1
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Chapoval SP, Gao H, Fanaroff R, Keegan AD. Plexin B1 controls Treg numbers, limits allergic airway inflammation, and regulates mucins. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1297354. [PMID: 38259471 PMCID: PMC10801081 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1297354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of global Plexin B1 deficiency on allergic airway responses to house dust mite (HDM) or ovalbumin (OVA). In the HDM model, there were higher Th2 cytokine levels in the BALF of Plexin B1 knock-out (KO) mice compared to wild type (WT), and tissue inflammation and mucus production were modestly enhanced. In the OVA model, Plexin B1 deficiency led to increases in lung inflammation, mucus production, and lung Th2 cytokines accompanied by dysregulated mucin gene expression without affecting anti-OVA IgE/IgG1 levels. Spleen cells from Plexin B1 KO mice proliferated more robustly than WT cells in vitro to a variety of stimuli. Plexin B1 KO CD4+ T cells from spleens expressed higher levels of Ki-67 and CD69 compared to WT cells. Spleen cells from naïve Plexin B1 KO mice secreted increased amounts of IL-4 and IL-6 when pulsed in vitro with OVA whereas in vivo OVA-primed spleen cells produced IL-4/IL-5 when subjected to in vitro OVA restimulation. The upregulated allergic inflammatory response in Plexin B1 KO mice was associated with a lower number of Tregs in the lung tissues. Moreover, these mice displayed lower numbers of Treg cells in the lymphoid tissues at the baseline. These results demonstrate a previously unrecognized link between Plexin B1, Treg cells, and mucus in allergic lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana P. Chapoval
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Program in Oncology at the Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hongjuan Gao
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rachel Fanaroff
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Program in Oncology at the Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Veteran Affairs (VA) Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore Veteran Affairs (VA) Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
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2
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Vlk AM, Prantner D, Shirey KA, Perkins DJ, Buzza MS, Thumbigere-Math V, Keegan AD, Vogel SN. M2a macrophages facilitate resolution of chemically-induced colitis in TLR4-SNP mice. mBio 2023; 14:e0120823. [PMID: 37768050 PMCID: PMC10653841 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01208-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, impacts millions of individuals worldwide and severely impairs the quality of life for patients. Dysregulation of innate immune signaling pathways reduces barrier function and exacerbates disease progression. Macrophage (Mφ) signaling pathways are potential targets for IBD therapies. While multiple treatments are available for IBD, (i) not all patients respond, (ii) responses may diminish over time, and (iii) treatments often have undesirable side effects. Genetic studies have shown that the inheritance of two co-segregating SNPs expressed in the innate immune receptor, TLR4, is associated with human IBD. Mice expressing homologous SNPs ("TLR4-SNP" mice) exhibited more severe colitis than WT mice in a DSS-induced colonic inflammation/repair model. We identified a critical role for M2a "tissue repair" Mφ in the resolution of colitis. Our findings provide insight into potential development of novel therapies targeting Mφ signaling pathways that aim to alleviate the debilitating symptoms experienced by individuals with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Vlk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Prantner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Darren J. Perkins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marguerite S. Buzza
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivek Thumbigere-Math
- Division of Periodontics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- University of Maryland Marlene & Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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Gopalakrishnan A, Joseph J, Shirey KA, Keegan AD, Boukhvalova MS, Vogel SN, Blanco JCG. Protection against influenza-induced Acute Lung Injury (ALI) by enhanced induction of M2a macrophages: possible role of PPARγ/RXR ligands in IL-4-induced M2a macrophage differentiation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968336. [PMID: 36052067 PMCID: PMC9424652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many respiratory viruses cause lung damage that may evolve into acute lung injury (ALI), a cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and ultimately, death. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) family of transcription factors, regulates transcription by forming heterodimers with another NHR family member, Retinoid X Receptor (RXR). Each component of the heterodimer binds specific ligands that modify transcriptional capacity of the entire heterodimer by recruiting different co-activators/co-repressors. However, the role of PPARγ/RXR ligands in the context of influenza infection is not well understood. PPARγ is associated with macrophage differentiation to an anti-inflammatory M2 state. We show that mice lacking the IL-4Rα receptor, required for M2a macrophage differentiation, are more susceptible to mouse-adapted influenza (A/PR/8/34; "PR8")-induced lethality. Mice lacking Ptgs2, that encodes COX-2, a key proinflammatory M1 macrophage mediator, are more resistant. Blocking the receptor for COX-2-induced Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was also protective. Treatment with pioglitazone (PGZ), a PPARγ ligand, increased survival from PR8 infection, decreased M1 macrophage gene expression, and increased PPARγ mRNA in lungs. Conversely, conditional knockout mice expressing PPARγ-deficient macrophages were significantly more sensitive to PR8-induced lethality. These findings were extended in cotton rats: PGZ blunted lung inflammation and M1 cytokine gene expression after challenge with non-adapted human influenza. To study mechanisms by which PPARγ/RXR transcription factors induce canonical M2a genes, WT mouse macrophages were treated with IL-4 in the absence or presence of rosiglitazone (RGZ; PPARγ ligand), LG100754 (LG; RXR ligand), or both. IL-4 dose-dependently induced M2a genes Arg1, Mrc1, Chil3, and Retnla. Treatment of macrophages with IL-4 and RGZ and/or LG differentially affected induction of Arg1 and Mrc1 vs. Chil3 and Retnla gene expression. In PPARγ-deficient macrophages, IL-4 alone failed to induce Arg1 and Mrc1 gene expression; however, concurrent treatment with LG or RGZ + LG enhanced IL-4-induced Arg1 and Mrc1 expression, but to a lower level than in WT macrophages, findings confirmed in the murine alveolar macrophage cell line, MH-S. These findings support a model in which PPARγ/RXR heterodimers control IL-4-induced M2a differentiation, and suggest that PPARγ/RXR agonists should be considered as important tools for clinical intervention against influenza-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John Joseph
- Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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4
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Fink MY, Qi X, Shirey KA, Fanaroff R, Chapoval S, Viscardi RM, Vogel SN, Keegan AD. Mice Expressing Cosegregating Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (D298G and N397I) in TLR4 Have Enhanced Responses to House Dust Mite Allergen. J Immunol 2022; 208:2085-2097. [PMID: 35396219 PMCID: PMC9176710 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common and ubiquitous chronic respiratory disease that is associated with airway inflammation and hyperreactivity resulting in airway obstruction. It is now accepted that asthma is controlled by a combination of host genetics and environment in a rather complex fashion; however, the link between sensing of the environment and development and exacerbation of allergic lung inflammation is unclear. Human populations expressing cosegregating D299G and T399I polymorphisms in the TLR4 gene are associated with a decreased risk for asthma in adults along with hyporesponsiveness to inhaled LPS, the TLR4 ligand. However, these data do not account for other human genetic or environmental factors. Using a novel mouse strain that expresses homologous human TLR4 polymorphisms (TLR4-single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP]), we directly tested the effect of these TLR4 polymorphisms on in vivo responses to allergens using two models of induction. We report that intact TLR4 is required for allergic inflammation when using the OVA and LPS model of induction, as cellular and pathological benchmarks were diminished in both TLR4-SNP and TLR4-deficent mice. However, in the more clinically relevant model using house dust mite extract for induction, responses were enhanced in the TLR4-SNP mice, as evidenced by greater levels of eosinophilic inflammation, Th2 cytokine production, and house dust mite-specific IgG1 production compared with wild-type mice; however, mucus production and airway hyperreactivity were not affected. These results suggest that the TLR4 polymorphic variants (genes) interact differently with the allergic stimulation (environment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Y Fink
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Xiulan Qi
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rachel Fanaroff
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Svetlana Chapoval
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rose M Viscardi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; and
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Achsah D Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD
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5
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel type b coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. With over 224 million confirmed infections with this virus and more than 4.6 million people dead because of it, it is critically important to define the immunological processes occurring in the human response to this virus and pathogenetic mechanisms of its deadly manifestation. This perspective focuses on the contribution of the recently discovered interaction of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein with neuropilin 1 (NRP1) receptor, NRP1 as a virus entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, its role in different physiologic and pathologic conditions, and the potential to target the Spike-NRP1 interaction to combat virus infectivity and severe disease manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana P Chapoval
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Program in Oncology at the Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- SemaPlex LLC, Ellicott City, MD, USA.
