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van Hoorn EGM, Rademaker D, van der Wel AWT, DeVries JH, Franx A, van Rijn BB, Kooy A, Siegelaar SE, Roseboom TJ, Ozanne SE, Hooijmans CR, Painter RC. Fetal and post-natal outcomes in offspring after intrauterine metformin exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal experiments. Diabet Med 2024; 41:e15243. [PMID: 37845186 DOI: 10.1111/dme.15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The impact of maternal metformin use during pregnancy on fetal, infant, childhood and adolescent growth, development, and health remains unclear. Our objective was to systematically review the available evidence from animal experiments on the effects of intrauterine metformin exposure on offspring's anthropometric, cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in PUBMED and EMBASE from inception (searched on 12th April 2023). We extracted original, controlled animal studies that investigated the effects of maternal metformin use during pregnancy on offspring anthropometric, cardiovascular and metabolic measurements. Subsequently, risk of bias was assessed and meta-analyses using the standardized mean difference and a random effects model were conducted for all outcomes containing data from 3 or more studies. Subgroup analyses were planned for species, strain, sex and type of model in the case of 10 comparisons or more per subgroup. RESULTS We included 37 articles (n = 3133 offspring from n = 716 litters, containing n = 51 comparisons) in this review, mostly (95%) on rodent models and 5% pig models. Follow-up of offspring ranged from birth to 2 years of age. Thirty four of the included articles could be included in the meta-analysis. No significant effects in the overall meta-analysis of metformin on any of the anthropometric, cardiovascular and metabolic offspring outcome measures were identified. Between-studies heterogeneity was high, and risk of bias was unclear in most studies as a consequence of poor reporting of essential methodological details. CONCLUSION This systematic review was unable to establish effects of metformin treatment during pregnancy on anthropometric, cardiovascular and metabolic outcomes in non-human offspring. Heterogeneity between studies was high and reporting of methodological details often limited. This highlights a need for additional high-quality research both in humans and model systems to allow firm conclusions to be established. Future research should include focus on the effects of metformin in older offspring age groups, and on outcomes which have gone uninvestigated to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G M van Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D Rademaker
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A W T van der Wel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H DeVries
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Franx
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B B van Rijn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Kooy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Bethesda Diabetes Research Center, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Care Group Treant, Location Bethesda Hoogeveen, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands
| | - S E Siegelaar
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T J Roseboom
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S E Ozanne
- Welcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C R Hooijmans
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Care (Meta Research Team), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R C Painter
- Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Tofte N, Lindhardt M, Adamova K, Beige J, Beulens JWJ, Birkenfeld AL, Currie G, Delles C, Dimos I, Francová L, Frimodt-Møller M, Girman P, Göke R, Havrdova T, Kooy A, Mischak H, Navis G, Nijpels G, Noutsou M, Ortiz A, Parvanova A, Persson F, Ruggenenti PL, Rutters F, Rychlík I, Spasovski G, Speeckaert M, Trillini M, von der Leyen H, Rossing P. Characteristics of high- and low-risk individuals in the PRIORITY study: urinary proteomics and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism for prevention of diabetic nephropathy in Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2018; 35:1375-1382. [PMID: 29781558 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare clinical baseline data in individuals with Type 2 diabetes and normoalbuminuria, who are at high or low risk of diabetic kidney disease based on the urinary proteomics classifier CKD273. METHODS We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled international multicentre clinical trial and observational study in participants with Type 2 diabetes and normoalbuminuria, stratified into high- or low-risk groups based on CKD273 score. Clinical baseline data for the whole cohort and stratified by risk groups are reported. The associations between CKD273 and traditional risk factors for diabetic kidney disease were evaluated using univariate and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 1777 participants from 15 centres were included, with 12.3% of these having a high-risk proteomic pattern. Participants in the high-risk group (n=218), were more likely to be men, were older, had longer diabetes duration, a lower estimated GFR and a higher urinary albumin:creatinine ratio than those in the low-risk group (n=1559, P<0.02). Numerical differences were small and univariate regression analyses showed weak associations (R2 < 0.04) of CKD273 with each baseline variable. In a logistic regression model including clinical variables known to be associated with diabetic kidney disease, estimated GFR, gender, log urinary albumin:creatinine ratio and use of renin-angiotensin system-blocking agents remained significant determinants of the CKD273 high-risk group: area under the curve 0.72 (95% CI 0.68-0.75; P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In this population of individuals with Type 2 diabetes and normoalbuminuria, traditional diabetic kidney disease risk factors differed slightly between participants at high risk and those at low risk of diabetic kidney disease, based on CKD273. These data suggest that CKD273 may provide additional prognostic information over and above the variables routinely available in the clinic. Testing the added value will be subject to our ongoing study. (European Union Clinical Trials Register: EudraCT 2012-000452-34 and Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT02040441).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tofte
