity of the VetScan cPL Rapid Test were 73.9-83.3% and 76.9-83.8%, respectively. Results of any of the 4 diagnostic assays alone, in the absence of supporting clinical findings, are insufficient to establish a diagnosis of clinical pancreatitis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cridge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS
| | - A G MacLeod
- Veterinary Specialty & Emergency Center, Levittown, Pennsylvania, PA
| | - G E Pachtinger
- Veterinary Specialty & Emergency Center, Levittown, Pennsylvania, PA
| | - A J Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS
| | - A M Sullivant
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS
| | - J M Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS
| | - T M Archer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS
| | - K V Lunsford
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS
| | - K Rosenthal
- School of Veterinary Medicine, St Matthew's University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 32330, Grand Cayman KY1-1209, Cayman Islands, British West Indies
| | - R W Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS
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Muro SM, Lee JH, Stokes JV, Ross MK, Archer TM, Wills RW, Mackin AJ, Thomason JM. Effects of Leukoreduction and Storage on Erythrocyte Phosphatidylserine Expression and Eicosanoid Concentrations in Units of Canine Packed Red Blood Cells. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:410-418. [PMID: 28140476 PMCID: PMC5354049 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Storage of canine packed red blood cells (pRBCs) can increase erythrocyte phosphatidylserine (PS) expression and eicosanoid concentrations. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine the effects of leukoreduction on erythrocyte PS expression and eicosanoid concentrations in stored units of canine pRBCs. Our hypothesis was that leukoreduction would decrease PS expression and eicosanoid concentrations. Animals Eight healthy dogs. Methods In a cross‐over study, units of whole blood were leukoreduced (LR) or non‐LR and stored (10 and 21 days) as pRBCs. Samples were collected at donation, and before and after a simulated transfusion. PS expression was measured by flow cytometry, and concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), 6‐keto‐prostaglandin F1α (6‐keto‐PGF1α), and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were quantified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results There was no change in PS expression during leukoreduction, storage, and simulated transfusion for non‐LR and LR units. Immediately after leukoreduction, there was a significant increase in TXB2 and PGF2α concentrations, but during storage, these eicosanoids decreased to non‐LR concentrations. In both LR and non‐LR units, 6‐keto‐PGF1α concentrations increased during storage and simulated transfusion, but there was no difference between unit type. There was no difference in AA, LTB4, PGE2, and PGD2 concentrations between unit types. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Leukoreduction, storage, and simulated transfusion do not alter erythrocyte PS expression. Leukoreduction causes an immediate increase in concentrations of TXB2 and PGF2α, but concentrations decrease to non‐LR concentrations with storage. Leukoreduction does not decrease the accumulation of 6‐keto‐PGF1α during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Muro
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - J H Lee
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - J V Stokes
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - M K Ross
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - T M Archer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - R W Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine (Wills), College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - A J Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
| | - J M Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
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Fellman CL, Archer TM, Stokes JV, Wills RW, Lunsford KV, Mackin AJ. Effects of oral cyclosporine on canine T-cell expression of IL-2 and IFN-gamma across a 12-h dosing interval. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 39:237-44. [PMID: 26676223 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The duration of immunosuppressive effects following oral cyclosporine in dogs is unknown. This study used flow cytometry and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to evaluate the effects of high-dose oral cyclosporine across a 12-h dosing interval. Expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) was compared before and after 8 days of cyclosporine at 10 mg/kg every 12 h in six healthy dogs. Samples were collected at 0, 2, 4, and 8 h postdosing for analysis of unactivated and activated T-cell and whole blood cytokine expression using flow cytometry and qRT-PCR, respectively, and at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 h postdosing for measurement of cyclosporine concentrations. Flow cytometry and qRT-PCR both demonstrated significant marked reductions in IL-2 and IFN-γ levels at 0, 2, 4, and 8 h after dosing compared to pretreatment levels (P < 0.05) for activated samples, with less consistent effects observed for unactivated samples. Both flow cytometry and qRT-PCR are viable techniques for measuring cyclosporine pharmacodynamics in dogs, yielding comparable results with activated samples. Two hours postdrug administration is the preferred time for concurrent assessment of peak drug concentration and cytokine expression, and T-cell activation is needed for optimal results.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Fellman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - T M Archer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - J V Stokes