| | - Achsah D Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Program in Oncology at the Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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6
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Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a four-α-helical bundle type I cytokine with broad pleiotropic actions on multiple lineages. Major actions of IL-4 were initially discovered for B and T cells, but this cytokine acts on more than a dozen different target cells spanning the innate and adaptive immune systems and is produced by multiple different cellular sources. While IL-4 was discovered just under 40 years ago in 1982, the interest in and discoveries related to this cytokine continue to markedly expand. There are important new advances related to its biological actions and to its mechanisms of signaling, including critical genes and downstream targets in a range of cell types. IL-4 is critical not only for careful control of immunoglobulin production but also related to inflammation, fibrosis, allergic reactions, and antitumor activity, with actions of IL-4 occurring through two different types of receptors, one of which is also used by IL-13, a closely related cytokine with partially overlapping actions. In this review, we cover critical older information but also highlight newer advances. An area of evolving interest relates to the therapeutic blockade of IL-4 signaling pathway to treat atopic dermatitis and asthma. Thus, this cytokine is historically important, and research in this area has both elucidated major biological pathways and led to therapeutic advances for diseases that affect millions of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achsah D Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
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7
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Nakahara M, Ito H, Skinner JT, Lin Q, Tamosiuniene R, Nicolls MR, Keegan AD, Johns RA, Yamaji-Kegan K. The inflammatory role of dysregulated IRS2 in pulmonary vascular remodeling under hypoxic conditions. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L416-L428. [PMID: 34189964 PMCID: PMC8410109 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00068.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a devastating disease characterized by progressive elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance, right ventricular failure, and ultimately death. We have shown previously that insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2), a molecule highly critical to insulin resistance and metabolism, has an anti-inflammatory role in Th2-skewed lung inflammation and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that IRS2 has an immunomodulatory role in human and experimental PH. Expression analysis showed that IRS2 was significantly decreased in the pulmonary vasculature of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and in rat models of PH. In mice, genetic ablation of IRS2 enhanced the hypoxia-induced signaling pathway of Akt and Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) in the lung tissue and increased pulmonary vascular muscularization, proliferation, and perivascular macrophage recruitment. Furthermore, mice with homozygous IRS2 gene deletion showed a significant gene dosage-dependent increase in pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular hypertrophy in response to hypoxia. Functional studies with bone marrow-derived macrophages isolated from homozygous IRS2 gene-deleted mice showed that hypoxia exposure led to enhancement of the Akt and ERK signaling pathway followed by increases in the pro-PH macrophage activation markers, vascular endothelial growth factor-A and arginase 1. Our data suggest that IRS2 contributes to anti-inflammatory effects by regulating macrophage activation and recruitment, which may limit the vascular inflammation, remodeling, and right ventricular hypertrophy that are seen in PH pathology. Restoring the IRS2 pathway may be an effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of PH and right heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Nakahara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Homare Ito
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John T Skinner
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rasa Tamosiuniene
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Mark R Nicolls
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Achsah D Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Roger A Johns
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kazuyo Yamaji-Kegan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
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8
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Gao H, Qi X, Jackson W, Keegan AD. The complex allergen house dust mite (HDM) dramatically increases the abundance of the autophagy cargo adapter SQSTM1/p62 in macrophages and suppresses Torin 1-induced degradative autophagy. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.147.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential homeostatic process involving degradation of intracellular components, including soluble proteins, aggregated proteins, organelles, macromolecular complexes and foreign bodies. Several components of the autophagy pathway have been linked to allergic asthma and macrophage phenotypes, however the contribution of autophagy to these processes is unclear. We previously showed that house dust mite (HDM) increased the number of fluorescent foci (autophagosomes) in bone-marrow derived macrophages (BMM) in a manner similar to the autophagy inducer Torin 1. Further, electron microscopy revealed an increase in double membraned vesicles in response to HDM and Torin 1. While Torin induced a specific increase in lipidated LC3, treatment with HDM caused equal increases in both non-lipidated and lipidated LC3. Torin 1 stimulated autophagic degradation as measured by reduction of SQSTM1/p62. In contrast, SQSTM1/p62 levels increased dramatically in response to HDM. The increase was blocked by actinomycin D and cycloheximide indicating that new gene transcription and protein synthesis is required for the HDM-induced effect. HDM-stimulated increase in SQSTM1/p62 was also observed in alveolar macrophages treated in vitro. An increase in SQSTM1/p62 is often interpreted as a block in autophagic degradation. Indeed, we observed that in the presence of HDM, Torin 1 treatment did not lead to the loss of SQSTM1/p62 below baseline; however, the protein did not accumulate to the high level observed in the HDM-alone treatment group. Our results suggest that HDM engages autophagy machinery at multiple points, both inducing expression of SQSTM1/p62 and suppressing its degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiulan Qi
- 1University of Maryland, School of Medicine
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9
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Abstract
We previously reported that neuroimmune semaphorin (Sema) 4A regulates the severity of experimental allergic asthma and increases regulatory T (Treg) cell numbers in vivo; however, the mechanisms of Sema4A action remain unknown. It was also reported that Sema4A controls murine Treg cell function and survival acting through neuropilin 1 (NRP-1) receptor. To clarify Sema4A action on human T cells, we employed T cell lines (HuT78 and HuT102), human PBMCs, and CD4+ T cells in phenotypic and functional assays. We found that HuT78 demonstrated a T effector-like phenotype (CD4+CD25lowFoxp3-), whereas HuT102 expressed a Treg-like phenotype (CD4+CD25hi Foxp3+). Neither cell line expressed NRP-1. HuT102 cells expressed Sema4A counter receptor Plexin B1, whereas HuT78 cells were Sema4A+. All human peripheral blood CD4+ T cells, including Treg cells, expressed PlexinB1 and lacked both NRP-1 and -2. However, NRP-1 and Sema4A were detected on CD3negativeCD4intermediate human monocytes. Culture of HuT cells with soluble Sema4A led to an upregulation of CD25 and Foxp3 markers on HuT102 cells. Addition of Sema4A increased the relative numbers of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells in PBMCs and CD4+ T cells, which were NRP-1negative but PlexinB1+, suggesting the role of this receptor in Treg cell stability. The inclusion of anti-PlexinB1 blocking Ab in cultures before recombinant Sema4A addition significantly decreased Treg cell numbers as compared with cultures with recombinant Sema4A alone. Sema4A was as effective as TGF-β in inducible Treg cell induction from CD4+CD25depleted cells but did not enhance Treg cell suppressive activity in vitro. These results suggest strategies for the development of new Sema4A-based therapeutic measures to combat allergic inflammatory diseases. ImmunoHorizons, 2019, 3: 71-87.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana P Chapoval
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Program in Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Molly Hritzo
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Xiulan Qi
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Luca Tamagnone
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, Piedmont Foundation for Cancer Research, Institute of Hospitalization and Scientific Care, University of Torino Medical School, Turin, Italy 10060; and
| | - Amit Golding
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Achsah D Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201;
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Program in Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
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10
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Roberts NB, Alqazzaz A, Hwang JR, Qi X, Keegan AD, Kim AJ, Winkles JA, Woodworth GF. Oxaliplatin disrupts pathological features of glioma cells and associated macrophages independent of apoptosis induction. J Neurooncol 2018; 140:497-507. [PMID: 30132163 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2979-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging evidence suggests that effective treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), the most common and deadly form of adult primary brain cancer, will likely require concurrent treatment of multiple aspects of tumor pathobiology to overcome tumor heterogeneity and the complex tumor-supporting microenvironment. Recent studies in non-central nervous system (CNS) tumor cells have demonstrated that oxaliplatin (OXA) can induce multi-faceted anti-tumor effects, in particular at drug concentrations below those required to induce apoptosis. These findings motivated re-investigation of OXA for the treatment of GBM. METHODS The effects of OXA on murine KR158 and GL261 glioma cells including cell growth, cell death, inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) activity, O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) expression, and immunogenic cell death (ICD) initiation, were evaluated by cytotoxicity assays, Western blot analysis, STAT3-luciferase reporter assays, qRT-PCR assays, and flow cytometry. Chemical inhibitors of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were used to investigate the contribution of this cell damage response to the observed OXA effects. The effect of OXA on bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) exposed to glioma conditioned media (GCM) was also analyzed by Western blot analysis. RESULTS We identified the OXA concentration threshold for induction of apoptosis and from this determined the drug dose and treatment period for sub-cytotoxic treatments of glioma cells. Under these experimental conditions, OXA reduced STAT3 activity, reduced MGMT levels and increased temozolomide sensitivity. In addition, there was evidence of immunogenic cell death (elevated EIF2α phosphorylation and calreticulin exposure) following prolonged OXA treatment. Notably, inhibition of ER stress reversed the OXA-mediated inhibition of STAT3 activity and MGMT expression in the tumor cells. In BMDMs exposed to GCM, OXA also reduced levels of phosphorylated STAT3 and decreased expression of Arginase 1, an enzyme known to contribute to pro-tumor functions in the tumor-immune environment. CONCLUSIONS OXA can induce notable multi-faceted biological effects in glioma cells and BMDMs at relatively low drug concentrations. These findings may have significant therapeutic relevance against GBM and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan B Roberts
