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Jing R, Heft-Neal S, Chavas DR, Griswold M, Wang Z, Clark-Ginsberg A, Guha-Sapir D, Bendavid E, Wagner Z. Global population profile of tropical cyclone exposure from 2002 to 2019. Nature 2024; 626:549-554. [PMID: 38122822 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Tropical cyclones have far-reaching impacts on livelihoods and population health that often persist years after the event1-4. Characterizing the demographic and socioeconomic profile and the vulnerabilities of exposed populations is essential to assess health and other risks associated with future tropical cyclone events5. Estimates of exposure to tropical cyclones are often regional rather than global6 and do not consider population vulnerabilities7. Here we combine spatially resolved annual demographic estimates with tropical cyclone wind fields estimates to construct a global profile of the populations exposed to tropical cyclones between 2002 and 2019. We find that approximately 560 million people are exposed yearly and that the number of people exposed has increased across all cyclone intensities over the study period. The age distribution of those exposed has shifted away from children (less than 5 years old) and towards older people (more than 60 years old) in recent years compared with the early 2000s. Populations exposed to tropical cyclones are more socioeconomically deprived than those unexposed within the same country, and this relationship is more pronounced for people exposed to higher-intensity storms. By characterizing the patterns and vulnerabilities of exposed populations, our results can help identify mitigation strategies and assess the global burden and future risks of tropical cyclones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renzhi Jing
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sam Heft-Neal
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel R Chavas
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Debarati Guha-Sapir
- Institute of Health and Society, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eran Bendavid
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Health Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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2
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Shannon G, Basu P, Peters LER, Clark-Ginsberg A, Herrera Delgado TM, Gope R, Guanilo M, Kelman I, Noelli L, Meriläinen E, Riley K, Wood C, Prost A. Think global, act local: using a translocal approach to understand community-based organisations' responses to planetary health crises during COVID-19. Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e850-e858. [PMID: 37821163 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Little is known on how community-based responses to planetary health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, can integrate concerns about livelihoods, equity, health, wellbeing, and the environment. We used a translocal learning approach to co-develop insights on community-based responses to complex health and environmental and economic crises with leaders from five organisations working with communities at the front line of intersecting planetary health challenges in Finland, India, Kenya, Peru, and the USA. Translocal learning supports collective knowledge production across different localities in ways that value local perspectives but transcend national boundaries. There were three main findings from the translocal learning process. First, thanks to their proximity to the communities they served, community-based organisations (CBOs) can quickly identify the ways in which COVID-19 might worsen existing social and health inequities. Second, localised CBO actions are key to supporting communities with unique challenges in the face of systemic planetary health crises. Third, CBOs can develop rights-based, ecologically-minded actions responding to local priorities and mobilising available resources. Our findings show how solutions to planetary health might come from small-scale community initiatives that are well connected within and across contexts. Locally-focused globally-aware actions should be harnessed through greater recognition, funding, and networking opportunities. Globally, planetary health initiatives should be supported by applying the principles of subsidiarity and translocalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geordan Shannon
- Institute for Global Health. University College London, London, UK; Stema, London, UK.