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - R W Wills
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - K V Lunsford
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - A J Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
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Archer TM, Boothe DM, Langston VC, Fellman CL, Lunsford KV, Mackin AJ. Oral cyclosporine treatment in dogs: a review of the literature. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 28:1-20. [PMID: 24341787 PMCID: PMC4895546 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporine is an immunomodulatory drug used to treat an increasing spectrum of diseases in dogs. Cyclosporine is a calcineurin inhibitor, ultimately exerting its inhibitory effects on T-lymphocytes by decreasing production of cytokines, such as interleukin-2. Although, in the United States, oral cyclosporine is approved in dogs only for treatment of atopic dermatitis, there are many other indications for its use. Cyclosporine is available in 2 oral formulations: the original oil-based formulation and the more commonly used ultramicronized emulsion that facilitates oral absorption. Ultramicronized cyclosporine is available as an approved animal product, and human proprietary and generic preparations are also available. Bioavailability of the different formulations in dogs is likely to vary among the preparations. Cyclosporine is associated with a large number of drug interactions that can also influence blood cyclosporine concentrations. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can be used to assist in attaining consistent plasma cyclosporine concentrations despite the effects of varying bioavailability and drug interactions. TDM can facilitate therapeutic success by guiding dose adjustments on an individualized basis, and is recommended in cases that do not respond to initial oral dosing, or during treatment of severe, life-threatening diseases for which a trial-and-error approach to dose adjustment is too risky. Pharmacodynamic assays that evaluate individual patient immune responses to cyclosporine can be used to augment information provided by TDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Archer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS
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5
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Archer TM, Fellman CL, Stokes JV, Pinchuk LM, Lunsford KV, Pruett SB, Langston VC, Mackin AJ. Pharmacodynamic monitoring of canine T-cell cytokine responses to oral cyclosporine. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:1391-7. [PMID: 22092633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacodynamic assays measure the immunosuppressive effects of cyclosporine on T-cells and offer an alternative assessment of efficacy in individual patients. OBJECTIVE To assess the immunosuppressive effects of high and low dosage cyclosporine on canine T-cells and to develop a novel testing system for individualized dose adjustment. ANIMALS Seven healthy female Walker hounds. METHODS Experimental study using a paired comparison design. Flow cytometry was used to measure T-cell expression of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ. Cytokine expression 8 days after oral administration of high and low dosages of cyclosporine was compared to baseline and washout values, respectively. The high dosage was initially 10 mg/kg q12h and was then adjusted to attain established immunosuppressive trough blood drug concentrations (>600 ng/mL). The low dosage was 5 mg/kg q24h. RESULTS High dosage cyclosporine resulted in significant decreases in IL-2 and IFN-γ expression (P = .0156, P = .0156), but not IL-4 expression (P = .2188). Low dosage cyclosporine was associated with a significant decrease in IFN-γ expression (P = .0156), while IL-2 expression was not affected (P = .1094). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE T-cell function is suppressed at trough blood drug concentrations exceeding 600 ng/mL, and is at least partially suppressed in some dogs at low dosages. Direct evaluation of T-cell function could be an effective, more sensitive alternative to measuring blood drug concentrations for monitoring immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Archer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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6
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Fellman CL, Stokes JV, Archer TM, Pinchuk LM, Lunsford KV, Mackin AJ. Cyclosporine A affects the in vitro expression of T cell activation-related molecules and cytokines in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2010; 140:175-80. [PMID: 21227512 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine is a powerful immunosuppressive drug that is being used with increasing frequency to treat a wide range of immune-mediated diseases in the dog. To date, ideal dosing protocols that will achieve immunosuppression with cyclosporine in dogs remain unclear, and standard methods that can measure effectiveness of immunosuppression have not been established. