1
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Mariette C, Lorenc M, Cailleau H, Collet E, Guérin L, Volte A, Trzop E, Bertoni R, Dong X, Lépine B, Hernandez O, Janod E, Cario L, Ta Phuoc V, Ohkoshi S, Tokoro H, Patthey L, Babic A, Usov I, Ozerov D, Sala L, Ebner S, Böhler P, Keller A, Oggenfuss A, Zmofing T, Redford S, Vetter S, Follath R, Juranic P, Schreiber A, Beaud P, Esposito V, Deng Y, Ingold G, Chergui M, Mancini GF, Mankowsky R, Svetina C, Zerdane S, Mozzanica A, Bosak A, Wulff M, Levantino M, Lemke H, Cammarata M. Strain wave pathway to semiconductor-to-metal transition revealed by time-resolved X-ray powder diffraction. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1239. [PMID: 33623010 PMCID: PMC7902810 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main challenges in ultrafast material science is to trigger phase transitions with short pulses of light. Here we show how strain waves, launched by electronic and structural precursor phenomena, determine a coherent macroscopic transformation pathway for the semiconducting-to-metal transition in bistable Ti3O5 nanocrystals. Employing femtosecond powder X-ray diffraction, we measure the lattice deformation in the phase transition as a function of time. We monitor the early intra-cell distortion around the light absorbing metal dimer and the long range deformations governed by acoustic waves propagating from the laser-exposed Ti3O5 surface. We developed a simplified elastic model demonstrating that picosecond switching in nanocrystals happens concomitantly with the propagating acoustic wavefront, several decades faster than thermal processes governed by heat diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mariette
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, Rennes, France.
| | - M Lorenc
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, Rennes, France.
| | - H Cailleau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, Rennes, France
| | - E Collet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, Rennes, France
| | - L Guérin
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, Rennes, France
| | - A Volte
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, Rennes, France
| | - E Trzop
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, Rennes, France
| | - R Bertoni
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, Rennes, France
| | - X Dong
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, Rennes, France
| | - B Lépine
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, Rennes, France
| | - O Hernandez
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR 6226, Rennes, France
| | - E Janod
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS, Nantes, France
| | - L Cario
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS, Nantes, France
| | - V Ta Phuoc
- GREMAN-UMR 7347 CNRS, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - S Ohkoshi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Tokoro
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - L Patthey
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Babic
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - I Usov
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - D Ozerov
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - L Sala
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S Ebner
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - P Böhler
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Keller
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Oggenfuss
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - T Zmofing
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S Redford
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S Vetter
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - R Follath
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - P Juranic
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Schreiber
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - P Beaud
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - V Esposito
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Institute for Materials and Energy Science, Stanford University and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Y Deng
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - G Ingold
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M Chergui
- Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Lausanne Center for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G F Mancini
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Ultrafast Spectroscopy, Lausanne Center for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Mankowsky
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - C Svetina
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S Zerdane
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Mozzanica
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Bosak
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - M Wulff
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - M Levantino
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - H Lemke
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M Cammarata
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR 6251, Rennes, France. .,European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.