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Aymen Alqazzaz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jacqueline R Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Xiulan Qi
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Achsah D Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Research and Development Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Anthony J Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Winkles
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Graeme F Woodworth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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11
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Clark SM, Song C, Li X, Keegan AD, Tonelli LH. CD8 + T cells promote cytokine responses to stress. Cytokine 2018; 113:256-264. [PMID: 30033139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress is known to have profound effects on immune function and to promote inflammatory conditions. Elevated circulating levels of cytokines associated with stress are known to increase the risk to several diseases, but little is known about this mechanism. This study assessed the role of T cells on cytokine levels after exposure to stress in the learned helplessness paradigm. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells into Rag2-/- mice did not change cytokine levels to stress while CD8+ T cells resulted in an increase in TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ in stressed Rag2-/- mice. Moreover, depletion of CD8+ T cells in WT mice abolished these cytokine responses to stress. Corticosterone and behavioral stress responsiveness was impaired in Rag2-/- mice reconstituted with CD8+ T cells. Notably, depletion of these cells in WT mice had no effect on behavior or corticosterone levels. Exposure to stress did not change the expression of canonical markers of T cell activation including CD62L and CD44 or modified intracellular cytokine content, suggesting that they are not the main producers of circulating cytokines in response to stress. These results show that CD8+ T cells promote TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ responses to stress, possibly by stimulating non-lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Clark
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chang Song
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Achsah D Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leonardo H Tonelli
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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12
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Keegan AD, Zamorano J, Keselman A, Heller NM. IL-4 and IL-13 Receptor Signaling From 4PS to Insulin Receptor Substrate 2: There and Back Again, a Historical View. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1037. [PMID: 29868002 PMCID: PMC5962649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this historical perspective, written in honor of Dr. William E. Paul, we describe the initial discovery of one of the dominant substrates for tyrosine phosphorylation stimulated by IL-4. We further describe how this “IL-4-induced phosphorylated substrate” (4PS) was characterized as a member of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) family of large adaptor proteins that link IL-4 and insulin receptors to activation of the phosphatidyl-inositol 3′ kinase pathway as well as other downstream signaling pathways. The relative contribution of the 4PS/IRS pathway to the early models of IL-4-induced proliferation and suppression of apoptosis are compared to our more recent understanding of the complex interplay between positive and negative regulatory pathways emanating from members of the IRS family that impact allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achsah D Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jose Zamorano
- Unidad Investigacion, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario, Caceres, Spain
| | - Aleksander Keselman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicola M Heller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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13
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Song C, Nicholson JD, Clark SM, Li X, Keegan AD, Tonelli LH. Expansion of brain T cells in homeostatic conditions in lymphopenic Rag2(-/-) mice. Brain Behav Immun 2016; 57:161-172. [PMID: 27013354 PMCID: PMC5010944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of the brain as an immune privileged organ is rapidly evolving in light of new findings outlining the sophisticated relationship between the central nervous and the immune systems. The role of T cells in brain development and function, as well as modulation of behavior has been demonstrated by an increasing number of studies. Moreover, recent studies have redefined the existence of a brain lymphatic system and the presence of T cells in specific brain structures, such as the meninges and choroid plexus. Nevertheless, much information is needed to further the understanding of brain T cells and their relationship with the central nervous system under non-inflammatory conditions. In the present study we employed the Rag2(-/-) mouse model of lymphocyte deficiency and reconstitution by adoptive transfer to study the temporal and anatomical expansion of T cells in the brain under homeostatic conditions. Lymphopenic Rag2(-/-) mice were reconstituted with 10 million lymphoid cells and studied at one, two and four weeks after transfer. Moreover, lymphoid cells and purified CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from transgenic GFP expressing mice were used to define the neuroanatomical localization of transferred cells. T cell numbers were very low in the brain of reconstituted mice up to one week after transfer and significantly increased by 2weeks, reaching wild type values at 4weeks after transfer. CD4(+) T cells were the most abundant lymphocyte subtype found in the brain followed by CD8(+) T cells and lastly B cells. Furthermore, proliferation studies showed that CD4(+) T cells expand more rapidly than CD8(+) T cells. Lymphoid cells localize abundantly in meningeal structures, choroid plexus, and circumventricular organs. Lymphocytes were also found in vascular and perivascular spaces and in the brain parenchyma across several regions of the brain, in particular in structures rich in white matter content. These results provide proof of concept that the brain meningeal system, as well as vascular and perivascular spaces, are homing sites of lymphocytes and suggest the possibility of a brain specific T cell subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Song
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - James D. Nicholson
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sarah M. Clark
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD
| | - Xin Li
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Achsah D Keegan
- Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD,Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Leonardo H. Tonelli
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD,Corresponding author: Leonardo H. Tonelli, PhD, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF Building Room 934 C, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, , Telephone: 410-706-2325
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14
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Dasgupta P, Dorsey NJ, Li J, Qi X, Smith EP, Yamaji-Kegan K, Keegan AD. The adaptor protein insulin receptor substrate 2 inhibits alternative macrophage activation and allergic lung inflammation. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra63. [PMID: 27330190 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aad6724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) is an adaptor protein that becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated in response to the cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13, which results in activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway. IL-4 and IL-13 contribute to allergic lung inflammation. To examine the role of IRS2 in allergic disease, we evaluated the responses of IRS2-deficient (IRS2(-/-)) mice. Unexpectedly, loss of IRS2 resulted in a substantial increase in the expression of a subset of genes associated with the generation of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) in response to IL-4 or IL-13 in vitro. AAMs secrete factors that enhance allergic responses and promote airway remodeling. Moreover, compared to IRS2(+/+) mice, IRS2(+/-) and IRS2(-/-) mice developed enhanced pulmonary inflammation, accumulated eosinophils and AAMs, and exhibited airway and vascular remodeling upon allergen stimulation, responses that partially depended on macrophage-intrinsic IRS2 signaling. Both in unstimulated and IL-4-stimulated macrophages, lack of IRS2 enhanced phosphorylation of Akt and ribosomal S6 protein. Thus, we identified a critical inhibitory loop downstream of IRS2, demonstrating an unanticipated and previously unrecognized role for IRS2 in suppressing allergic lung inflammation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeta Dasgupta
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 West Baltimore Street Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Nicolas J Dorsey
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 West Baltimore Street Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Xiulan Qi
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 West Baltimore Street Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Smith
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 West Baltimore Street Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kazuyo Yamaji-Kegan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Achsah D Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 West Baltimore Street Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Research and Development Service, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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15
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Keegan AD, Shirey KA, Bagdure D, Blanco J, Viscardi RM, Vogel SN. Enhanced allergic responsiveness after early childhood infection with respiratory viruses: Are long-lived alternatively activated macrophages the missing link? Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw047. [PMID: 27178560 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood infection with respiratory viruses, including human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza, is associated with an increased risk of allergic asthma and severe exacerbation of ongoing disease. Despite the long recognition of this relationship, the mechanism linking viral infection and later susceptibility to allergic lung inflammation is still poorly understood. We discuss the literature and provide new evidence demonstrating that these viruses induce the alternative activation of macrophages. Alternatively activated macrophages (AAM) induced by RSV or influenza infection persisted in the lungs of mice up to 90 days after initial viral infection. Several studies suggest that AAM contribute to allergic inflammatory responses, although their mechanism of action is unclear. In this commentary, we propose that virus-induced AAM provide a link between viral infection and enhanced responses to inhaled allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achsah D Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Rm 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Rm 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dayanand Bagdure
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 29 South Greene St., Suite 1000, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jorge Blanco