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of in vitro cyclosporine exposure on a panel of molecules expressed by activated T cells to ascertain their potential as biomarkers of immunosuppression in dogs. Blood was drawn from six healthy dogs, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and activated. Half of the cells were incubated with 200 ng/mL cyclosporine prior to activation, and the other half were not exposed to cyclosporine. Samples were analyzed using flow cytometry, and the expression of intracellular cytokines IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ was evaluated after 6, 12, and 24h of drug exposure. Each cytokine exhibited a time-dependent suppression profile, and all but two samples activated in the presence of cyclosporine showed lower cytokine expression than untreated controls. We also evaluated the expression of the surface T cell activation molecules CD25 and CD95 by flow cytometry after 36 h of drug exposure. Expression of these surface molecules decreased significantly when activated in the presence of cyclosporine. Our results suggest that suppressed expression of the markers related to T cell activation could potentially be utilized as an indicator of the efficacy of cyclosporine therapy in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Fellman
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Abstract
Platelet counts were performed in 50 cats presented for diagnostic investigation. For each cat, counts were obtained using a manual haemocytometer method and compared with counts obtained by estimation from a stained blood smear, a QBC VetAutoread analyser, a Zynocyte VS/2000 analyser, impedance automated counts on a Baker System using both EDTA and citrated anticoagulated blood, and use of a Zynostain modified counting chamber kit. None of the methods gave high correlation with the haemocytometer counts. The blood smear estimation of platelet counts had the highest correlation (r = 0.776) and was the only method to have reasonable values for both sensitivity and specificity. With the impedance automated counts, citrated anticoagulated blood had marginally higher correlation than EDTA anticoagulated blood, and the time between blood sampling and platelet count determination had no effect on the count obtained. When in-house analyser or impedance automated platelet counts are abnormal or not consistent with clinical findings, the authors recommend that a manual platelet count using either haemocytometry or examination of a blood smear is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tasker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edingburgh
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Carpenter
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 39762-9825, USA
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9
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Clifford CA, Hughes D, Beal MW, Mackin AJ, Henry CJ, Shofer FS, Sorenmo KU. Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in healthy dogs and dogs with hemangiosarcoma. J Vet Intern Med 2001; 15:131-5. [PMID: 11300596 DOI: 10.1892/0891-6640(2001)015<0131:pvegfc>2.3.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a dimeric glycosylated polypeptide growth factor with potent angiogenic, mitogenic, and vascular permeability-enhancing properties specific for endothelial cells. In humans, VEGF seems to play a major role in tumor growth, and plasma concentrations correlate with tumor burden, response to therapy, and disease progression. This study compared plasma VEGF concentrations in healthy client-owned dogs (n = 17) to dogs with hemangiosarcoma (HSA; n 16). Dogs with HSA were significantly more likely to have detectable concentrations of plasma VEGF (13/17) compared to healthy dogs (1/17; P < .001). The median plasma VEGF concentration for dogs with HSA was 17.2 pg/mL (range, < 1.0-66.7 pg/mL). Plasma VEGF concentrations in dogs with HSA did not correlate with stage of disease or tumor burden, but 1 dog had undetectable VEGF during chemotherapy that subsequently increased with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Clifford
- University of Pennsylvania, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is an aggressive and malignant neoplasia with a grave prognosis. Surgery and chemotherapy have limited success in prolonging survival times and increasing quality of life in dogs with HSA. Advances in medical oncology are resulting in increased survival rates and a better quality of life for veterinary cancer patients. An understanding of mechanisms of metastasis has led to the development of new treatments designed to delay or inhibit tumor spread. Promising new treatment options include novel delivery systems (inhalation or intracavitary chemotherapy); use of immunomodulators such as liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide-phosphatidylethanolamine; antimetastatic agents such as inhibitors of angiogenesis (interferons, thalidomide), matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and minocycline; dietary modifications; and gene therapy. Inhibitors of angiogenesis seem to be safe and, unlike conventional chemotherapy, do not induce drug resistance. Although many of the newer approaches are still under development and review, the use of multimodality therapy incorporating innovative treatment modalities may offer the best therapeutic option for dogs affected with HSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Clifford
- University of Pennsylvania, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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11