| | | | - Laura E R Peters
- Institute for Global Health. University College London, London, UK; College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ilan Kelman
- Institute for Global Health. University College London, London, UK; Institute for Global Development and Social Planning, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | | | - Eija Meriläinen
- Institute for Global Health. University College London, London, UK; School of Humanities, Education and Social Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Centre for Corporate Responsibility, Hanken School of Economics, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Audrey Prost
- Institute for Global Health. University College London, London, UK
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Clark-Ginsberg A, Blake JS, Patel KV. Hybrid governance and disaster management in Freetown, Sierra Leone, Monrovia, Liberia, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Disasters 2022; 46:450-472. [PMID: 32896926 DOI: 10.1111/disa.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces a hybrid governance-referring to situations where state and non-state actors collectively provide key services-perspective to disaster management. It contends that hybridity is often the norm rather than the exception in disaster management, particularly in developing countries where the state is frequently weak and may be unable or unwilling to supply essential services. In these instances, risks are addressed by state and non-state entities, ranging from citizens and non-governmental organisations to customary authorities. Given their important role in risk reduction, the disruption of hybrid processes by attempting to bring them within the remit of the state may create rather than diminish risk. To make this argument, the paper first outlines the key tenants of hybridity and their applicability to disasters before illustrating hybridity through three case studies of hybrid risk management in three cities in Africa: Freetown, Sierra Leone; Monrovia, Liberia; and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karishma V Patel
- PhD Candidate, Pardee RAND Graduate School, and Assistant Policy Researcher, RAND Corporation, United States
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Clark-Ginsberg A, Easton-Calabria LC, Patel SS, Balagna J, Payne LA. When disaster management agencies create disaster risk: a case study of the US's Federal Emergency Management Agency. Disaster Prev Manag 2021; 30:447-461. [PMID: 34824491 PMCID: PMC8612464 DOI: 10.1108/dpm-03-2021-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Disaster management agencies are mandated to reduce risk for the populations that they serve. Yet, inequities in how they function may result in their activities creating disaster risk, particularly for already vulnerable and marginalized populations. In this article, how disaster management agencies create disaster risk for vulnerable and marginalized groups is examined, seeking to show the ways existing policies affect communities, and provide recommendations on policy and future research. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH The authors undertook a systematic review of the US disaster management agency, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), examining its programs through a lens of equity to understand how they shape disaster risk. FINDINGS Despite a growing commitment to equity within FEMA, procedural, distributive, and contextual inequities result in interventions that perpetuate and amplify disaster risk for vulnerable and marginalized populations. Some of these inequities could be remediated by shifting toward a more bottom-up approach to disaster management, such as community-based disaster risk reduction approaches. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Disaster management agencies and other organizations can use the results of this study to better understand how to devise interventions in ways that limit risk creation for vulnerable populations, including through community-based approaches. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This study is the first to examine disaster risk creation from an organizational perspective, and the first to focus explicitly on how disaster management agencies can shape risk creation. This helps understand the linkages between disaster risk creation, equity and organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sonny S. Patel
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 655 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jay Balagna
- RAND Corporation, 1200 S Hayes St, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
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Peters L, Shannon G, Kelman I, Meriläinen E, Scobie M, Clark-Ginsberg A, Myhre S. Toward resourcefulness: Pathways for community positive health. Eur J Public Health 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab164.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Communities play a central role in strengthening their health, but conventional community health promotion often adopts paternalistic and top-down approaches. Conversely, agentic approaches are critiqued for tasking marginalized communities to create change without opportunities. Taking into consideration these shortcomings, we ask how communities may be most effectively and appropriately supported in their pursuit of health. We review community health literature to articulate how community health is understood, moving from negative to positive conceptions; determined, moving from a risk-factor orientation to social determination; and promoted, moving from conventional to agentic approaches. We develop the concept of resourcefulness as a pathway to strengthen positive health, and explore how this approach may be applied in diverse communities through fieldwork in Kenya, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, and the US. Through resourcefulness-based approaches to community health, communities cultivate agency to 1) conceptualize what constitutes their health and assets and 2) pursue and sustain health agendas driven by local priorities, needs, and learning, while they also work to 3) change power imbalances that drive inequitable patterns of resource distribution and 4) nurture ecologically sound relationships with their local environment. We discuss how resourcefulness addresses tensions between resource use and sustainability, and how communities leverage partnerships for change. We make practical suggestions to apply resourcefulness as a process-based, place-based, and relational strategy, while recognizing that contexts and scale matter and limit the viability of community-based solutions.
