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Nau LH, Obiegala A, Król N, Mayer-Scholl A, Pfeffer M. Survival time of Leptospira kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa under different environmental conditions. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236007. [PMID: 32668449 PMCID: PMC7363454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonotic disease of high medical importance that affects humans worldwide. Humans or animals acquire an infection with pathogenic leptospires either by direct contact with infected animals or by indirect contact to contaminated environment. Survival of Leptospira spp. in the environment after having been shed via animal urine is thus a key factor to estimate the risk of infection, but not much is known about the tenacity of pathogenic leptospires. Here, the survival time of both a laboratory strain and a field strain of L. kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa in animal urine and their tenacity while drying was investigated and compared at different temperatures (15°C-37°C). Leptospira spp. are also often found in rivers and ponds. As the infection risk for humans and animals also depends on the spreading and survival of Leptospira spp. in these environments, the survival of L. kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa was investigated using a 50-meter-long hose system simulating a water stream. Both strains did not survive in undiluted cattle or dog urine. Comparing different temperatures and dilution media, the laboratory strain survived the longest in diluted cattle urine with a slightly alkaline pH value (3 days), whilst the field strain survived in diluted dog urine with a slightly acid pH value up to a maximum of 24 h. Both strains did not survive drying on a solid surface. In a water stream, leptospires were able to move faster or slower than the average velocity of the water due to their intrinsic mobility but were not able to survive the mechanical damage caused by running water in the hose system. From our results we conclude, that once excreted via animal urine, the leptospires immediately need moisture or a water body to survive and stay infectious.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. H. Nau
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A. Obiegala
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - N. Król
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A. Mayer-Scholl
- Department Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Pfeffer
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Franssen F, Johne A, van der Giessen J, Nöckler K, Mayer-Scholl A. Test sensitivity of a commercial serine protease digestion kit for the detection of Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis larvae in pig muscle. Food Microbiol 2019; 78:99-103. [PMID: 30497613 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reference method for Trichinella detection at meat inspection is the magnetic stirrer method (MSM) utilising HCl-pepsin for pooled sample digestion. Due to availability and quality issues with pepsin, alternative digestion methods are being offered, such as the Priocheck Trichinella AAD kit (T-AAD), based on serine endopeptidase digestion. In this study the T-AAD kit was compared to the reference method. Minced pork samples were spiked with T. spiralis muscle larvae (ML) with- and without capsule or T. pseudospiralis ML, and analysed with both tests. Test results of individually spiked test samples were analysed by generalised linear modelling. The T-AAD test kit was comparable to the reference method for the qualitative detection of T. spiralis in pigs, but not quantitatively. Overall, 94% of spiked T. spiralis were recovered using MSM against 75.2% when using T-AAD (p < 0.0001). Using the MSM 80.0% of spiked T. pseudospiralis were recovered against 20% with the T-AAD (p < 0.0001). Based on our experience with the T-AAD kit, we strongly recommend validating the method on site prior to introduction into routine diagnostic laboratories, but this will not alleviate the poor test sensitivity of the T-AAD for the detection of T. pseudospiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Franssen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - A Johne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany.
| | - J van der Giessen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - K Nöckler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany.
| | - A Mayer-Scholl
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany.