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2
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Tolstikova A, Levantino M, Yefanov O, Hennicke V, Fischer P, Meyer J, Mozzanica A, Redford S, Crosas E, Opara NL, Barthelmess M, Lieske J, Oberthuer D, Wator E, Mohacsi I, Wulff M, Schmitt B, Chapman HN, Meents A. 1 kHz fixed-target serial crystallography using a multilayer monochromator and an integrating pixel detector. IUCrJ 2019; 6:927-937. [PMID: 31576225 PMCID: PMC6760437 DOI: 10.1107/s205225251900914x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reliable sample delivery and efficient use of limited beam time have remained bottlenecks for serial crystallography (SX). Using a high-intensity polychromatic X-ray beam in combination with a newly developed charge-integrating JUNGFRAU detector, we have applied the method of fixed-target SX to collect data at a rate of 1 kHz at a synchrotron-radiation facility. According to our data analysis for the given experimental conditions, only about 3 000 diffraction patterns are required for a high-quality diffraction dataset. With indexing rates of up to 25%, recording of such a dataset takes less than 30 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Tolstikova
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence e-mail: ,
| | - M. Levantino
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - O. Yefanov
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - V. Hennicke
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - P. Fischer
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. Meyer
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Photon Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A. Mozzanica
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 111 Forschungsstrasse, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - S. Redford
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 111 Forschungsstrasse, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - E. Crosas
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Photon Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - N. L. Opara
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 111 Forschungsstrasse, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- C-CINA, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 26, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - M. Barthelmess
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. Lieske
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - D. Oberthuer
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - E. Wator
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Cracow 30-387, Poland
| | - I. Mohacsi
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M. Wulff
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - B. Schmitt
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 111 Forschungsstrasse, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - H. N. Chapman
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg 22761, Germany
| | - A. Meents
- Center for Free Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Photon Science, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence e-mail: ,
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3
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Makita M, Vartiainen I, Mohacsi I, Caleman C, Diaz A, Jönsson HO, Juranić P, Medvedev N, Meents A, Mozzanica A, Opara NL, Padeste C, Panneels V, Saxena V, Sikorski M, Song S, Vera L, Willmott PR, Beaud P, Milne CJ, Ziaja-Motyka B, David C. Femtosecond phase-transition in hard x-ray excited bismuth. Sci Rep 2019; 9:602. [PMID: 30679456 PMCID: PMC6345934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of bismuth crystal structure upon excitation of its A1g phonon has been intensely studied with short pulse optical lasers. Here we present the first-time observation of a hard x-ray induced ultrafast phase transition in a bismuth single crystal at high intensities (~1014 W/cm2). The lattice evolution was followed using a recently demonstrated x-ray single-shot probing setup. The time evolution of the (111) Bragg peak intensity showed strong dependence on the excitation fluence. After exposure to a sufficiently intense x-ray pulse, the peak intensity dropped to zero within 300 fs, i.e. faster than one oscillation period of the A1g mode at room temperature. Our analysis indicates a nonthermal origin of a lattice disordering process, and excludes interpretations based on electron-ion equilibration process, or on thermodynamic heating process leading to plasma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Makita
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - I Vartiainen
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - I Mohacsi
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91190, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - C Caleman
- CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - H O Jönsson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Applied physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Juranić
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - N Medvedev
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic.,Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - A Meents
- CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Mozzanica
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - N L Opara
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.,C-CINA Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Padeste
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - V Panneels
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - V Saxena
- CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Plasma Research, Bhat, Gandhinagar, 382428, India
| | - M Sikorski
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA
| | - S Song
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, 94025, USA
| | - L Vera
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - P R Willmott
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - P Beaud
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - C J Milne
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - B Ziaja-Motyka
- CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342, Krakow, Poland
| | - C David
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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4
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Mozzanica A, Andrä M, Barten R, Bergamaschi A, Chiriotti S, Brückner M, Dinapoli R, Fröjdh E, Greiffenberg D, Leonarski F, Lopez-Cuenca C, Mezza D, Redford S, Ruder C, Schmitt B, Shi X, Thattil D, Tinti G, Vetter S, Zhang J. The JUNGFRAU Detector for Applications at Synchrotron Light Sources and XFELs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08940886.2018.1528429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Andrä