- Steno Diabetes Centre Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - M Lindhardt
- Steno Diabetes Centre Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - K Adamova
- University Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - J Beige
- Klinikum St. Georg, Nephrology and KfH Renal Unit, Leipzig, Martin-Luther University Halle, Wittenberg, Germany
| | - J W J Beulens
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A L Birkenfeld
- Clinical Study Centre Metabolic Vascular Medicine, GWT TU-Dresden GmbH, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - G Currie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Delles
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - I Dimos
- Diabetespraxis, Leipzig, Germany
| | - L Francová
- 1st Department, Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - P Girman
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Göke
- Diabetologische Schwerpunktpraxis, Diabetologen Hessen, Marburg, Germany
| | - T Havrdova
- Diabetes Centre, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Kooy
- Bethesda Diabetes Research Centre, Hoogeveen and University Medical Centre Groningen, Netherlands
| | - H Mischak
- Mosaiques Diagnostics, Hannover, Germany
| | - G Navis
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - G Nijpels
- Department General Practice and Elderly Care, Amsterdam Public Health VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Noutsou
- Diabetes Centre and 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokratio General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - A Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de la Fundacion Jiménez Díaz UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Parvanova
- Istituto di Richerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy
| | - F Persson
- Steno Diabetes Centre Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - P L Ruggenenti
- Istituto di Richerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy
| | - F Rutters
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I Rychlík
- 1st Department, Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - G Spasovski
- Department of Nephrology, Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - M Speeckaert
- Ghent University Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - M Trillini
- Istituto di Richerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - P Rossing
- Steno Diabetes Centre Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dujic T, Zhou K, Yee SW, van Leeuwen N, de Keyser CE, Javorský M, Goswami S, Zaharenko L, Hougaard Christensen MM, Out M, Tavendale R, Kubo M, Hedderson MM, van der Heijden AA, Klimčáková L, Pirags V, Kooy A, Brøsen K, Klovins J, Semiz S, Tkáč I, Stricker BH, Palmer C, 't Hart LM, Giacomini KM, Pearson ER. Variants in Pharmacokinetic Transporters and Glycemic Response to Metformin: A Metgen Meta-Analysis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 101:763-772. [PMID: 27859023 PMCID: PMC5425333 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic response to metformin, a first-line drug for type 2 diabetes (T2D), is highly variable, in part likely due to genetic factors. To date, metformin pharmacogenetic studies have mainly focused on the impact of variants in metformin transporter genes, with inconsistent results. To clarify the significance of these variants in glycemic response to metformin in T2D, we performed a large-scale meta-analysis across the cohorts of the Metformin Genetics Consortium (MetGen). Nine candidate polymorphisms in five transporter genes (organic cation transporter [OCT]1, OCT2, multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter [MATE]1, MATE2-K, and OCTN1) were analyzed in up to 7,968 individuals. None of the variants showed a significant effect on metformin response in the primary analysis, or in the exploratory secondary analyses, when patients were stratified according to possible confounding genotypes or prescribed a daily dose of metformin. Our results suggest that candidate transporter gene variants have little contribution to variability in glycemic response to metformin in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dujic
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - K Zhou
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - S W Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - N van Leeuwen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C E de Keyser
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Inspectorate of Healthcare, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Javorský
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, Faculty of Medicine, Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia.,Pasteur University Hospital, Košice, Slovakia
| | - S Goswami
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - L Zaharenko
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - M Out
- Treant Zorggroep, Location Bethesda, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands.,Bethesda Diabetes Research Centre, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands
| | - R Tavendale
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - M Kubo
- Core for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - M M Hedderson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California, USA
| | - A A van der Heijden
- Department of General Practice, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Klimčáková
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - V Pirags