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Dreesman J, Schlinkmann KM, Mayer-Scholl A, Jacob J, Freise J, Runge M, Weiss S, Pfeffer M, Dressel K, Jurke A, Ulrich RG. Verbesserung der Öffentlichen Gesundheit durch ein besseres Verständnis der Epidemiologie Nagetier-übertragener Krankheiten. Das Gesundheitswesen 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1639298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Dreesman
- Niedersächsisches Landesgesundheitsamt, Infektionsschutz, Hannover, Germany
| | - KM Schlinkmann
- Niedersächsisches Landesgesundheitsamt, Infektionsschutz, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Mayer-Scholl
- Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Nationales Referenzlabor für Trichinella, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Jacob
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Institut für Pflanzenschutz in Gartenbau und Forst, Münster, Germany
| | - J Freise
- Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Task-Force Veterinärwesen, Fachbereich Schädlingsbekämpfung, Wardenburg, Germany
| | - M Runge
- Niedersächsisches Landesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit Lebensmittel- und Veterinärinstitut, Braunschweig/Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Weiss
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Institut für Virologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Pfeffer
- Universität Leipzig, Institut für Tierhygiene und Öffentliches Veterinärwesen, Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Dressel
- Sine-Institut gGmbH, Geschäftsführung, München; Germany
| | - A Jurke
- Landeszentrum Gesundheit Nordrhein-Westfalen, Fachgruppe Infektiologie und Hygiene, Münster, Germany
| | - RG Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut Institut für neue und neuartige Tierseuchenerreger, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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Knöpfler S, Mayer-Scholl A, Luge E, Klopfleisch R, Gruber AD, Nöckler K, Kohn B. Evaluation of clinical, laboratory, imaging findings and outcome in 99 dogs with leptospirosis. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:582-588. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Knöpfler
- Clinic for Small Animals; Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b; D-14163 Berlin
| | - A. Mayer-Scholl
- Federal Institute for Risk AssessmentDiedersdorfer Weg 1, D-12277 Berlin; Germany
| | - E. Luge
- Federal Institute for Risk AssessmentDiedersdorfer Weg 1, D-12277 Berlin; Germany
| | - R. Klopfleisch
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology; Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, D-14163 Berlin; Germany
| | - A. D. Gruber
- Institute for Veterinary Pathology; Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, D-14163 Berlin; Germany
| | - K. Nöckler
- Federal Institute for Risk AssessmentDiedersdorfer Weg 1, D-12277 Berlin; Germany
| | - B. Kohn
- Clinic for Small Animals; Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b; D-14163 Berlin
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Dreesman J, Hamschmidt L, Toikkanen S, Runge M, Lüsse B, Freise J, Ehlers J, Nöckler K, Knorr C, Keller B, Mayer-Scholl A. Leptospirose-Ausbruch bei Saisonarbeitern in der Erdbeerernte in Niedersachsen, 2014. Gesundheitswesen 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1578892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Jurke A, Bannert N, Brehm K, Fingerle V, Kempf VAJ, Kömpf D, Lunemann M, Mayer-Scholl A, Niedrig M, Nöckler K, Scholz H, Splettstoesser W, Tappe D, Fischer SF. Serological survey of Bartonella spp., Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis, Leptospira spp., Echinococcus, Hanta-, TBE- and XMR-virus infection in employees of two forestry enterprises in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 2011-2013. Int J Med Microbiol 2015; 305:652-62. [PMID: 26422407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We initiated a survey to collect basic data on the frequency and regional distribution of various zoonoses in 722 employees of forestry enterprises in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) from 2011 to 2013. Exposures associated with seropositivity were identified to give insight into the possible risk factors for infection with each pathogen. 41.2% of participants were found to be seropositive for anti-Bartonella IgG, 30.6% for anti-Borrelia burgdorferi IgG, 14.2% for anti-Leptospira IgG, 6.5% for anti-Coxiella burnetii IgG, 6.0% for anti-Hantavirus IgG, 4.0% for anti-Francisella tularensis IgG, 3.4% for anti-TBE-virus IgG, 1.7% for anti-Echinococcus IgG, 0.0% for anti-Brucella IgG and anti-XMRV IgG. Participants seropositive for B. burgdorferi were 3.96 times more likely to be professional forestry workers (univariable analysis: OR 3.96; 95% CI 2.60-6.04; p<0.001); and participants seropositive for Hantavirus 3.72 times more likely (univariable analysis: OR 3.72; 95% CI 1.44-9.57; p=0.007). This study found a surprisingly high percentage of participants seropositive for anti-B. henselae IgG and for anti-F. tularensis IgG. The relatively high seroprevalence for anti-Leptospira IgG seen in this study could be related to living conditions rather than to exposure at work. No specific risk for exposure to C. burnetii and Echinococcus was identified, indicating that neither forestry workers nor office workers represent a risk population and that NRW is not a typical endemic area. Forestry workers appear to have higher risk for contact with B. burgdorferi-infected ticks and a regionally diverse risk for acquiring Hantavirus-infection. The regional epidemiology of zoonoses is without question of great importance for public health. Knowledge of the regional risk factors facilitates the development of efficient prevention strategies and the implementation of such prevention measures in a sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Jurke