- Department of Research and Development, Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc., 9650 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Rose M Viscardi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 29 South Greene St., Suite 1000, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore St., Rm 380, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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16
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Palaniyandi S, Liu X, Periasamy S, Ma A, Tang J, Jenkins M, Tuo W, Song W, Keegan AD, Conrad DH, Zhu X. Inhibition of CD23-mediated IgE transcytosis suppresses the initiation and development of allergic airway inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1262-74. [PMID: 25783969 PMCID: PMC4575230 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The epithelial lining of the airway tract and allergen-specific IgE are considered essential controllers of inflammatory responses to allergens. The human low affinity IgE receptor, CD23 (FcɛRII), is capable of transporting IgE or IgE-allergen complexes across the polarized human airway epithelial cell (AEC) monolayer in vitro. However, it remains unknown whether the CD23-dependent IgE transfer pathway in AECs initiates and facilitates allergic inflammation in vivo, and whether inhibition of this pathway attenuates allergic inflammation. To this end, we show that in wild-type (WT) mice, epithelial CD23 transcytosed both IgE and ovalbumin (OVA)-IgE complexes across the airway epithelial barrier, whereas neither type of transcytosis was observed in CD23 knockout (KO) mice. In chimeric mice, OVA sensitization and aerosol challenge of WT/WT (bone-marrow transfer from the WT to WT) or CD23KO/WT (CD23KO to WT) chimeric mice, which express CD23 on radioresistant airway structural cells (mainly epithelial cells) resulted in airway eosinophilia, including collagen deposition and a significant increase in goblet cells, and increased airway hyperreactivity. In contrast, the absence of CD23 expression on airway structural or epithelial cells, but not on hematopoietic cells, in WT/CD23KO (the WT to CD23KO) chimeric mice significantly reduced OVA-driven allergic airway inflammation. In addition, inhalation of the CD23-blocking B3B4 antibody in sensitized WT mice before or during airway challenge suppressed the salient features of asthma, including bronchial hyperreactivity. Taken together, these results identify a previously unproven mechanism in which epithelial CD23 plays a central role in the development of allergic inflammation. Further, our study suggests that functional inhibition of CD23 in the airway is a potential therapeutic approach to inhibit the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Palaniyandi
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA,Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sivakumar Periasamy
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Aiying Ma
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Mark Jenkins
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Wenbin Tuo
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Wenxia Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA,Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Daniel H. Conrad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA,Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Xiaoping Zhu, VA-MD Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, 8075 Greenmead Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA, Telephone: (301)314-6814; Fax: (301)314-6855,
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17
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Clark SM, Sand J, Francis TC, Nagaraju A, Michael KC, Keegan AD, Kusnecov A, Gould TD, Tonelli LH. Immune status influences fear and anxiety responses in mice after acute stress exposure. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 38:192-201. [PMID: 24524915 PMCID: PMC3989422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant evidence suggests that exposure to traumatic and/or acute stress in both mice and humans results in compromised immune function that in turn may affect associated brain processes. Additionally, recent studies in mouse models of immune deficiency have suggested that adaptive immunity may play a role during traumatic stress exposure and that impairments in lymphocyte function may contribute to increased susceptibility to various psychogenic stressors. However, rodent studies on the relationship between maladaptive stress responses and lymphocyte deficiency have been complicated by the fact that genetic manipulations in these models may also result in changes in CNS function due to the expression of targeted genes in tissues other than lymphocytes, including the brain. To address these issues we utilized mice with a deletion of recombination-activating gene 2 (Rag2), which has no confirmed expression in the CNS; thus, its loss should result in the absence of mature lymphocytes without altering CNS function directly. Stress responsiveness of immune deficient Rag2(-/-) mice on a BALB/c background was evaluated in three different paradigms: predator odor exposure (POE), fear conditioning (FC) and learned helplessness (LH). These models are often used to study different aspects of stress responsiveness after the exposure to an acute stressor. In addition, immunoblot analysis was used to assess hippocampal BDNF expression under both stressed and non-stressed conditions. Subsequent to POE, Rag2(-/-) mice exhibited a reduced acoustic startle response compared to BALB/c mice; no significant differences in behavior were observed in either FC or LH. Furthermore, analysis of hippocampal BDNF indicated that Rag2(-/-) mice have elevated levels of the mature form of BDNF compared to BALB/c mice. Results from our studies suggest that the absence of mature lymphocytes is associated with increased resilience to stress exposure in the POE and does not affect behavioral responses in the FC and LH paradigms. These findings indicate that lymphocytes play a specific role in stress responsiveness dependent upon the type, nature and intensity of the stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Clark
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joseph Sand
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - T. Chase Francis
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Anitha Nagaraju
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kerry C. Michael
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Todd D. Gould
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD
| | - Leonardo H. Tonelli
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,Research and Development Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD,Corresponding author: Leonardo H. Tonelli, PhD, Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroimmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine. Research & Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, 685 West Baltimore Street, MSTF Building Room 934 C, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, , , Tel: 410-706-2325
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18
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Mogie G, Shanks K, Nkyimbeng-Takwi EH, Smith E, Davila E, Lipsky MM, DeTolla LJ, Keegan AD, Chapoval SP. Neuroimmune semaphorin 4A as a drug and drug target for asthma. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:568-75. [PMID: 23994348 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimmune semaphorin 4A (Sema4A) has been shown to play an important costimulatory role in T cell activation and regulation of Th1-mediated diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM). Sema4A has three functional receptors, Tim-2 expressed on CD4+ T cells, Th2 cells in particular, and Plexin B1 and D1 predominantly expressed on epithelial and endothelial cells, correspondingly. We recently showed that Sema4A has a complex expression pattern in lung tissue in a mouse model of asthma. We and others have shown that corresponding Plexin expression can be found on immune cells as well. Moreover, we demonstrated that Sema4A-deficient mice displayed significantly higher lung local and systemic allergic responses pointing to its critical regulatory role in the disease. To determine the utility of Sema4A as a novel immunotherapeutic, we introduced recombinant Sema4A protein to the allergen-sensitized WT and Sema4A(-/-) mice before allergen challenge. We observed significant reductions in the allergic inflammatory lung response in Sema4A-treated mice as judged by tissue inflammation including eosinophilia and mucus production. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in vivo administration of anti-Tim2 Ab led to a substantial upregulation of allergic inflammation in WT mouse lungs. These data highlight the potential to develop Sema4A as a new therapeutic for allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mogie
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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19
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Dasgupta P, Qi X, Smith EP, Keegan AD. Absence of the common gamma chain (γ(c)), a critical component of the Type I IL-4 receptor, increases the severity of allergic lung inflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71344. [PMID: 23940740 PMCID: PMC3734063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The TH2 cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, play critical roles in inducing allergic lung inflammation and drive the alternative activation of macrophages (AAM). Although both cytokines share receptor subunits, IL-4 and IL-13 have differential roles in asthma pathogenesis: IL-4 regulates TH2 cell differentiation, while IL-13 regulates airway hyperreactivity and mucus production. Aside from controlling TH2 differentiation, the unique contribution of IL-4 signaling via the Type I receptor in airway inflammation remains unclear. Therefore, we analyzed responses in mice deficient in gamma c (γc) to elucidate the role of the Type I IL-4 receptor. OVA primed CD4+ OT-II T cells were adoptively transferred into RAG2−/− and γc−/− mice and allergic lung disease was induced. Both γc−/− and γcxRAG2−/− mice developed increased pulmonary inflammation and eosinophilia upon OVA challenge, compared to RAG2−/− mice. Characteristic AAM proteins FIZZ1 and YM1 were expressed in lung epithelial cells in both mouse strains, but greater numbers of FIZZ1+ or YM1+ airways were present in γc−/− mice. Absence of γc in macrophages, however, resulted in reduced YM1 expression. We observed higher TH2 cytokine levels in the BAL and an altered DC phenotype in the γc−/− recipient mice suggesting the potential for dysregulated T cell and dendritic cell (DC) activation in the γc-deficient environment. These results demonstrate that in absence of the Type I IL-4R, the Type II R can mediate allergic responses in the presence of TH2 effectors. However, the Type I R regulates AAM protein expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeta Dasgupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xiulan Qi
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth P. Smith
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Shanks K, Nkyimbeng-Takwi EH, Smith E, Lipsky MM, DeTolla LJ, Scott DW, Keegan AD, Chapoval SP. Neuroimmune semaphorin 4D is necessary for optimal lung allergic inflammation. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:480-7. [PMID: 23911404 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimmune semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) was found to be expressed and function in the nervous and immune systems. In the immune system, Sema4D is constitutively expressed on T cells and regulates T cell priming. In addition, it displays a stimulatory function on macrophages, DC, NK cells, and neutrophils. As all these cells are deeply involved in asthma pathology, we hypothesized that Sema4D plays a critical non-redundant regulatory role in allergic airway response. To test our hypothesis, we exposed Sema4D(-/-) and WT mice to OVA injections and challenges in the well-defined mouse model of OVA-induced experimental asthma. We observed a significant decrease in eosinophilic airway infiltration in allergen-treated Sema4D(-/-) mice relative to WT mice. This reduced allergic inflammatory response was associated with decreased BAL IL-5, IL-13, TGFβ1, IL-6, and IL-17A levels. In addition, T cell proliferation in OVA₃₂₃₋₃₃₉-restimulated Sema4D(-/-) cell cultures was downregulated. We also found increased Treg numbers in spleens of Sema4D(-/-) mice. However, airway hyperreactivity (AHR) to methacholine challenges was not affected by Sema4D deficiency in either acute or chronic experimental disease setting. Surprisingly, lung DC number and activation were not affected by Sema4D deficiency. These data provide a new insight into Sema4D biology and define Sema4D as an important regulator of Th2-driven lung pathophysiology and as a potential target for a combinatory disease immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shanks