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Stonehewer J, Mackin AJ, Tasker S, Simpson JW, Mayhew IG. Idiopathic phenobarbital-responsive hypersialosis in the dog: an unusual form of limbic epilepsy? J Small Anim Pract 2000; 41:416-21. [PMID: 11023129 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2000.tb03236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three unusual cases of salivary gland enlargement and hypersialosis in the dog that responded to anticonvulsant therapy are reported. Presenting complaints included weight loss, hypersalivation, retching and vomiting of several weeks' duration. Two dogs were presented with enlarged painful mandibular salivary glands. The third dog exhibited bizarre behaviour (including jaw chattering) and developed enlarged painful mandibular salivary glands during hospitalisation. Fine needle aspirate cytology and biopsies from the enlarged salivary glands revealed no significant pathological changes. In one dog, an electroencephalogram revealed changes consistent with epilepsy. Hypersialism and salivary gland enlargement resolved completely during phenobarbital administration in all cases. Two dogs were successfully weaned off treatment six months after diagnosis. The remaining dog relapsed after eight months, but normalised with the addition of oral potassium bromide. It is hypothesised that the syndrome idiopathic hypersialosis may in fact be an unusual form of limbic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Stonehewer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science and Animal Husbandry, Small Animal Hospital, University of Liverpool, Merseyside
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Tasker S, Knottenbelt CM, Munro EA, Stonehewer J, Simpson JW, Mackin AJ. Aetiology and diagnosis of persistent nasal disease in the dog: a retrospective study of 42 cases. J Small Anim Pract 1999; 40:473-8. [PMID: 10587924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1999.tb02998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Forty-two dogs with a history of persistent nasal disease were evaluated by a combination of clinical examination, thoracic and nasal radiography, retroflexed endoscopy and biopsy, and anterograde rhinoscopy and blind nasal biopsy. A definitive diagnosis was made in 91 per cent of cases. Neoplasia was the most common diagnosis (33 per cent of cases), followed by inflammatory rhinitis (24 per cent). Other diagnoses included periodontal disease (10 per cent), aspergillosis (7 per cent) and foreign bodies (7 per cent). Adenocarcinoma was the most common tumour diagnosed. The clinical findings were found to be too variable to be used as specific diagnostic criteria. Anterograde rhinoscopy and retroflexed endoscopy had higher specificity and sensitivity than radiology for the diagnosis of neoplasia, inflammatory rhinitis, aspergillosis and foreign bodies. With a systematic approach to the investigation of persistent nasal disease, a definitive diagnosis can be successfully obtained in the vast majority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tasker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies Hospital for Small Animals, University of Edinburgh, Ester Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian
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13
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Knottenbelt CM, Day MJ, Cripps PJ, Mackin AJ. Measurement of titres of naturally occurring alloantibodies against feline blood group antigens in the UK. J Small Anim Pract 1999; 40:365-70. [PMID: 10476523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1999.tb03101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of anti-A and anti-B haemagglutinating alloantibody titres was performed on serum samples from both pedigree (n = 61) and non-pedigree (n = 43) cats previously typed using a commercial blood typing kit. All 40 type B cats had anti-A antibody with titres ranging from 4 to 1600. Among the 61 type A sera tested, an anti-B agglutination titre of greater than 2 was recorded in 16.4 per cent. There was no significant association between serum alloantibody titre and cat breed or gender (P > 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Knottenbelt
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall
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14
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Kushner LI, Mackin AJ. Anesthesia case of the month. Cyanosis in a dog during anesthesia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 214:1007-9. [PMID: 10200793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L I Kushner
- Animal Health Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State 39762, USA
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15
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Abstract
A young female Somali cat was referred for investigation of chronic intermittent haematuria. Petechiae were found on the ears and ventral abdomen and further investigation revealed severe thrombocytopenia and megakaryocyte hyperplasia. Direct marrow immunohistochemistry detected anti-megakaryocyte autoantibody (Immunoglobulin G), but extensive investigation failed to find secondary causes of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, so a diagnosis of primary (autoimmune) immune-mediated thrombocytopenia was concluded. Thrombocytopenia persisted despite aggressive immunosuppressive therapy (prednisolone, azathioprine and vincristine) but resolved after oral prednisolone was replaced with dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tasker
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh
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16
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Abstract