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - R. Barten
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - M. Brückner
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - R. Dinapoli
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - E. Fröjdh
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - D. Mezza
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - S. Redford
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - C. Ruder
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - B. Schmitt
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - X. Shi
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - D. Thattil
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - G. Tinti
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - S. Vetter
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - J. Zhang
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
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5
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Tinti G, Marchetto H, Vaz CAF, Kleibert A, Andrä M, Barten R, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Cartier S, Dinapoli R, Franz T, Fröjdh E, Greiffenberg D, Lopez-Cuenca C, Mezza D, Mozzanica A, Nolting F, Ramilli M, Redford S, Ruat M, Ruder C, Schädler L, Schmidt T, Schmitt B, Schütz F, Shi X, Thattil D, Vetter S, Zhang J. The EIGER detector for low-energy electron microscopy and photoemission electron microscopy. J Synchrotron Radiat 2017; 24:963-974. [PMID: 28862618 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517009109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
EIGER is a single-photon-counting hybrid pixel detector developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland. It is designed for applications at synchrotron light sources with photon energies above 5 keV. Features of EIGER include a small pixel size (75 µm × 75 µm), a high frame rate (up to 23 kHz), a small dead-time between frames (down to 3 µs) and a dynamic range up to 32-bit. In this article, the use of EIGER as a detector for electrons in low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) is reported. It is demonstrated that, with only a minimal modification to the sensitive part of the detector, EIGER is able to detect electrons emitted or reflected by the sample and accelerated to 8-20 keV. The imaging capabilities are shown to be superior to the standard microchannel plate detector for these types of applications. This is due to the much higher signal-to-noise ratio, better homogeneity and improved dynamic range. In addition, the operation of the EIGER detector is not affected by radiation damage from electrons in the present energy range and guarantees more stable performance over time. To benchmark the detector capabilities, LEEM experiments are performed on selected surfaces and the magnetic and electronic properties of individual iron nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 8 to 22 nm are detected using the PEEM endstation at the Surface/Interface Microscopy (SIM) beamline of the Swiss Light Source.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tinti
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - H Marchetto
- ELMITEC Elektronenmikroskopie GmbH, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - C A F Vaz
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Kleibert
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M Andrä
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - R Barten
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Bergamaschi
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M Brückner
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S Cartier
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - R Dinapoli
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - T Franz
- ELMITEC Elektronenmikroskopie GmbH, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - E Fröjdh
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - D Greiffenberg
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - C Lopez-Cuenca
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - D Mezza
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Mozzanica
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - F Nolting
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M Ramilli
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S Redford
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M Ruat
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ch Ruder
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - L Schädler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Th Schmidt
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Department of Chemical Physics, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Schmitt
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - F Schütz
- ELMITEC Elektronenmikroskopie GmbH, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - X Shi
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - D Thattil
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S Vetter
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - J Zhang
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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6
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Tinti G, Marchetto H, Vaz CAF, Kleibert A, Andrä M, Barten R, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Cartier S, Dinapoli R, Franz T, Fröjdh E, Greiffenberg D, Lopez-Cuenca C, Mezza D, Mozzanica A, Nolting F, Ramilli M, Redford S, Ruat M, Ruder C, Schädler L, Schmidt T, Schmitt B, Schütz F, Shi X, Thattil D, Vetter S, Zhang J. The EIGER detector for low-energy electron microscopy and photoemission electron microscopy. J Synchrotron Radiat 2017. [PMID: 28862618 DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/13/01/c01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