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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21
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Dorsey NJ, Chapoval SP, Smith EP, Skupsky J, Scott DW, Keegan AD. STAT6 controls the number of regulatory T cells in vivo, thereby regulating allergic lung inflammation. J Immunol 2013; 191:1517-28. [PMID: 23825312 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
STAT6 plays a central role in IL-4-mediated allergic responses. Several studies indicate that regulatory T cells (Tregs) can be modulated by IL-4 in vitro. We previously showed that STAT6(-/-) mice are highly resistant to allergic lung inflammation even when wild-type Th2 effectors were provided and that they have increased numbers of Tregs. However, the role of STAT6 in modulating Tregs in vivo during allergic lung inflammation has not been thoroughly investigated. To examine Treg and STAT6 interaction during allergic inflammation, STAT6(-/-), STAT6xRAG2(-/-), and RAG2(-/-) mice were subjected to OVA sensitization and challenge following adoptive transfer of OVA-specific, wild-type Th2 effectors with or without prior Treg depletion/inactivation, using anti-CD25 (PC61). As expected, STAT6(-/-) mice were highly resistant to airway inflammation and remodeling. In contrast, allergic lung inflammation was partially restored in STAT6(-/-) mice treated with PC61 to levels observed in STAT6xRAG2(-/-) mice. In some cases, STAT6xRAG2(-/-) mice were also given natural Tregs along with Th2 effectors. Adoptive transfer of natural Tregs caused a substantial reduction in bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophil composition and suppressed airway remodeling and T cell migration into the lung in STAT6xRAG2(-/-) mice to levels comparable to those in STAT6(-/-) mice. These results demonstrate the STAT6-dependent suppression of Tregs in vivo to promote allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J Dorsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Rajaiah R, Perkins DJ, Polumuri SK, Zhao A, Keegan AD, Vogel SN. Dissociation of endotoxin tolerance and differentiation of alternatively activated macrophages. J Immunol 2013; 190:4763-72. [PMID: 23543762 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxin tolerance is a complex phenomenon characterized primarily by decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators, whereas the expression of other genes are induced or unchanged. Endotoxin tolerance is induced by prior exposure of murine macrophages/human monocytes, experimental animals, or people to TLR ligands. Although recent studies reported a possible relationship between endotoxin tolerance and differentiation of alternatively activated macrophages (AA-MΦs or M2), we show in this study that LPS pretreatment of IL-4Rα(-/-) and STAT6(-/-) macrophages, which fail to develop into AA-MΦs, resulted in tolerance of proinflammatory cytokines, as well as molecules and chemokines previously associated with AA-MΦs (e.g., arginase-1, mannose receptor, CCL2, CCL17, and CCL22). In contrast to LPS, wild-type (WT) MΦs pretreated with IL-4, the prototype inducer of AA-MΦs, did not induce endotoxin tolerance with respect to proinflammatory cytokines, AA-MΦ-associated chemokines, negative regulators, NF-κB binding and subunit composition, and MAPKs; conversely, IL-13(-/-) macrophages were tolerized equivalently to WT MΦs by LPS pretreatment. Further, IL-4Rα deficiency did not affect the reversal of endotoxin tolerance exerted by the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. Like WT mice, 100% of LPS-tolerized IL-4Rα-deficient mice survived LPS + d-galactosamine-induced lethal toxicity and exhibited decreased serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and AA-MΦ-associated chemokines induced by LPS challenge compared with nontolerized mice. These data indicate that the signaling pathways leading to endotoxin tolerance and differentiation of AA-MΦs are dissociable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Yang Z, Grinchuk V, Urban JF, Bohl J, Sun R, Notari L, Yan S, Ramalingam T, Keegan AD, Wynn TA, Shea-Donohue T, Zhao A. Macrophages as IL-25/IL-33-responsive cells play an important role in the induction of type 2 immunity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59441. [PMID: 23536877 PMCID: PMC3607614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 immunity is essential for host protection against nematode infection but is detrimental in allergic inflammation or asthma. There is a major research focus on the effector molecules and specific cell types involved in the initiation of type 2 immunity. Recent work has implicated an important role of epithelial-derived cytokines, IL-25 and IL-33, acting on innate immune cells that are believed to be the initial sources of type 2 cytokines IL-4/IL-5/IL-13. The identities of the cell types that mediate the effects of IL-25/IL-33, however, remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrate that macrophages as IL-25/IL-33-responsive cells play an important role in inducing type 2 immunity using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. Macrophages produced type 2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 in response to the stimulation of IL-25/IL-33 in vitro, or were the IL-13-producing cells in mice administrated with exogenous IL-33 or infected with Heligmosomoides bakeri. In addition, IL-33 induced alternative activation of macrophages primarily through autocrine IL-13 activating the IL-4Rα-STAT6 pathway. Moreover, depletion of macrophages attenuated the IL-25/IL-33-induced type 2 immunity in mice, while adoptive transfer of IL-33-activated macrophages into mice with a chronic Heligmosomoides bakeri infection induced worm expulsion accompanied by a potent type 2 protective immune response. Thus, macrophages represent a unique population of the innate immune cells pivotal to type 2 immunity and a potential therapeutic target in controlling type 2 immunity-mediated inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghan Yang
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Viktoriya Grinchuk
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joseph F. Urban
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Bohl
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rex Sun
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Luigi Notari
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shu Yan
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thirumalai Ramalingam
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Wynn
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Terez Shea-Donohue
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aiping Zhao
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Biology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Abstract
Cytokines are small, secreted proteins that control immune responses. Within the lung, they can control host responses to injuries or infection, resulting in clearance of the insult, repair of lung tissue, and return to homeostasis. Problems can arise when this response is over exuberant and/or cytokine production becomes dysregulated. In such cases, chronic and repeated inflammatory reactions and cytokine production can be established, leading to airway remodeling and fibrosis with unintended, maladaptive consequences. In this report, we describe the cytokines and molecular mechanisms behind the pathology observed in three major chronic diseases of the lung: asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis. Overlapping mechanisms are presented as potential sites for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei P Atamas
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21201 USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD 21201 USA ; Baltimore VA Medical Center Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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25
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Heller NM, Qi X, Gesbert F, Keegan AD. The extracellular and transmembrane domains of the γC and interleukin (IL)-13 receptor α1 chains, not their cytoplasmic domains, dictate the nature of signaling responses to IL-4 and IL-13. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:31948-61. [PMID: 22829596 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.348896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that the γC subunit of type I IL-4 receptor was required for robust tyrosine phosphorylation of the downstream adapter protein, IRS-2, correlating with the expression of genes (ArgI, Retnla, and Chi3l3) characteristic of alternatively activated macrophages. We located an I4R-like motif (IRS-2 docking sequence) in the γC cytoplasmic domain but not in the IL-13Rα1. Thus, we predicted that the γC tail directed enhanced IRS-2 phosphorylation. To test this, IL-4 signaling responses were examined in a mutant of the key I4R motif tyrosine residue (Y325F) and different γC truncation mutants (γ285, γ308, γ318, γ323, and γFULL LENGTH (FL)) co-expressed in L-cells or CHO cells with wild-type (WT) IL-4Rα. Surprisingly, IRS-1 phosphorylation was not diminished in Y325F L-cell mutants suggesting Tyr-325 was not required for the robust insulin receptor substrate response. IRS-2, STAT6, and JAK3 phosphorylation was observed in CHO cells expressing γ323 and γFL but not in γ318 and γ285 mutants. In addition, when CHO cells expressed γ318, γ323, or γFL with IL-2Rβ, IL-2 induced phospho-STAT5 only in the γ323 and γFL clones. Our data suggest that a smaller (5 amino acid) interval than previously determined is necessary for JAK3 activation/γC-mediated signaling in response to IL-4 and IL-2. Chimeric receptor chains of the γC tail fused to the IL-13Rα1 extracellular and transmembrane domain did not elicit robust IRS-2 phosphorylation in response to IL-13 suggesting that the extracellular/transmembrane domains of the IL-4/IL-13 receptor, not the cytoplasmic domains, control signaling efficiency. Understanding this pathway fully will lead to rational drug design for allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Heller
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Luzina IG, Keegan AD, Heller NM, Rook GAW, Shea-Donohue T, Atamas SP. Regulation of inflammation by interleukin-4: a review of "alternatives". J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:753-64. [PMID: 22782966 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0412214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of IL-4 have revealed a wealth of information on the diverse roles of this cytokine in homeostatic regulation and disease pathogenesis. Recent data suggest that instead of simple linear regulatory pathways, IL-4 drives regulation that is full of alternatives. In addition to the well-known dichotomous regulation of Th cell differentiation by IL-4, this cytokine is engaged in several other alternative pathways. Its own production involves alternative mRNA splicing, yielding at least two functional isoforms: full-length IL-4, encoded by the IL-4 gene exons 1-4, and IL-4δ2, encoded by exons 1, 3, and 4. The functional effects of these two isoforms are in some ways similar but in other ways quite distinct. When binding to the surface of target cells, IL-4 may differentially engage two different types of receptors. By acting on macrophages, a cell type critically involved in inflammation, IL-4 induces the so-called alternative macrophage activation. In this review, recent advances in understanding these three IL-4-related branch points--alternative splicing of IL-4, differential receptor engagement by IL-4, and differential regulation of macrophage activation by IL-4--are summarized in light of their contributions to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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27