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - A Kooy
- Treant Zorggroep, Location Bethesda, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands.,Bethesda Diabetes Research Centre, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands
| | - K Brøsen
- Department of Public Health, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - J Klovins
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - S Semiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,International University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - I Tkáč
- Department of Internal Medicine 4, Faculty of Medicine, Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia.,Pasteur University Hospital, Košice, Slovakia
| | - B H Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Inspectorate of Healthcare, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cna Palmer
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - L M 't Hart
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - E R Pearson
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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4
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Top WMC, Gillman PK, de Langen CJ, Kooy A. Fatal methylene blue associated serotonin toxicity. Neth J Med 2014; 72:179-181. [PMID: 24846936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This is the first report of a fatal outcome from serotonin toxicity, precipitated by an interaction between methylene blue and venlafaxine. Methylene blue-associated serotonin toxicity has been described before but usually as mild toxicity. Its presentation after general anaesthesia may be atypical and therefore more difficult to diagnose. However, the syndrome is completely preventable if serotonin re-uptake inhibiting agents are stopped beforehand.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M C Top
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bethesda Hospital - Care Group Leveste Middenveld, Hoogeveen, the Netherlands
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5
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de Jager J, Kooy A, Schalkwijk C, van der Kolk J, Lehert P, Bets D, Wulffelé MG, Donker AJ, Stehouwer CDA. Long-term effects of metformin on endothelial function in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. J Intern Med 2014; 275:59-70. [PMID: 23981104 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated whether metformin can improve endothelial function and decrease inflammatory activity, and thereby decrease the risk of atherothrombotic disease. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN A randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a follow-up period of 4.3 years set in the outpatient clinics of three nonacademic hospitals (Hoogeveen, Meppel and Coevorden Hospitals, the Netherlands). A total of 390 patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin were included. Either metformin 850 mg or placebo (one to three times daily) was added to insulin therapy. Urinary albumin excretion and plasma levels of von Willebrand factor (vWf), soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), C-reactive protein (CRP) and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) were measured at baseline and after 4, 17, 30, 43 and 52 months. RESULTS Metformin significantly reduced levels of vWF, sVCAM-1, t-PA, PAI-1, CRP and sICAM-1, which, except for CRP, remained significant after adjustment for baseline differences in age, sex, smoking and severity of previous cardiovascular (CV) disease. No effects on urinary albumin excretion or sE-selectin were observed. The improvements in vWf and sVCAM-1 statistically explained about 34% of the reduction in the risk of CV morbidity and mortality associated with metformin treatment in this study. CONCLUSIONS Metformin is associated with improvement in some (vWF and sVCAM-1) but not all markers of endothelial function, which may explain why it is associated with a decreased risk of CV disease in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Jager
- Bethesda Diabetes Research Center, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Houweling ST, Kleefstra N, van Hateren KJJ, Kooy A, Groenier KH, Ten Vergert E, Meyboom-de Jong B, Bilo HJG. Diabetes specialist nurse as main care provider for patients with type 2 diabetes. Neth J Med 2009; 67:279-284. [PMID: 19687522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine whether the management of type 2 diabetes (DM2) can be transferred from an internist to a nurse specialised in diabetes (NSD). METHODS Ninety-three patients with DM2 referred by their general practitioner were randomised; 84 patients completed the study. The intervention group received care from an NSD who treated glycaemia, blood pressure and lipid profile by protocol. The control group received care from an internist. The primary endpoint was the main decrease in HbA1c. Secondary endpoints included blood pressure, lipid profile, healthcare costs, QOL , and patient satisfaction. RESULTS HbA1c, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and cholesterol/HDL ratio decreased significantly in both study populations after a follow-up time of 12 months. Cholesterol/HDL ratio decreased by 0.4 and 0.9 in the NSD and control group respectively (p=0.034 for the difference between groups). The decreases (95% confidence interval) in systolic blood pressure were 8.6 mmHg (2.6, 14.7) in the NSD group and 4.0 mmHg (-0.9, 8.9) in the control group, without a significant difference between groups. After one year, 33.3% of the patients in the NSD group achieved an HbA1c level. <7% compared with 2.2%at baseline (p=0.002). Healthcare costs were less and patient satisfaction with the NSD s was significantly better(p<0.001), while maintaining the same QOL . CONCLUSION NSD s using treatment protocols are able to provide effective care for patients with DM 2, comparable with the care provided by an internist, with respect to clinical parameters, and superior with respect to healthcare costs and patient satisfaction.