EIGER is a single-photon-counting hybrid pixel detector developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland. It is designed for applications at synchrotron light sources with photon energies above 5 keV. Features of EIGER include a small pixel size (75 µm × 75 µm), a high frame rate (up to 23 kHz), a small dead-time between frames (down to 3 µs) and a dynamic range up to 32-bit. In this article, the use of EIGER as a detector for electrons in low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM) is reported. It is demonstrated that, with only a minimal modification to the sensitive part of the detector, EIGER is able to detect electrons emitted or reflected by the sample and accelerated to 8-20 keV. The imaging capabilities are shown to be superior to the standard microchannel plate detector for these types of applications. This is due to the much higher signal-to-noise ratio, better homogeneity and improved dynamic range. In addition, the operation of the EIGER detector is not affected by radiation damage from electrons in the present energy range and guarantees more stable performance over time. To benchmark the detector capabilities, LEEM experiments are performed on selected surfaces and the magnetic and electronic properties of individual iron nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 8 to 22 nm are detected using the PEEM endstation at the Surface/Interface Microscopy (SIM) beamline of the Swiss Light Source.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tinti
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - H Marchetto
- ELMITEC Elektronenmikroskopie GmbH, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - C A F Vaz
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Kleibert
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M Andrä
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - R Barten
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Bergamaschi
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M Brückner
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S Cartier
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - R Dinapoli
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - T Franz
- ELMITEC Elektronenmikroskopie GmbH, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - E Fröjdh
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - D Greiffenberg
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - C Lopez-Cuenca
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - D Mezza
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Mozzanica
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - F Nolting
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M Ramilli
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S Redford
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M Ruat
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ch Ruder
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - L Schädler
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Th Schmidt
- Fritz-Haber-Institute of the Max-Planck-Society, Department of Chemical Physics, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - B Schmitt
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - F Schütz
- ELMITEC Elektronenmikroskopie GmbH, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - X Shi
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - D Thattil
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S Vetter
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - J Zhang
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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7
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Jungmann-Smith JH, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Cartier S, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, Huthwelker T, Maliakal D, Mayilyan D, Medjoubi K, Mezza D, Mozzanica A, Ramilli M, Ruder C, Schädler L, Schmitt B, Shi X, Tinti G. Towards hybrid pixel detectors for energy-dispersive or soft X-ray photon science. J Synchrotron Radiat 2016; 23:385-94. [PMID: 26917124 PMCID: PMC5297903 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577515023541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
JUNGFRAU (adJUstiNg Gain detector FoR the Aramis User station) is a two-dimensional hybrid pixel detector for photon science applications at free-electron lasers and synchrotron light sources. The JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype presented here is specifically geared towards low-noise performance and hence soft X-ray detection. The design, geometry and readout architecture of JUNGFRAU 0.4 correspond to those of other JUNGFRAU pixel detectors, which are charge-integrating detectors with 75 µm × 75 µm pixels. Main characteristics of JUNGFRAU 0.4 are its fixed gain and r.m.s. noise of as low as 27 e(-) electronic noise charge (<100 eV) with no active cooling. The 48 × 48 pixels JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype can be combined with a charge-sharing suppression mask directly placed on the sensor, which keeps photons from hitting the charge-sharing regions of the pixels. The mask consists of a 150 µm tungsten sheet, in which 28 µm-diameter holes are laser-drilled. The mask is aligned with the pixels. The noise and gain characterization, and single-photon detection as low as 1.2 keV are shown. The performance of JUNGFRAU 0.4 without the mask and also in the charge-sharing suppression configuration (with the mask, with a `software mask' or a `cluster finding' algorithm) is tested, compared and evaluated, in particular with respect to the removal of the charge-sharing contribution in the spectra, the detection efficiency and the photon rate capability. Energy-dispersive and imaging experiments with fluorescence X-ray irradiation from an X-ray tube and a synchrotron light source are successfully demonstrated with an r.m.s. energy resolution of 20% (no mask) and 14% (with the mask) at 1.2 keV and of 5% at 13.3 keV. The performance evaluation of the JUNGFRAU 0.4 prototype suggests that this detection system could be the starting point for a future detector development effort for either applications in the soft X-ray energy regime or for an energy-dispersive detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. Brückner
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S. Cartier
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETHZ, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R. Dinapoli
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - T. Huthwelker
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - D. Maliakal
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - D. Mayilyan
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - K. Medjoubi
- Synchrotron Soleil, L’Orme des Merisiers, BP 48, Saint-Aubin, 91192 GIF-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - D. Mezza
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A. Mozzanica
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M. Ramilli
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ch. Ruder
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - L. Schädler