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Heller NM, Gwinn WM, Donnelly RP, Constant SL, Keegan AD. IL-4 engagement of the type I IL-4 receptor complex enhances mouse eosinophil migration to eotaxin-1 in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39673. [PMID: 22761864 PMCID: PMC3386270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that IL-4Rα expression on a myeloid cell type was responsible for enhancement of Th2-driven eosinophilic inflammation in a mouse model of allergic lung inflammation. Subsequently, we have shown that IL-4 signaling through type I IL-4 receptors on monocytes/macrophages strongly induced activation of the IRS-2 pathway and a subset of genes characteristic of alternatively activated macrophages. The direct effect(s) of IL-4 and IL-13 on mouse eosinophils are not clear. The goal of this study was determine the effect of IL-4 and IL-13 on mouse eosinophil function. Methods Standard Transwell chemotaxis assay was used to assay migration of mouse eosinophils and signal transduction was assessed by Western blotting. Results Here we determined that (i) mouse eosinophils express both type I and type II IL-4 receptors, (ii) in contrast to human eosinophils, mouse eosinophils do not chemotax to IL-4 or IL-13 although (iii) pre-treatment with IL-4 but not IL-13 enhanced migration to eotaxin-1. This IL-4-mediated enhancement was dependent on type I IL-4 receptor expression: γC-deficient eosinophils did not show enhancement of migratory capacity when pre-treated with IL-4. In addition, mouse eosinophils responded to IL-4 with the robust tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT6 and IRS-2, while IL-13-induced responses were considerably weaker. Conclusions The presence of IL-4 in combination with eotaxin-1 in the allergic inflammatory milieu could potentiate infiltration of eosinophils into the lungs. Therapies that block IL-4 and chemokine receptors on eosinophils might be more effective clinically in reducing eosinophilic lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M. Heller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - William M. Gwinn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Raymond P. Donnelly
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephanie L. Constant
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Dasgupta P, Keegan AD. Contribution of alternatively activated macrophages to allergic lung inflammation: a tale of mice and men. J Innate Immun 2012; 4:478-88. [PMID: 22440980 DOI: 10.1159/000336025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that macrophages play an active role in inflammatory responses began its development in the late 1800s with the now iconic studies by Elie Metchnikoff using starfish larvae and Daphnia [reviewed in Kaufmann SHE: Nat Immunol 2008;9:705-712 and Cavaillon JM: J Leukoc Biol 2011;90:413-424]. Based on his observation of the phagocyte response to a foreign body (rose thorn) and yeast, he proposed that phagocytes acted in host defense and were active participants in the inflammatory process. Flash forward more than 100 years and we find that these basic tenets hold true. However, it is now appreciated that macrophages come in many different flavors and can adopt a variety of nuanced phenotypes depending on the tissue environment in which the macrophage is found. In this brief review, we discuss the role of one type of macrophage termed the alternatively activated macrophage (AAM), also known as the M2 type of macrophage, in regulating allergic lung inflammation and asthma. Recent studies using mouse models of allergic lung inflammation and samples from human asthma patients contribute to the emerging concept that AAMs are not just bystanders of the interleukin (IL)-4- and IL-13-rich environment found in allergic asthma but are also active players in orchestrating allergic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeta Dasgupta
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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29
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Ford AQ, Dasgupta P, Mikhailenko I, Smith EMP, Noben-Trauth N, Keegan AD. Adoptive transfer of IL-4Rα+ macrophages is sufficient to enhance eosinophilic inflammation in a mouse model of allergic lung inflammation. BMC Immunol 2012; 13:6. [PMID: 22292924 PMCID: PMC3283450 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-13-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) chain has a broad expression pattern and participates in IL-4 and IL-13 signaling, allowing it to influence several pathological components of allergic lung inflammation. We previously reported that IL-4Rα expression on both bone marrow-derived and non-bone marrow-derived cells contributed to the severity of allergic lung inflammation. There was a correlation between the number of macrophages expressing the IL-4Rα, CD11b, and IA(d), and the degree of eosinophilia in ovalbumin challenged mice. The engagement of the IL-4Rα by IL-4 or IL-13 is able to stimulate the alternative activation of macrophages (AAM). The presence of AAM has been correlated with inflammatory responses to parasites and allergens. Therefore, we hypothesized that IL-4Rα⁺ AAM play an active role in allergic lung inflammation. To directly determine the role of AAM in allergic lung inflammation, M-CSF-dependent macrophages (BMM) were prepared from the bone-marrow of IL-4Rα positive and negative mice and transferred to IL-4RαxRAG2(-/-) mice. Wild type TH2 cells were provided exogenously. RESULTS Mice receiving IL-4Rα(+/+) BMM showed a marked increase in the recruitment of eosinophils to the lung after challenge with ovalbumin as compared to mice receiving IL-4Rα(-/-) BMM. As expected, the eosinophilic inflammation was dependent on the presence of TH2 cells. Furthermore, we observed an increase in cells expressing F4/80 and Mac3, and the AAM marker YM1/2 in the lungs of mice receiving IL-4Rα(+/+) BMM. The BAL fluid from these mice contained elevated levels of eotaxin-1, RANTES, and CCL2. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that transfer of IL-4Rα + macrophages is sufficient to enhance TH2-driven, allergic inflammation. They further show that stimulation of macrophages through IL-4Rα leads to their alternative activation and positive contribution to the TH2-driven allergic inflammatory response in the lung. Since an increase in AAM and their products has been observed in patients with asthma exacerbations, these results suggest that AAM may be targeted to alleviate exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Q Ford
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 800 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - Preeta Dasgupta
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 800 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - Irina Mikhailenko
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 800 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - Elizabeth MP Smith
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 800 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore MD 21201, USA
| | - Nancy Noben-Trauth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland College Park, Rockville MD 20892, USA
| | - Achsah D Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 800 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center and Dept of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21201, USA
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Dasgupta P, Chapoval SP, Smith EP, Keegan AD. Transfer of in vivo primed transgenic T cells supports allergic lung inflammation and FIZZ1 and Ym1 production in an IL-4Rα and STAT6 dependent manner. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:60. [PMID: 22014099 PMCID: PMC3212823 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CD4+ T helper type 2 (TH2) cells, their cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 and the transcription factor STAT6 are known to regulate various features of asthma including lung inflammation, mucus production and airway hyperreactivity and also drive alternative activation of macrophages (AAM). However, the precise roles played by the IL-4/IL-13 receptors and STAT6 in inducing AAM protein expression and modulating specific features of airway inflammation are still unclear. Since TH2 differentiation and activation plays a pivotal role in this disease, we explored the possibility of developing an asthma model in mice using T cells that were differentiated in vivo. Results In this study, we monitored the activation and proliferation status of adoptively transferred allergen-specific naïve or in vivo primed CD4+ T cells. We found that both the naïve and in vivo primed T cells expressed similar levels of CD44 and IL-4. However, in vivo primed T cells underwent reduced proliferation in a lymphopenic environment when compared to naïve T cells. We then used these in vivo generated effector T cells in an asthma model. Although there was reduced inflammation in mice lacking IL-4Rα or STAT6, significant amounts of eosinophils were still present in the BAL and lung tissue. Moreover, specific AAM proteins YM1 and FIZZ1 were expressed by epithelial cells, while macrophages expressed only YM1 in RAG2-/- mice. We further show that FIZZ1 and YM1 protein expression in the lung was completely dependent on signaling through the IL-4Rα and STAT6. Consistent with the enhanced inflammation and AAM protein expression, there was a significant increase in collagen deposition and smooth muscle thickening in RAG2-/- mice compared to mice deficient in IL-4Rα or STAT6. Conclusions These results establish that transfer of in vivo primed CD4+ T cells can induce allergic lung inflammation. Furthermore, while IL-4/IL-13 signaling through IL-4Rα and STAT6 is essential for AAM protein expression, lung inflammation and eosinophilia are only partially dependent on this pathway. Further studies are required to identify other proteins and signaling pathways involved in airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeta Dasgupta
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 800 W, Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Mathews JA, Ford J, Norton S, Kang D, Dellinger A, Gibb DR, Ford AQ, Massay H, Kepley CL, Scherle P, Keegan AD, Conrad DH. A potential new target for asthma therapy: a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10) involvement in murine experimental asthma. Allergy 2011; 66:1193-200. [PMID: 21557750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2011.02614.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of CD23, a natural regulator of IgE production, have been shown to decrease the signs of lung inflammation in mice. The aim of this study was to study the involvement of ADAM10, the primary CD23 sheddase, in experimental asthma. METHODS ADAM10 was blocked either by using mice with a B-cell-specific deletion of the protease or pharmacologically by intranasal administration of selective ADAM10 inhibitors. Airway hypersensitivity (AHR) and bronchoaveolar lavage fluid (BALF) eosinophilia and select BALF cytokine/chemokine levels were then determined. RESULTS Using an IgE and mast cell-dependent mouse model, B-cell-specific ADAM10(-/-) mice (C57B/6 background) exhibited decreased eosinophilia and AHR when compared with littermate (LM) controls. Treatment of C57B/6 mice with selective inhibitors of ADAM10 resulted in an even further decrease in BALF eosinophilia, as compared with the ADAM10(-/-) animals. Even in the Th2 selective strain, Balb/c, BALF eosinophilia was reduced from 60% to 23% respectively. In contrast, when an IgE/mast cell-independent model of lung inflammation was used, the B-cell ADAM10(-/-) animals and ADAM10 inhibitor treated animals had lung inflammation levels that were similar to the controls. CONCLUSIONS These results thus show that ADAM10 is important in the progression of IgE-dependent lung inflammation. The use of the inhibitor further suggested that ADAM10 was important for maintaining Th2 levels in the lung. These results thus suggest that decreasing ADAM10 activity could be beneficial in controlling asthma and possibly other IgE-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Mathews