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Muller AF, Berghout A, Wiersinga WM, Kooy A, Smits JWA, Hermus ARMM. Thyroid function disorders--Guidelines of the Netherlands Association of Internal Medicine. Neth J Med 2008; 66:134-142. [PMID: 18349473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid function disorders are common with a female to male ratio of 4 to 1. In adult women primary hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis have a prevalence of 3.5/1000 and 0.8/1000, respectively. This guideline is aimed at secondary care providers especially internists, but also contains relevant information for interested general practitioners and gynaecologists. A multidisciplinary working group, containing delegates of professional and patient organisations, prepared the guideline. According to principles of 'evidence-based medicine' available literature was studied and discussed. Considering the availability and quality of published studies a practical advice was formulated. For a full overview of the literature and considerations the reader is referred to the original version of the guideline (accessible through NIV-net). In this manuscript we have aimed to provide the practicing internist with practical and 'as evidence-based as possible' treatment guidelines with respect to thyroid function disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Muller
- Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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8
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Abstract
AIMS We investigated in a double-blind study whether metformin reduces blood pressure (BP) in patients with Type 2 diabetes intensively treated with insulin. METHODS A total of 220 patients with Type 2 diabetes were asked to undergo 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring (24-h ABPM). One hundred and eighty-two gave informed consent. Eighty-nine were randomized to metformin and 93 to placebo. Thirty-five subjects dropped out (13 placebo, 22 metformin users); 147 patients underwent a second 24-h ABPM, 16 weeks after randomization. RESULTS Systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), pulse BP (PP), mean BP (MP) and heart rate (HR) were measured as office BP measurements and as 24-h ABPM for 24-h, day and night. Office BP measurements did not differ significantly between the placebo- and metformin-treated groups for any BP measure, but showed a non-significant trend for SBP reduction with metformin use (mean baseline-adjusted difference, metformin minus placebo: -4.2 mmHg, 95% CI, -9.9 to +1.5; P = 0.15). The baseline-adjusted differences of the ambulatory measurements were -0.2 mmHg (95% CI, -2.9 to +2.6) for the 24-h SBP, and +1.1 mmHg (95% CI, -0.7 to +2.8) for the 24-h DBP. On the whole, BP differences between metformin- and placebo-treated groups were not statistically significant. The only significant difference was for night-time PP (baseline-adjusted difference: -2.2 mmHg; 95% CI, -4.2 to -0.2). These results were not different after adjustment for age and diabetes duration, or for (changes in) body mass index, glycated haemoglobin, insulin dose or plasma homocysteine. CONCLUSION Metformin does not significantly affect BP in patients with Type 2 diabetes intensively treated with insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Wulffelé
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bethesda General Hospital, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands
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De Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, Bets D, Wulffelé MG, Teerlink T, Scheffer PG, Schalkwijk CG, Donker AJM, Stehouwer CDA. Effects of short-term treatment with metformin on markers of endothelial function and inflammatory activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Intern Med 2005; 257:100-9. [PMID: 15606381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) showed that treatment with metformin decreases macrovascular morbidity and mortality independent of glycaemic control. We hypothesized that metformin may achieve this by improving endothelial function and chronic, low-grade inflammation. Data on this issue are scarce and we therefore tested, in the setting of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, whether metformin can affect endothelial function and low-grade inflammation. DESIGN The Hyperinsulinaemia the Outcome of its Metabolic Effects (HOME) trial is a double-blind trial, in which all patients were randomized to receive either metformin or placebo in addition to insulin therapy. At the beginning and the end of a 16-week treatment period fasting blood samples were drawn and a physical examination was carried out. SETTING The trial was conducted in the outpatient clinics of three nonacademic hospitals (Hoogeveen, Meppel and Coevorden; the Netherlands). SUBJECTS Patients were included if they were between 30 and 80 years of age; had received a diagnosis of diabetes after the age of 25; had never had an episode of ketoacidosis; and their blood glucose-lowering treatment previously consisted of oral agents but now only consisted of either insulin (n = 345) or insulin and metformin (n = 45). We excluded pregnant women and women trying to become pregnant, patients with a Cockroft-Gault-estimated creatinine clearance <50 mL min(-1), or low plasma cholinesterase (reference value <3.5 units L(-1)), patients with congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association class III/IV), or patients with other serious medical or psychiatric disease. A total of 745 eligible patients were approached; 390 gave informed consent and were randomized (196 metformin, 194 placebo). About 353 patients completed 16 weeks of treatment (171 metformin, 182 placebo). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The HOME trial was designed to study the metabolic and cardiovascular effects of metformin during a follow-up of 4 years. Presented here are the results of an interim analysis after 16 weeks of treatment. RESULTS When compared with placebo, metformin treatment was associated with an increase in urinary albumin excretion of 21% (-1 to +48; P = 0.06); a decrease in plasma von Willebrand factor of 6% (-10 to -2; P = 0.0007); a decrease in soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 of 4% (-7 to -2; P = 0.0002); a decrease in soluble E-selectin of 6% (-10 to -2; P = 0.008); a decrease in tissue-type plasminogen activator of 16% (-20 to -12; P < 0.0001); and a decrease in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 of 20% (-27 to -10; P = 0.0001). These changes could not be explained by metformin-associated changes in glycaemic control, body weight or insulin dose. Markers of inflammation, i.e. C-reactive protein and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, did not change with metformin treatment. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin, metformin treatment was associated with improvement of endothelial function, which was largely unrelated to changes in glycaemic control, but not with improvement of chronic, low-grade inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Jager
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bethesda General Hospital Hoogeveen, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands
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10
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Wulffelé MG, Kooy A, de Zeeuw D, Stehouwer CDA, Gansevoort RT. The effect of metformin on blood pressure, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. J Intern Med 2004; 256:1-14. [PMID: 15189360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The UKPDS 34 showed that intensive treatment with metformin significantly reduces macrovascular end-points and mortality in individuals with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes compared with intensive treatment with insulin or sulphonylurea derivatives, despite similar glycaemic control. How this should be explained is as yet unclear. We hypothesized that metformin may have a glucose-lowering independent effect on blood pressure and lipid profile. In order to test this hypothesis we systematically reviewed the literature and pooled the data obtained in a meta-analysis. METHODS Included were randomized-controlled trials in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metformin treatment lasting at least 6 weeks. To identify all eligible trials we conducted electronic searches using the bibliographic databases Medline and Embase, contacted the manufacturer and checked obtained publications for cross-references. RESULTS Forty-one studies (3074 patients) provided data on blood pressure and/or lipid profile. When compared with control treatment, metformin associated effects on systolic and diastolic blood pressure and HDL cholesterol were small and statistically not significant [-1.09 mmHg 95% confidence interval (-3.01-0.82), P = 0.30; -0.97 (-2.15-0.21) mmHg, P = 0.11 and +0.01 (-0.02-0.03) mmol L(-1), P = 0.50, respectively]. Compared with control treatment, however, metformin decreased plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol significantly [-0.13 (-0.21--0.04) mmol L(-1), P = 0.003; -0.26 (-0.34--0.18) mmol L(-1), P < 0.0001 and -0.22 (-0.31--0.13) mmol L(-1), P < 0.00001, respectively]. We found no indications for publication bias. Of note, glycaemic control as assessed by HbA1c was better with metformin than with control treatment [-0.74 (-0.84--0.65) percentage point; P < 0.00001]. When studies were subdivided into tertiles according to increasing difference in glycaemic control between metformin and control treatment, it appeared that in case of near similar glycaemic control metformin had no effect versus control treatment on triglycerides, whereas still there was a significant effect on total and LDL cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis of randomized-controlled clinical trials suggests that metformin has no intrinsic effect on blood pressure, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides in patients with type 2 diabetes. This drug, however, independent of its effect on glycaemia, reduces total and LDL cholesterol significantly, but the reductions in these variables are relatively small.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Wulffelé
- Bethesda General Hospital, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands
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11
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Wulffelé MG, Kooy A, Lehert P, Bets D, Ogterop JC, Borger van der Burg B, Donker AJM, Stehouwer CDA. Effects of short-term treatment with metformin on serum concentrations of homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Intern Med 2003; 254:455-63. [PMID: 14535967 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metformin is a key treatment option in type 2 diabetes. However, metformin may decrease vitamin B12 levels and increase levels of homocysteine, a cardiovascular risk factor. We investigated whether 16 weeks of treatment with metformin affects serum concentrations of homocysteine, folate and vitamin B12 in subjects with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin. DESIGN Placebo-controlled, randomized trial. MEASUREMENTS at baseline and 16 weeks later. SETTING This trial was conducted in the outpatient clinics of three general hospitals in The Netherlands. SUBJECTS A total of 745 patients with type 2 diabetes, treated with insulin and not known with a contraindication for the use of metformin, were approached; 390 gave informed consent and entered the study. Thirty-seven subjects dropped out (12 placebo and 25 metformin users). INTERVENTION Addition of metformin or placebo to insulin therapy. PRIMARY OUTCOME PARAMETERS: Serum homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, indices of glycaemic control and body weight. RESULTS Amongst those who completed 16 weeks of treatment, metformin use, as compared with placebo, was associated with an increase in homocysteine of 4% (0.2 to 8; P=0.039) and with decreases in folate [-7% (-1.4 to -13); P=0.024] and vitamin B12 [-14% (-4.2 to -24); P<0.0001]. In addition, the increase in homocysteine could be explained by the decreases in folate and vitamin B12. CONCLUSION In patients with type 2 diabetes, 16 weeks of treatment with metformin reduces levels of folate and vitamin B12, which results in a modest increase in homocysteine. The clinical significance of these findings remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Wulffelé