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - B. Schmitt
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - X. Shi
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - G. Tinti
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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8
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Jungmann-Smith JH, Bergamaschi A, Brückner M, Cartier S, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, Jaggi A, Maliakal D, Mayilyan D, Medjoubi K, Mezza D, Mozzanica A, Ramilli M, Ruder C, Schädler L, Schmitt B, Shi X, Tinti G. Radiation hardness assessment of the charge-integrating hybrid pixel detector JUNGFRAU 1.0 for photon science. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:123110. [PMID: 26724009 DOI: 10.1063/1.4938166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
JUNGFRAU (adJUstiNg Gain detector FoR the Aramis User station) is a two-dimensional hybrid pixel detector for photon science applications in free electron lasers, particularly SwissFEL, and synchrotron light sources. JUNGFRAU is an automatic gain switching, charge-integrating detector which covers a dynamic range of more than 10(4) photons of an energy of 12 keV with a good linearity, uniformity of response, and spatial resolving power. The JUNGFRAU 1.0 application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) features a 256 × 256 pixel matrix of 75 × 75 μm(2) pixels and is bump-bonded to a 320 μm thick Si sensor. Modules of 2 × 4 chips cover an area of about 4 × 8 cm(2). Readout rates in excess of 2 kHz enable linear count rate capabilities of 20 MHz (at 12 keV) and 50 MHz (at 5 keV). The tolerance of JUNGFRAU to radiation is a key issue to guarantee several years of operation at free electron lasers and synchrotrons. The radiation hardness of JUNGFRAU 1.0 is tested with synchrotron radiation up to 10 MGy of delivered dose. The effect of radiation-induced changes on the noise, baseline, gain, and gain switching is evaluated post-irradiation for both the ASIC and the hybridized assembly. The bare JUNGFRAU 1.0 chip can withstand doses as high as 10 MGy with minor changes to its noise and a reduction in the preamplifier gain. The hybridized assembly, in particular the sensor, is affected by the photon irradiation which mainly shows as an increase in the leakage current. Self-healing of the system is investigated during a period of 11 weeks after the delivery of the radiation dose. Annealing radiation-induced changes by bake-out at 100 °C is investigated. It is concluded that the JUNGFRAU 1.0 pixel is sufficiently radiation-hard for its envisioned applications at SwissFEL and synchrotron beam lines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Bergamaschi
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M Brückner
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - S Cartier
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - R Dinapoli
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | | | - A Jaggi
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - D Maliakal
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - D Mayilyan
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - K Medjoubi
- Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin-BP 48, 91192 GIF-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - D Mezza
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A Mozzanica
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - M Ramilli
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ch Ruder
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - L Schädler
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - B Schmitt
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - X Shi
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - G Tinti
- Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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9
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Palutke S, Gerken NC, Mertens K, Klumpp S, Mozzanica A, Schmitt B, Wunderer C, Graafsma H, Meiwes-Broer KH, Wurth W, Martins M. Spectrometer for shot-to-shot photon energy characterization in the multi-bunch mode of the free electron laser at Hamburg. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:113107. [PMID: 26628121 DOI: 10.1063/1.4936293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The setup and first results from commissioning of a fast online photon energy spectrometer for the vacuum ultraviolet free electron laser at Hamburg (FLASH) at DESY are presented. With the use of the latest advances in detector development, the presented spectrometer reaches readout frequencies up to 1 MHz. In this paper, we demonstrate the ability to record online photon energy spectra on a shot-to-shot base in the multi-bunch mode of FLASH. Clearly resolved shifts in the mean wavelength over the pulse train as well as shot-to-shot wavelength fluctuations arising from the statistical nature of the photon generating self-amplified spontaneous emission process have been observed. In addition to an online tool for beam calibration and photon diagnostics, the spectrometer enables the determination and selection of spectral data taken with a transparent experiment up front over the photon energy of every shot. This leads to higher spectral resolutions without the loss of efficiency or photon flux by using single-bunch mode or monochromators.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Palutke
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - N C Gerken
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K Mertens
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - S Klumpp
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Mozzanica
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Ch-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - B Schmitt
- Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Ch-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - C Wunderer
- Deutsches Elekronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - H Graafsma
- Deutsches Elekronen Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - K-H Meiwes-Broer
- Institute for Physics, University of Rostock, Universitätsplatz 3, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - W Wurth
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Martins