- Department of Infectiology and Hygiene, NRW Centre for Health, Münster, Germany
| | - N Bannert
- Consultant Laboratory for Diagnostic Electron Microscopy of Infectious Pathogens, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Brehm
- Consultant Laboratory for Echinococcus, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - V Fingerle
- National Reference Centre for Borrelia, Bayerisches Landesamt für Gesundheit und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - V A J Kempf
- Consultant Laboratory for Bartonella, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital of Goethe, University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - D Kömpf
- Consultant Laboratory for Coxiella, Baden-Württemberg State Health Office, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Lunemann
- Department of Infectiology and Hygiene, NRW Centre for Health, Münster, Germany
| | - A Mayer-Scholl
- Consultant Laboratory for Leptospira, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Niedrig
- Consultant Laboratory for Tick-borne Encephalitis, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Nöckler
- Consultant Laboratory for Leptospira, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Scholz
- Consultant Laboratory for Brucella, Bacteriology and Toxicology, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, München, Germany
| | - W Splettstoesser
- Consultant Laboratory for Francisella, Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, München, Germany
| | - D Tappe
- Consultant Laboratory for Echinococcus, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Silke F Fischer
- Consultant Laboratory for Coxiella, Baden-Württemberg State Health Office, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Hamidi A, Mayer-Scholl A, Dreshaj S, Robaj A, Sylejmani D, Ramadani N, Al Dahouk S, Nöckler K. Isolation and Identification of Brucella melitensis Biovar 3 from Vaccinated Small Ruminants: A Public Health Threat in Kosovo. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 63:e296-e299. [PMID: 25704160 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, a human brucellosis case with severe clinical symptoms was reported at the University Clinic for Infectious Diseases in Prishtina, Kosovo. A trace-back investigation was conducted to find the source of human infection. A total of 49 blood samples and 15 corresponding milk samples from sheep and goats raised on the patient's farm were taken for serological and molecular analysis. Serology using RBT and CFT revealed 11 positive animals. Twelve milk samples were PCR positive. A Brucella strain isolated from a goat's milk sample was classified as Brucella melitensis biovar 3, indicating the first ever isolation and report in Kosovo. The use of the Bruce-ladder PCR provided differentiation between the field strain and the vaccine strain. Hence, the accidental transmission of the vaccine strain Rev 1 that was previously used for the vaccination of the farm animals could be excluded. The findings of this study show that brucellosis is still a public health threat in Kosovo despite control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hamidi
- Department of Veterinary, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo.
| | | | - S Dreshaj
- University Clinic for Infectious Diseases, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - A Robaj
- Department of Veterinary, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - D Sylejmani
- Department of Veterinary, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - N Ramadani
- National Public Health Institute, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - S Al Dahouk
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Nöckler
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
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Steil D, Quandt A, Mayer-Scholl A, Sie JM, Löhr CV, Teifke JP. [Leptospirosis with necro-haemorrhagic cholecystitis in a Boxer puppy]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2014; 42:399-405. [PMID: 25423604 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-140217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A Boxer puppy from the island of Rügen, which was properly vaccinated according to its age, was presented with acute gastrointestinal symptoms. The presumptive diagnosis of leptospirosis with acute renal failure, hepatic damage, and jaundice was confirmed by seroconversion (increased titre to 1 : 800 in a non-vaccine serogroup 4 weeks after disease onset). Cholecystitis was diagnosed based on clinical symptoms and sonographic results. After an initial improvement, the puppy's condition deteriorated and cholecystectomy was performed. Histopathological diagnosis indicated a haemorrhagic necrotizing cholecystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Steil