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bethesda General Hospital, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands
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12
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Wulffelé MG, Kooy A, Lehert P, Bets D, Oom JA, Borger van der Burg B, Donker AJM, Stehouwer CDA. Discontinuation of metformin in type 2 diabetes patients treated with insulin. Neth J Med 2002; 60:249-52. [PMID: 12365468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metformin added to insulin therapy in type 2 diabetic patients improves glycaemic control and decreases the required daily dose of insulin (DDI). Metformin should be discontinued if cardiac, hepatic or renal failure develops. We examined whether glycaemic control can be maintained after metformin cessation. METHODS We included 45 type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin plus metformin, and 45 matched controls treated with insulin only. After discontinuation of metformin in the first group, we aimed for tight fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels, 4-7 and 4-10 mmol/l, respectively, in both groups. During 12 weeks we assessed glycaemic control every two weeks and, if necessary, adjusted the insulin dosage. RESULTS In the group in which metformin was discontinued, DDI increased from 67.9 +/- 22.9 to 92.2 +/- 29.4 IU (p < 0.001) leaving glycaemic control unchanged. In the controls, glycated haemoglobin (GHb) decreased by 0.93% (p < 0.001), while DDI increased slightly from 62.4 +/- 22.9 to 72.3 +/- 27.3 IU (p < 0.001). The increase in DDI was larger in patients in whom metformin was discontinued than in the controls (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin plus metformin, glycaemic control can be maintained after discontinuation of metformin by increasing the DDI substantially (20 to 36%) during application of an intensified treatment protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Wulffelé
- Bethesda Hospital Hoogeveen, Department of Internal Medicine, The Netherlands
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Van der Wouden EJ, Thijs JC, Zwet AA, Kooy A, Kleibeuker JH. The influence of metronidazole resistance on the efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate triple therapy regimens for Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13:297-302. [PMID: 10102961 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM To assess the influence of metronidazole resistance on the efficacy of ranitidine bismuth citrate-based triple therapy regimens in two consecutive studies. METHODS In the first study, patients with a culture-proven Helicobacter pylori infection were treated with ranitidine bismuth citrate 400 mg, metronidazole 500 mg, and clarithromycin 500 mg, all twice daily for 1 week (RMC). In the second study, amoxycillin 1000 mg was substituted for clarithromycin (RMA). Susceptibility testing for metronidazole was performed with the E-test. Follow-up endoscopy was performed after >/= 4 weeks. Antral biopsy samples were taken for histology and urease test, and culture and corpus samples for histology and culture. RESULTS 112 patients, 53 males, age 55 +/- 14 years (39 duodenal ulcer, 7 gastric ulcer and 66 gastritis) were treated with RMC, and 89 patients, 52 males, age 58 +/- 15 years (23 duodenal ulcer, 7 gastric ulcer and 59 gastritis) were treated with RMA. For RMC, intention-to-treat eradication results were 98% (59/60, 95% CI: 91-100%) and 95% (20/21, 95% CI: 76-100%) for metronidazole susceptible and resistant strains, respectively (P = 0.45). For RMA these figures were 87% (53/61, 95% CI: 76-94%) for metronidazole susceptible strains and 22% (2/9, 95% CI: 3-60%) for resistant strains (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION Both regimens are effective in metronidazole susceptible strains. However, in contrast to the amoxycillin-containing regimen, that containing clarithromycin is also effective in resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Van der Wouden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bethesda Hospital, Hoogeveen, the Netherlands
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van der Wouden EJ, Thijs JC, van Zwet AA, Kooy A, Kleibeuker JH. One-week triple therapy with ranitidine bismuth citrate, clarithromycin and metronidazole versus two-week dual therapy with ranitidine bismuth citrate and clarithromycin for Helicobacter pylori infection: a randomized, clinical trial. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93:1228-31. [PMID: 9707042 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and side effects of 1-wk triple therapy with ranitidine bismuth citrate (RBC) 400 mg b.i.d., clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d., and metronidazole 500 mg b.i.d., to 2-wk dual therapy with RBC 400 mg b.i.d. and clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d. for H. pylori infection in a randomized, clinical trial. METHODS Patients (18-80 yr) with a culture proven H. pylori infection were randomized to one of these regimens. Side effects were scored on a semiquantitative scale. Endoscopy was performed > or = 4 wk after treatment. Antral biopsy samples were taken for hematoxylin-eosin stain (HE), rapid urease test, and culture and corpus samples for culture and HE. Two weeks after the endoscopy, a 13C-urea breath test was performed. Eradication failure was defined as detection of H. pylori by culture or by at least two other tests. RESULTS A total of 104 patients, 54 men, age 54+/-14 yr, (36 duodenal ulcer, 16 gastric ulcer, and 52 functional dyspepsia) were included. Gender, age, and diagnosis were comparable in both groups. Fourteen of 52 patients in both triple and dual therapy, respectively, had significant side effects, but all patients completed the course. Eradication results were 49 of 52 (94%; 95% CI: 84-99%) and 50 of 52 (96%; 95% CI: 87-100%) on intention to treat analysis and 44 of 46 (96%; 95% CI: 85-99%) and 48 of 49 (98%; 95% CI: 89-100%) on per protocol analysis for triple and dual therapy respectively. CONCLUSION Both regimens are very effective and well tolerated in the treatment of H. pylori infection. The triple regimen has the advantage of being shorter.