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, D-22761 Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Johnson I, Bergamaschi A, Buitenhuis J, Dinapoli R, Greiffenberg D, Henrich B, Ikonen T, Meier G, Menzel A, Mozzanica A, Radicci V, Satapathy DK, Schmitt B, Shi X. Capturing dynamics with Eiger, a fast-framing X-ray detector. J Synchrotron Radiat 2012; 19:1001-5. [PMID: 23093761 PMCID: PMC3480275 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049512035972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Eiger is the next-generation single-photon-counting pixel detector following the widely used Pilatus detector. Its smaller pixel size of 75 µm × 75 µm, higher frame rate of up to 22 kHz, and practically zero dead-time (~4 µs) between exposures will further various measurement methods at synchrotron sources. In this article Eiger's suitability for X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) is demonstrated. By exploiting its high frame rate, complementary small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and XPCS data are collected in parallel to determine both the structure factor and collective diffusion coefficient of a nano-colloid suspension. For the first time, correlation times on the submillisecond time scale are accessible with a large-area pixel detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Johnson
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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11
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Schubert A, Bergamaschi A, David C, Dinapoli R, Elbracht-Leong S, Gorelick S, Graafsma H, Henrich B, Johnson I, Lohmann M, Mozzanica A, Radicci V, Rassool R, Schädler L, Schmitt B, Shi X, Sobott B. Micrometre resolution of a charge integrating microstrip detector with single photon sensitivity. J Synchrotron Radiat 2012; 19:359-65. [PMID: 22514170 PMCID: PMC3408957 DOI: 10.1107/s090904951200235x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A synchrotron beam has been used to test the spatial resolution of a single-photon-resolving integrating readout-chip coupled to a 320 µm-thick silicon strip sensor with a dedicated readout system. Charge interpolation methods have yielded a spatial resolution of σ(x) ≃ 1.8 µm for a 20 µm-pitch strip.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schubert
- School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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12
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Kraft P, Bergamaschi A, Broennimann C, Dinapoli R, Eikenberry EF, Henrich B, Johnson I, Mozzanica A, Schlepütz CM, Willmott PR, Schmitt B. Performance of single-photon-counting PILATUS detector modules. J Synchrotron Radiat 2009; 16:368-75. [PMID: 19395800 PMCID: PMC2678015 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049509009911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
PILATUS is a silicon hybrid pixel detector system, operating in single-photon-counting mode, that has been developed at the Paul Scherrer Institut for the needs of macromolecular crystallography at the Swiss Light Source (SLS). A calibrated PILATUS module has been characterized with monochromatic synchrotron radiation. The influence of charge sharing on the count rate and the overall energy resolution of the detector were investigated. The dead-time of the system was determined using the attenuated direct synchrotron beam. A single module detector was also tested in surface diffraction experiments at the SLS, whereby its performance regarding fluorescence suppression and saturation tolerance were evaluated, and have shown to greatly improve the sensitivity, reliability and speed of surface diffraction data acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kraft
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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13
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Scandale W, Vomiero A, Baricordi S, Dalpiaz P, Fiorini M, Guidi V, Mazzolari A, Della Mea G, Milan R, Ambrosi G, Zuccon P, Bertucci B, Burger W, Duranti M, Cavoto G, Santacesaria R, Valente P, Luci C, Iacoangeli F, Vallazza E, Afonin AG, Chesnokov YA, Kotov VI, Maisheev VA, Yazynin IA, Kovalenko AD, Taratin AM, Denisov AS, Gavrikov YA, Ivanov YM, Lapina LP, Malyarenko LG, Skorogobogatov VV, Suvorov VM, Vavilov SA, Bolognini D, Hasan S, Mozzanica A, Prest M. Observation of multiple volume reflection of ultrarelativistic protons by a sequence of several bent silicon crystals. Phys Rev Lett 2009; 102:084801. [PMID: 19257744 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.102.084801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of 400 GeV protons with different sequences of bent silicon crystals have been investigated at the H8 beam line of the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron. The multiple volume reflection of the proton beam has been studied in detail on a five-crystal reflector measuring an angular beam deflection theta = 52.96 +/- 0.14 microrad. The efficiency was found larger than 80% for an angular acceptance at the reflector entrance of 70 microrad, with a maximal efficiency value of epsilon = 0.90 +/- 0.01 +/- 0.03.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Scandale
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
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14
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Scandale W, Vomiero A, Baricordi S, Dalpiaz P, Fiorini M, Guidi V, Mazzolari A, Milan R, Della Mea G, Ambrosi G, Bertucci B, Burger WJ, Duranti M, Zuccon P, Cavoto G, Iacoangeli F, Luci C, Pisano S, Santacesaria R, Valente P, Vallazza E, Afonin AG, Chesnokov YA, Kotov VI, Maisheev VA, Yazynin IA, Kovalenko AD, Taratin AM, Denisov AS, Gavrikov YA, Ivanov YM, Lapina LP, Malyarenko LG, Skorobogatov VV, Suvorov VM, Vavilov SA, Bolognini D, Hasan S, Lietti D, Mozzanica A, Prest M. Volume reflection dependence of 400 GeV/c protons on the bent crystal curvature. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:234801. [PMID: 19113559 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.234801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The trend of volume reflection parameters (deflection angle and efficiency) in a bent (110) silicon crystal has been investigated as a function of the crystal curvature with 400 GeV/c protons on the H8 beam line at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron. This Letter describes the analysis performed at six different curvatures showing that the optimal radius for volume reflection is approximately 10 times greater than the critical radius for channeling. A strong scattering of the beam by the planar potential is also observed for a bend radius close to the critical one.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Scandale
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
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