The efficacy and diagnostic accuracy of a new desk-top feline blood typing kit was evaluated by comparing the results of the kit with traditional blood typing methods on 35 feline blood samples. The kit was then used to blood type 139 non-pedigree cats from Scotland and the north of England and 207 pedigree cats from throughout the UK. Of the non-pedigree cats, 87.1 per cent were type A, 7.9 per cent were type B and 5.0 per cent were type AB, while of the pedigree cats, 54.6 per cent were type A, 40.1 per cent were type B and 5.3 per cent were type AB. The majority (121 out of 207) of these pedigree cats were British shorthaired, of which 39.7 per cent were type A, 58.7 per cent were type B and 1.6 per cent were type AB. No cats were identified that failed to express the type A and/or type B antigens. The prevalence of type AB cats appears to be higher in this study than previously reported. The prevalence of blood types within specific pedigree breeds in the UK appears to vary from that reported elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Knottenbelt
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall
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17
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Mackin AJ, Friendship RM, Wilcock BP, Ball RO, Ayles HL. Development and evaluation of an endoscopic technique permitting rapid visualization of the cardiac region of the porcine stomach. Can J Vet Res 1997; 61:121-7. [PMID: 9114963 PMCID: PMC1189388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Our study was designed to ascertain whether a flexible videoscope could be used to efficiently monitor ulcers of the pars esophagea in a large group of grower-finisher swine. Gastroscopy was performed on 2 separate occasions in 32 pigs following anesthesia with intravenous pentobarbital, and ulcers of the pars esophagea were subjectively graded. The pigs were then necropsied. Grades from the second endoscopic examination were compared for agreement with grades derived from gross inspection of the pars esophagea at necropsy, and with grades derived from histopathologic examination of sections of the same region. The pars esophagea was adequately visualized in all endoscopic examinations. The average duration of each examination, from anesthetic induction, was approximately 8 min. Gastroscopy permitted appreciation of a wide range of focal and diffuse superficial and deep ulcerative lesions of the pars esophagea, but failed to unequivocally identify parakeratosis of the pars esophagea. Agreement between endoscopic and subsequent necroscopic and histopathologic gradings of ulcerations was poor. We concluded that the use of a flexible videoscope permitted rapid inspection of the pars esophagea, and was therefore a practical method of experimentally monitoring the progression of spontaneous gastric ulcers in pigs. We also postulated that the poor agreement between endoscopic and postmortem findings occurred because endoscopy was possibly more sensitive at detecting small and superficial ulcerations. However, further studies are needed to verify the accuracy of endoscopic diagnosis of gastric ulcers in the live pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Mackin
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph
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18
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Mackin AJ, Allen DG, Johnston IB. Effects of vincristine and prednisone on platelet numbers and function in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 1995; 56:100-8. [PMID: 7695136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Effects of a single IV administered therapeutic dose of vincristine sulfate on platelet numbers and function were evaluated in 16 clinically normal dogs over the 2 weeks after drug administration. Results were statistically compared with those of a previous control study in which the same 16 dogs were administered saline solution (IV), instead of vincristine. Of the 16 dogs, 8 were orally administered daily immunosuppressive doses of prednisone concurrently throughout the saline-control and vincristine study periods. Platelet numbers and mean platelet volume were measured, using an automated hematology analyzer. Platelet function was evaluated by turbidimetric measurement of platelet aggregation in response to collagen, platelet-activating factor, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and by clot retraction (diluted whole-blood method) and buccal mucosa bleeding time. Vincristine had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on circulating platelet numbers. Vincristine induced a transient mild decrease in platelet numbers, followed by a moderate increase in numbers, with peak platelet count observed 8 days after drug administration. Mean platelet volume was not significantly affected by administration of vincristine. Vincristine had no significant effects on platelet aggregation in response to collagen, low or high doses of platelet-activating factor, and a high dose of ADP. The maximal degree of platelet aggregation attained in response to a low dose of ADP was not significantly affected by prior administration of vincristine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Mackin
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
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O'grady MR, Allen DG, Mackin AJ, Van Gorder J. Exercise in electrocardiography. Can Vet J 1991; 32:47-8. [PMID: 17423728 PMCID: PMC1480941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Parry
- Veterinary Clinical Centre, University of Melbourne, Werribee
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