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J van der Wouden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bethesda Hospital, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Furazolidone is an inexpensive antibiotic that has considerable anti-Helicobacter pylori activity in vitro. METHODS Twenty-three patients with culture-proven H. pylori infection were treated for one week with a dual therapy containing omeprazole and furazolidone. RESULTS Eradication succeeded in 10 of the first 20 evaluable patients (50%; 95% CI: 27.2-72.8%). This percentage was regarded as too low, and the study was terminated. Side-effects were mild. CONCLUSION With the possible increase in resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin world-wide, furazolidone may be useful alternative in the treatment of H. pylori infection. Dual therapy for one week, however, is not sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Van Zwet
- Regional Public Health Laboratory Groningen/Drenthe, The Netherlands
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16
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Kooy A. Induction and shedding of ICAM-1 and the lack of HLA-DR expression in basal cell carcinoma. Immunol Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(97)88703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Thijs JC, Van Zwet AA, Thijs WJ, Van der Wouden EJ, Kooy A. One-week triple therapy with omeprazole, amoxycillin and tinidazole for Helicobacter pylori infection: the significance of imidazole resistance. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11:305-9. [PMID: 9146767 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1997.155329000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple therapy involving a proton pump inhibitor and two antibiotics has been suggested as an effective treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection. The impact of imidazole resistance on the efficacy of such regimens is largely unknown. METHODS One hundred patients with culture proven H. pylori infection were treated with omeprazole 40 mg b.d., amoxycillin 1000 mg b.d., and tinidazole 500 mg b.d. for one week. Pre-treatment imidazole susceptibility was measured by disk diffusion. Resistance was confirmed by E-test. Eradication was assessed by endoscopy 6-8 weeks after the end of treatment. In cases of doubt a 13C-urea breath test was performed. Side-effects were scored using a semiquantitative scale. RESULTS H. pylori was eradicated in 95% of the patients with an imidazole-susceptible strain and in 69% of the patients with a resistant strain (P < 0.005). Significant side-effects were seen in 12%. CONCLUSION This proton pump inhibitor triple therapy is a simple, reasonably effective regimen with few significant side-effects. The efficacy is dependent on the susceptibility of the infecting H. pylori strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Thijs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bethesda Hospital, Hoogeveen, The Netherlands
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Kooy A, de Heide LJ, ten Tije AJ, Mulder AH, Tanghe HL, Kluytmans JA, Michiels JJ. Vertebral bone destruction in sickle cell disease: infection, infarction or both. Neth J Med 1996; 48:227-31. [PMID: 8710044 DOI: 10.1016/0300-2977(95)00075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Infectious and vaso-occlusive vertebral bone and joint destruction in two patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are featured by H-shaped vertebrae, kyphotic angulation, osteolysis of endplates and collapse of intervertebral discs as shown by X-ray films and magnetic resonance imaging. Staphylococcal serology supported the diagnosis of staphylococcal osteomyelitis/spondylo-discitis in both SCD patients. The difficulties of establishing the causes and treatment of the osteoarthropathy in these particular cases are discussed in the light of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kooy
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Rotterdam, Netherlands
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20
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Abstract
In a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), we considered the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in view of raised serum aminotransferases, hypergammaglobulinaemia, antinuclear antibodies (titre 1:10,240), seronegativity of markers for viral hepatitis and absence of recent hepatotoxic drug usage. The diagnosis of AIH was supported by using the scoring system, recently developed by the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group and the excellent response to treatment with prednisone. Liver histology, however, showed no characteristic features of AIH. The relevance of liver histology and scoring for AIH in SLE with hepatic involvement is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kooy
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Kooy A, Splinter TA, Wilson JH. [Indications for antineoplastic effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1995; 139:2235-9. [PMID: 7501050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Kooy