Key messages
Resourcefulness-based strategies can forge new pathways to sustainable and self-sustaining community positive health. Resourcefulness builds on agentic approaches, but it also challenges inequitable power relations and environmental practices that degrade local capacities for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Peters
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, UK
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
| | - G Shannon
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - I Kelman
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, UK
- University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - E Meriläinen
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK
- Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, UK
| | - M Scobie
- Institute of International Relations, The University of the West Indies - St. Augustine, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | | | - S Myhre
- Division of Health Services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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6
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Patel SS, McCaul B, Cáceres G, Peters LER, Patel RB, Clark-Ginsberg A. Delivering the Promise of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Contexts (FCAC): A Case Study of the NGO GOAL's Response to the Syria Conflict. Prog Disaster Sci 2021; 10:100172. [PMID: 34095807 PMCID: PMC8171268 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdisas.2021.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) has helped to reduce global disaster risk, but there has been a lack of progress in disaster risk reduction (DRR) for people living in fragile and conflict affected contexts (FCAC). Given the mounting evidence that DRR cannot be implemented through conventional approaches in FCAC, serious efforts must be made to understand how to meet SFDRR's goals. This paper offers a case study of international non-governmental organization GOAL's programming that responds to the protracted crisis in Syria, with critical discussion on SFDRR and how to adapt humanitarian relief and disaster resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonny S Patel
- Harvard Humanitarian Initiative,14 Story Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Bernard McCaul
- GOAL, Carnegie House, Library Road, Dun Laoghaire, Co. Dublin, A96C7W7, Ireland
| | - Gabriela Cáceres
- GOAL, Carnegie House, Library Road, Dun Laoghaire, Co. Dublin, A96C7W7, Ireland
| | - Laura E R Peters
- Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, and Institute for Global Health, University College London, London WC1E6BT, UK
- College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ronak B Patel
- Harvard Humanitarian Initiative,14 Story Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Clark-Ginsberg A, McCaul B, Bremaud I, Caceres G, Mpanje D, Patel SS, Patel RB. Practitioner Approaches to Measuring Community Resilience: The Analysis of the Resilience of Communities to Disasters Toolkit. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2020; 50:101714. [PMID: 32724761 PMCID: PMC7386397 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To be useful for operational programs, measures of resilience must not just be valid, but be easy to use and useful. Unfortunately, while resilience measurement techniques have progressed tremendously over the past decade, most progress has been on improving validity rather than utility and ease of use. In this article we present a new tool for measuring community resilience that incorporates issues of utility and ease of use, the Analysis of Resilience of Communities to Disasters (ARC-D) toolkit. The toolkit was developed over the course of ten years by the international humanitarian and development organization GOAL to enable aid organizations to measure community resilience in a way that supports resilience building interventions. It offers an approach to measurement that is cognizant of the resilience policy landscape, including the Sendai Framework, approaches to data collection and measurement uses relevant to aid agencies. We first present the core tenants of community resilience measurement before describing the toolkit, which consists of 30 measures, a guidebook, and an online platform. To illustrate its use, we a case study of a resilience building program in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. By developing one of the first resilience toolkits focused beyond validity and providing a description of how such an assessment works, this article has implications for resilience researchers and practitioners.
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Clark-Ginsberg A, Rueda IA, Monken J, Liu J, Chen H. Maintaining critical infrastructure resilience to natural hazards during the COVID-19 pandemic: hurricane preparations by US energy companies. J Infrastruct Preserv Resil 2020; 1:10. [PMID: 34778806 PMCID: PMC7407442 DOI: 10.1186/s43065-020-00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to compromise the ability of critical infrastructure utilities to respond to or mitigate natural hazards like wildfires and hurricanes. This article describes the ways that an energy organization, the regional transmission operator PJM, is preparing for hurricanes during the COVID-19 pandemic. PJM is using a combination of technological and organizational processes to prepare for hurricanes during the pandemic. Activities include the development of a third control room to increase redundancy and maintaining social distance at control center, investment in more resilient communications technology to maintain connectivity, and taking a holistic approach to identifying issues related to supply chain and fuel security. With this mix of organizational and technological processes, we argue that critical infrastructure resilience should be understood as a sociotechnical construct and identify several recommendations for improving resilience. The article has implications for policymakers working to maintain infrastructure resilience to natural hazards during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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