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Yu M, Qi X, Moreno JL, Farber DL, Keegan AD. NF-κB signaling participates in both RANKL- and IL-4-induced macrophage fusion: receptor cross-talk leads to alterations in NF-κB pathways. J Immunol 2011; 187:1797-806. [PMID: 21734075 PMCID: PMC3150418 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
NF-κB activation is essential for receptor activator for NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation. IL-4 is known to inhibit the RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation while at the same time promoting macrophage fusion to form multinucleated giant cells (MNG). Several groups have proposed that IL-4 inhibition of osteoclastogenesis is mediated by suppressing the RANKL-induced activation of NF-κB. However, we found that IL-4 did not block proximal, canonical NF-κB signaling. Instead, we found that IL-4 inhibited alternative NF-κB signaling and induced p105/50 expression. Interestingly, in nfκb1(-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM), the formation of both multinucleated osteoclast and MNG induced by RANKL or IL-4, respectively, was impaired. This suggests that NF-κB signaling also plays an important role in IL-4-induced macrophage fusion. Indeed, we found that the RANKL-induced and IL-4-induced macrophage fusion were both inhibited by the NF-κB inhibitors IκB kinase 2 inhibitor and NF-κB essential modulator inhibitory peptide. Furthermore, overexpression of p50, p65, p52, and RelB individually in nfκb1(-/-) or nfκb1(+/+) BMM enhanced both giant osteoclast and MNG formation. Interestingly, knockdown of nfκb2 in wild-type BMM dramatically enhanced both osteoclast and MNG formation. In addition, both RANKL- and IL-4-induced macrophage fusion were impaired in NF-κB-inducing kinase(-/-) BMM. These results suggest IL-4 influences NF-κB pathways by increasing p105/p50 and suppressing RANKL-induced p52 translocation and that NF-κB pathways participate in both RANKL- and IL-4-induced giant cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Xiulan Qi
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Jose L. Moreno
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Food and Drug Administration, Besthesda, MD, 20014
| | - Donna L. Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Program in Oncology, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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Myneni SR, Settem RP, Connell TD, Keegan AD, Gaffen SL, Sharma A. TLR2 signaling and Th2 responses drive Tannerella forsythia-induced periodontal bone loss. J Immunol 2011; 187:501-9. [PMID: 21632710 PMCID: PMC3119786 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is a chronic inflammation of the tooth-supporting soft tissue and alveolar bone due to infection by a select group of gram-negative microbes, which leads to tooth loss if untreated. Because mice deficient in CD4(+) cells are resistant to infection-induced alveolar bone loss, Th cells have been implicated in bone-destructive processes during PD. However, the extent to which different Th cell subtypes play roles in pathogenesis or host protection remains to be defined and is likely to vary depending on the dominant microorganism involved. By far, Porphyromonas gingivalis is the best-studied periodontal microbe in PD. Although the gram-negative anaerobe Tannerella forsythia is also a vital contributor to periodontal bone loss, almost nothing is known about immune responses to this organism. Previous studies from our laboratory revealed that T. forsythia induces periodontal bone loss in mice and that this bone loss depends on the bacterially expressed BspA protein. In this study, we showed that T. forsythia activates murine APCs primarily through TLR2-dependent signaling via BspA. Furthermore, T. forsythia infection causes a pronounced Th2 bias, evidenced by T cell expression of IL-5, but not IFN-γ or IL-17, in draining lymph nodes. Consistently, deficiencies in TLR2 or STAT6 result in resistance to T. forsythia-induced alveolar bone loss. Thus, TLR2 signaling and Th2 cells play pathogenic roles in T. forsythia-induced alveolar bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas R. Myneni
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Rajendra P. Settem
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Terry D. Connell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
- The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Sarah L. Gaffen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Ashu Sharma
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214
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Abstract
Memory T cells are distinguished from naive T cells by their rapid production of effector cytokines, although mechanisms for this recall response remain undefined. In this study, we investigated transcriptional mechanisms for rapid IFN-γ production by Ag-specific memory CD4 T cells. In naive CD4 T cells, IFN-γ production only occurred after sustained Ag activation and was associated with high expression of the T-bet transcription factor required for Th1 differentiation and with T-bet binding to the IFN-γ promoter as assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. By contrast, immediate IFN-γ production by Ag-stimulated memory CD4 T cells occurred in the absence of significant nuclear T-bet expression or T-bet engagement on the IFN-γ promoter. We identified rapid induction of NF-κB transcriptional activity and increased engagement of NF-κB on the IFN-γ promoter at rapid times after TCR stimulation of memory compared with naive CD4 T cells. Moreover, pharmacologic inhibition of NF-κB activity or peptide-mediated inhibition of NF-κB p50 translocation abrogated early memory T cell signaling and TCR-mediated effector function. Our results reveal a molecular mechanism for memory T cell recall through enhanced NF-κB p50 activation and promoter engagement, with important implications for memory T cell modulation in vaccines, autoimmunity, and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Lai
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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35
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Smith EP, Shanks K, Lipsky MM, DeTolla LJ, Keegan AD, Chapoval SP. Expression of neuroimmune semaphorins 4A and 4D and their receptors in the lung is enhanced by allergen and vascular endothelial growth factor. BMC Immunol 2011; 12:30. [PMID: 21595947 PMCID: PMC3118960 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Semaphorins were originally identified as molecules regulating a functional activity of axons in the nervous system. Sema4A and Sema4D were the first semaphorins found to be expressed on immune cells and were termed "immune semaphorins". It is known that Sema4A and Sema4D bind Tim-2 and CD72 expressed on leukocytes and PlexinD1 and B1 present on non-immune cells. These neuroimmune semaphorins and their receptors have been shown to play critical roles in many physiological and pathological processes including neuronal development, immune response regulation, cancer, autoimmune, cardiovascular, renal, and infectious diseases. However, the expression and regulation of Sema4A, Sema4D, and their receptors in normal and allergic lungs is undefined. Results Allergen treatment and lung-specific vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression induced asthma-like pathologies in the murine lungs. These experimental models of allergic airway inflammation were used for the expression analysis of immune semaphorins and their receptors employing immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry techniques. We found that besides accessory-like cells, Sema4A was also detected on bronchial epithelial and smooth muscle cells, whereas Sema4D expression was high on immune cells such as T and B lymphocytes. Surprisingly, under inflammation various cell types including macrophages, lymphocytes, and granulocytes in the lung expressed Tim-2, a previously defined marker for Th2 cells. CD72 was found on lung immune, inflammatory, and epithelial cells. Bronchial epithelial cells were positive for both plexins, whereas some endothelial cells selectively expressed Plexin D1. Plexin B1 expression was also detected on lung DC. Both allergen and VEGF upregulated the expression of neuroimmune semaphorins and their receptors in the lung tissue. However, the lung tissue Sema4A-Tim2 expression was rather weak, whereas Sema4D-CD72 ligand-receptor pair was vastly upregulated by allergen. Soluble Sema4D protein was present in the lung lysates and a whole Sema4A protein plus its dimer were readily detected in the bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluids under inflammation. Conclusions This study clearly shows that neuroimmune semaphorins Sema4A and Sema4D and their receptors might serve as potential markers for the allergic airway inflammatory diseases. Our current findings pave the way for further investigations of the role of immune semaphorins in inflammation and their use as potential therapeutic targets for the inflammatory lung conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Smith
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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36
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Luzina IG, Lockatell V, Todd NW, Highsmith K, Keegan AD, Hasday JD, Atamas SP. Alternatively spliced variants of interleukin-4 promote inflammation differentially. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 89:763-70. [PMID: 21285395 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0510271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-4δ2 is a natural splice variant of IL-4 that lacks the region encoded by the second exon. Numerous reports have suggested that the expression levels of IL-4δ2 change in various diseases, especially those with pulmonary involvement, but the in vivo effects of this splice variant have never been studied. Replication-deficient, AdV-mediated gene delivery of mIL-4δ2 to mouse lungs in vivo was used, and the effects compared with similar adenoviral delivery of mIL-4 or with infection with a noncoding NULL viral construct. Overexpression of IL-4δ2 or IL-4 caused pulmonary infiltration by T and B lymphocytes, whereas in contrast to IL-4, IL-4δ2 did not induce eosinophilia or goblet cell hyperplasia. Microarray analysis of global gene expression revealed that IL-4δ2 and IL-4 had differential effects on gene expression. These splice variants also differentially regulated pulmonary levels of the cytokines TNF-α, eotaxin, IL-1α, IFN-γ, and MCP-1, whereas both tended to increase total lung collagen modestly. Pulmonary infiltration by lymphocytes in response to overexpression of IL-4δ2 was attenuated but not abrogated completely by germline deficiency of IL-4Rα or STAT6, whereas deficiency of endogenous IL-4 had no effect. Thus, IL-4δ2 promotes lymphocytic inflammation in vivo (although differentially from IL-4, in part), and the effects of IL-4δ2 are not mediated by endogenous IL-4. Differential targeting of IL-4δ2 and IL-4 may therefore be considered in developing future therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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37