- Dr. Dorothee Steil, Tierarztpraxis Quandt und Bracke, An den Wurthen 26, 17489 Greifswald, E-Mail:
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Mayer-Scholl A, Broglia A, Reckinger S, Nöckler K. Polymerase chain reaction – Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for the differentiation of Trichinella nativa and Trichinella britovi. Vet Parasitol 2014; 203:247-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chmurzyńska E, Różycki M, Bilska-Zając E, Nöckler K, Mayer-Scholl A, Pozio E, Cencek T, Karamon J. Trichinella nativa in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) of Germany and Poland: Possible different origins. Vet Parasitol 2013; 198:254-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mayer-Scholl A, Reckinger S, Nöckler K. A study on the suitability of inactivated Trichinella spiralis larvae for proficiency samples. Vet Parasitol 2013; 194:113-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Klopfleisch R, Kohn B, Plog S, Weingart C, Nöckler K, Mayer-Scholl A, Gruber AD. An emerging pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome in dogs: similar to the human leptospiral pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome? Vet Med Int 2010; 2010:928541. [PMID: 21274452 PMCID: PMC3025382 DOI: 10.4061/2010/928541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe pulmonary haemorrhage is a rare necropsy finding in dogs but the leptospiral pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome (LPHS) is a well recognized disease in humans. Here we report a pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome in dogs that closely resembles the human disease. All 15 dogs had massive, pulmonary haemorrhage affecting all lung lobes while haemorrhage in other organs was minimal. Histologically, pulmonary lesions were characterized by acute, alveolar haemorrhage without identifiable vascular lesions. Seven dogs had mild alveolar wall necrosis with hyaline membranes and minimal intraalveolar fibrin. In addition, eight dogs had acute renal tubular necrosis. Six dogs had a clinical diagnosis of leptospirosis based on renal and hepatic failure, positive microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and/or positive blood/urine Leptospira-specific PCR. Leptospira could not be cultured post mortem from the lungs or kidneys. However, Leptospira-specific PCR was positive in lung, liver or kidneys of three dogs. In summary, a novel pulmonary haemorrhagic syndrome was identified in dogs but the mechanism of the massive pulmonary erythrocyte extravasation remains elusive. The lack of a consistent post mortem identification of Leptospira spp. in dogs with pulmonary haemorrhage raise questions as to whether additional factors besides Leptospira may cause this as yet unrecognized entity in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Nöckler K, Reckinger S, Broglia A, Mayer-Scholl A, Bahn P. Evaluation of a Western Blot and ELISA for the detection of anti-Trichinella-IgG in pig sera. Vet Parasitol 2009; 163:341-7. [PMID: 19473770 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Human trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by ingestion of infective Trichinella muscle larvae via pork or meat of other food animals which are susceptible to this zoonotic parasite. There are new approaches for a risk-oriented meat inspection for Trichinella in pigs which are accompanied by monitoring programmes on herd level to control freedom from this parasite. For this purpose, testing schemes utilizing serological tests with a high sensitivity and specificity are required. This study aimed at the evaluation of an ELISA and a Western Blot (WB) for the detection of anti-Trichinella-IgG in terms of sensitivity and specificity taking results of artificial digestion as gold standard. For this purpose, 144 field sera from pigs confirmed as Trichinella-free as well as 159 sera from pigs experimentally infected with T. spiralis (123), T. britovi (19) or T. pseudospiralis (17) were examined by ELISA (excretory-secretory antigen) and WB (crude worm extract). Sera from pigs experimentally infected with four other nematode species were included to investigate the cross-reactivity of the antigen used in the WB. For all Trichinella-positive pig sera, band pattern profiles were identified in the WB and results were analysed in relation to ELISA OD% values. Testing of pig sera revealed a sensitivity of 96.8% for the ELISA and 98.1% for the WB whereas the methods showed a specificity of 97.9 and 100%, respectively. WB analysis of Trichinella-positive pig sera revealed five specific band patterns of 43, 47, 61, 66, and 102 kDa of which the 43 kDa protein was identified as the predominant antigen. The frequency of the band pattern profile was irrespective of the dose and the period of infection as well as the Trichinella species investigated. In conclusion, monitoring in swine farms for Trichinella antibodies should be based on screening pig sera by means of ELISA followed by confirmatory testing through WB analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nöckler
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany.
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