- Afd. Interne Geneeskunde III, Academisch Ziekenhuis Rotterdam-Dijkzigt
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Kooy A, Peters-Romeyn BM, van Gool AR. [Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: poisoning and interactions]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1993; 137:1910-4. [PMID: 8413691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Kooy
- Afd. Interne Geneeskunde, Drechtsteden Ziekenhuis, locatie Refaja, Dordrecht
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Kooy A, de Greef WJ, Vreeburg JT, Hackeng WH, Ooms MP, Lamberts SW, Weber RF. Evidence for the involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor in the inhibition of gonadotropin release induced by hyperprolactinemia. Neuroendocrinology 1990; 51:261-6. [PMID: 2109270 DOI: 10.1159/000125348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis was tested that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is involved in the inhibition of gonadotropin secretion during chronic hyperprolactinemia. Two models of hyperprolactinemia were used, namely inoculation with the prolactin (PRL)-secreting tumor 7315b and implantation of isogenic pituitary glands. Gonadectomized, adrenalectomized male rats received a testosterone capsule and a corticosterone pellet and were inoculated subcutaneously with tumor 7315b. Similar rats without tumor served as controls. The rats were studied 3-4 weeks later while anesthetized with urethane. Plasma testosterone and corticosterone were similar in the two groups of rats. Compared to controls, the tumor-bearing rats had significantly higher plasma levels of PRL (100-fold increase) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH; 3-fold increase), whereas plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) had significantly decreased to 15 and 40%, respectively. CRF release into hypophysial stalk plasma was higher in rats with tumor 7315b than in controls (298 +/- 23 vs. 197 +/- 28 pg/h), and hypothalamic CRF content had increased from 3.0 +/- 0.3 to 4.3 +/- 0.3 ng. Male rats received 3 pituitary glands under the kidney capsule. Sham-operated rats served as controls. They were studied 5-7 weeks later while anesthetized with urethane. Compared to controls, pituitary-grafted rats had larger adrenals (49 +/- 4 vs. 34 +/- 2 mg), higher plasma PRL (156 +/- 18 vs. 52 +/- 8 ng/ml), ACTH (0.46 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.22 +/- 0.02 ng/ml) and corticosterone (455 +/- 39 vs. 268 +/- 14 ng/ml), and lower plasma levels of LH (21 +/- 2 vs. 41 +/- 6 ng/ml).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kooy
- Department of Endocrinology, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The effects of the transplantable purely prolactin-secreting tumour 7315b on serum gonadotrophins were studied in adult rats. Possible contributions of the adrenals to the tumour-induced inhibition of serum LH and FSH were evaluated. The suppressive actions of tumour 7315b on serum gonadotrophins in gonadectomized plus adrenalectomized male and female rats were compared. Within 4 weeks after inoculation of tumour 7315b in intact male rats very high levels of prolactin and decreased serum levels of gonadotrophins and testosterone were recorded. At autopsy reduced weights of testes and accessory sex organs and slightly increased adrenal weights were found. In addition, in animals treated with a small testosterone-filled capsule after castration, tumour 7315b reduced serum concentrations of LH and FSH. Adrenalectomy did not prevent this suppressive action of the tumour on the post-castration rise of serum gonadotrophins. Suppression of serum gonadotrophins during hyperprolactinaemia was greater in gonadectomized plus adrenalectomized female rats than in male rats, indicating that the degree of the tumour-induced suppression of LH and FSH after castration is determined to a large extent by the sex of the animal. The purely prolactin-secreting tumour 7315b has therefore been shown to be a suitable model for studying the effects of severe hyperprolactinaemia on the pituitary-gonadal axis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kooy
- Department of Endocrinology, Growth and Reproduction, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The effects of hyperprolactinemia on male copulatory behavior in adult male and female rats were studied. Hyperprolactinemia was induced by the transplantable purely prolactin-secreting tumor 7315b. Male rats were castrated and received testosterone-filled capsules of different sizes which induced normal and subnormal testosterone levels. After sexual training the rats of the experimental groups were inoculated with tumor 7315b. Three weeks after tumor-inoculation high prolactin levels (2000-30000 ng/ml) were found. During this hyperprolactinemia ejaculation latency increased significantly, while the mount frequency and intromission frequency remained unchanged. Only 9 out of 22 rats ejaculated 19 days after inoculation. Moreover, it appeared that the inhibitory effect of the tumor was as strong in the presence of normal (2.33 +/- 0.07 ng/ml) as in the presence of low (0.35 +/- 0.01 ng/ml) testosterone levels. The inhibitory effect of tumor 7315b on copulatory behavior was not influenced by adrenalectomy. In gonadectomized female rats bearing testosterone-filled capsules tumor 7315b induced prolactin levels of about 2000 ng/ml and an almost complete cessation of mounts and intromission patterns 4 weeks after tumor-inoculation. It was concluded that tumor 7315b causes a strong inhibitory effect on male copulatory behavior in male and female rats and that this effect is not influenced by the presence of normal or low testosterone levels or removal of the adrenals, suggesting a direct effect of prolactin on brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kooy
- Department of Endocrinology, Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Erasmus University, Rotterdam
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