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Chapoval SP, Dasgupta P, Smith EP, DeTolla LJ, Lipsky MM, Kelly-Welch AE, Keegan AD. STAT6 expression in multiple cell types mediates the cooperative development of allergic airway disease. J Immunol 2011; 186:2571-83. [PMID: 21242523 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Th2 cells induce asthma through the secretion of cytokines. Two such cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13, are critical mediators of many features of this disease. They both share a common receptor subunit, IL-4Rα, and signal through the STAT6 pathway. STAT6(-/-) mice have impaired Th2 differentiation and reduced airway response to allergen. Transferred Th2 cells were not able to elicit eosinophilia in response to OVA in STAT6(-/-) mice. To clarify the role of STAT6 in allergic airway inflammation, we generated mouse bone marrow (BM) chimeras. We observed little to no eosinophilia in OVA-treated STAT6(-/-) mice even when STAT6(+/+) BM or Th2 cells were provided. However, when Th2 cells were transferred to STAT6×Rag2(-/-) mice, we observed an eosinophilic response to OVA. Nevertheless, the expression of STAT6 on either BM-derived cells or lung resident cells enhanced the severity of OVA-induced eosinophilia. Moreover, when both the BM donor and recipient lacked lymphocytes, transferred Th2 cells were sufficient to induce the level of eosinophilia comparable with that of wild-type (WT) mice. The expression of STAT6 in BM-derived cells was more critical for the enhanced eosinophilic response. Furthermore, we found a significantly higher number of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells (regulatory T cells [Tregs]) in PBS- and OVA-treated STAT6(-/-) mouse lungs compared with that in WT animals suggesting that STAT6 limits both naturally occurring and Ag-induced Tregs. Tregs obtained from either WT or STAT6(-/-) mice were equally efficient in suppressing CD4(+) T cell proliferation in vitro. Taken together, our studies demonstrate multiple STAT6-dependent and -independent features of allergic inflammation, which may impact treatments targeting STAT6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana P Chapoval
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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38
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Luzina IG, Lockatell V, Todd NW, Keegan AD, Hasday JD, Atamas SP. Splice isoforms of human interleukin-4 are functionally active in mice in vivo. Immunology 2011; 132:385-93. [PMID: 21219317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) acts on cultured cells in a species-specific fashion, although several reports have suggested that human (h) IL-4 may be functionally active in rodents in vivo. The latter finding, if true, would not only offer possibilities for pre-clinical testing of novel hIL-4-targeting therapies in animals, but also suggests new opportunities for mechanistic studies of IL-4 and its receptors. Conventional IL-4 is encoded by four exons, whereas its poorly studied alternatively spliced isoform is encoded by exons 1, 3 and 4 (IL-4δ2). Replication-deficient adenovirus-mediated gene delivery of hIL-4 isoforms (hIL-4 or hIL-4δ2) to mouse lungs caused similar pulmonary infiltration of T and B lymphocytes, but not eosinophils. There were significant differences in the changes of pulmonary cytokine milieu induced by hIL-4 compared with hIL-4δ2, with hIL-4δ2 inducing higher levels of pro-inflammatory (tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-1, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1) and T helper type 1 (IL-12 and interferon-γ) cytokines. There was no elevation in endogenous mouse (m) IL-4 or mIL-4δ2 mRNAs, and germ-line deficiency of mIL-4 did not affect the degree of pulmonary infiltration. When combined with an ovalbumin model of asthma, hIL-4δ2 stimulated a greater accumulation of lymphocytes than did hIL-4. Pulmonary infiltration of lymphocytes induced by expression of hIL-4 or hIL-4δ2 was attenuated, but not completely abrogated, by germ-line deficiency of mIL-4Rα or murine signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, suggesting that these signalling molecules mediate the in vivo effects of hIL-4 isoforms in mice. These findings suggest that splice isoforms of human IL-4 are functionally active in vivo in mice, and partially share the effects of the corresponding species-specific isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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39
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Shirey KA, Pletneva LM, Puche AC, Keegan AD, Prince GA, Blanco JC, Vogel SN. Control of RSV-induced lung injury by alternatively activated macrophages is IL-4R alpha-, TLR4-, and IFN-beta-dependent. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3:291-300. [PMID: 20404812 PMCID: PMC2875872 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced bronchiolitis has been associated with a mixed "Th1" and "Th2" cytokine storm. We hypothesized that differentiation of "alternatively activated" macrophages (AA-M phi) would mediate the resolution of RSV-induced lung injury. RSV induced interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 by murine lung and peritoneal macrophages, IL-4R alpha/STAT6-dependent AA-M phi differentiation, and significantly enhanced inflammation in the lungs of IL-4R alpha(-/-) mice. Adoptive transfer of wildtype macrophages to IL-4R alpha(-/-) mice restored RSV-inducible AA-M phi phenotype and diminished lung pathology. RSV-infected Toll-like receptor (TLR)4(-/-) and interferon (IFN)-beta(-/-) macrophages and mice also failed to express AA-M phi markers, but exhibited sustained proinflammatory cytokine production (e.g., IL-12) in vitro and in vivo and epithelial damage in vivo. TLR4 signaling is required for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression, a DNA-binding protein that induces AA-M phi genes, whereas IFN-beta regulates IL-4, IL-13, IL-4R alpha, and IL-10 expression in response to RSV. RSV-infected cotton rats treated with a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor increased expression of lung AA-M phi. These data suggest new treatment strategies for RSV that promote AA-M phi differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Ann Shirey
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Baltimore, MD 21201; USA
| | | | - Adam C. Puche
- Dept. of Anatomy and Neurobiology; University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Baltimore, MD 21201; USA
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Baltimore, MD 21201; USA
| | | | | | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Dept. of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), Baltimore, MD 21201; USA
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40
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Porter HA, Keegan AD. Abstract 4014: Differential expression and activation of IRS1 and IRS2 in breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am10-4014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that IL-4 can protect various types of tumor cells from chemotherapeutic agents including breast cancer cells. There are two main signaling pathways activated by IL-4; the STAT6, signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway, that results in expression of IL-4-responsive genes and the IRS1/2 signaling pathway that influences cellular proliferation and survival. IL-4 can act directly on many tumor cell types to prevent apoptosis. The IL-4-induced activation of STAT6 has been shown to up-regulate anti-apoptotic proteins, cFlip and BcLxL, in cancer. IRS1/2 molecules link the IL-4R and IGF-1R to signaling pathways that regulate cellular proliferation and survival, and are therefore implicated in cancer progression. Recent studies showed that IRS2 regulates mammary tumor metastasis in a mouse model of breast cancer and that knocking out IRS2 rendered the tumor cells less invasive and more susceptible to apoptosis in response to growth factor withdrawal. IRS1 was not required for metastasis and was actually suggested to be a suppressor of metastasis in breast cancer and an enhancer of proliferation. IRS2 suppressed the function of IRS1 by strongly activating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and inducing the serine phosphorylation of IRS1. We have found that expression of IRS1, in contrast to IRS2, leads to enhanced sensitivity to chemotherapy-induced cell death in 32D cells. Furthermore, it has been shown that MCF7 cells are more sensitive to docetaxel-induced death as compared to MDA-MB-231 cells. We propose that sensitivity of breast cancer cells to chemotherapy is in part regulated by the relative abundance of IRS1 and IRS2 and their phosphorylation status. To begin to test this hypothesis, we cultured breast cancer cells lines in the presence or absence of IL-4 and evaluated the IRS pathways. We found that MCF7 cells highly expressed IRS1 with little IRS2 while MDA-MB-231 cells expressed relatively equal amounts of IRS1 and IRS2. In MCF7 cells IL-4 induced the potent tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS1 with very little tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS2. However, in MDA-MB-231 cells, IL-4 induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of both IRS1 and IRS2 equally. However, the level of IRS1 phosphorylation in MDA-MD-231 cells was less than that observed in MCF7 cells. Taken together with previous publications, these results suggest that the differential activation status of IRS1 and IRS2 in breast cancer can lead to differential metastatic and chemosensitivity phenotypes.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4014.
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Chapoval S, Dasgupta P, Dorsey NJ, Keegan AD. Regulation of the T helper cell type 2 (Th2)/T regulatory cell (Treg) balance by IL-4 and STAT6. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:1011-8. [PMID: 20335310 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1209772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of immune responses to pathogens, self-antigens, or environmental allergens, naive CD4(+) T cells differentiate into subsets of effector cells including Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells. The differentiation into these subsets is controlled by specific transcription factors. The activity of these effector cells is limited by nTregs and iTregs, whose differentiation and maintenance are dependent on the transcription factor Foxp3. The regulation of autoimmune diseases mediated by Th1 and Th17 cells by Tregs has been studied and reviewed extensively. However, much less has been presented about the interplay between Tregs and Th2 cells and their contribution to allergic disease. In this perspective, we discuss the regulation of Th2 cells by Tregs and vice versa, focusing on the interplay between the IL-4-activated STAT6/GATA3 pathway and Foxp3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Chapoval
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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42
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Yu M, Moreno JL, Stains JP, Keegan AD. Complex regulation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expression by interleukin 4 (IL-4): IL-4 indirectly suppresses receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-mediated TRAP expression but modestly induces its expression directly. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:32968-79. [PMID: 19801646 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.001016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 4 (IL-4) inhibits receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast formation and functional activity in a STAT6-dependent manner. IL-4 down-regulates expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in mature osteoclasts. To determine whether IL-4 regulates TRAP promoter activity, RAW264.7 cells were transfected with a TRAP promoter-luciferase reporter. Treatment with IL-4 alone modestly enhanced TRAP luciferase activity. However, IL-4 suppressed the ability of RANKL to up-regulate TRAP-luciferase activity, suggesting that IL-4 has multiple effects on TRAP transcription. IL-4 also reduced the RANKL-induced association of RNA polymerase II with the TRAP gene in osteoclasts. The TRAP promoter contains a STAT6-binding motif, and STAT6 bound to the endogenous TRAP promoter after IL-4 treatment. To determine the impact of STAT6 binding, we transfected cells with STAT6VT, a constitutively active STAT6 mutant. STAT6VT alone up-regulated TRAP-luciferase activity; this effect was abrogated by mutating the STAT6 binding site in the minimal TRAP promoter. STAT6VT did not inhibit the potent up-regulation of TRAP promoter activity caused by overexpression of NFATc1, PU.1, and microphthalmia transcription factor, downstream targets of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and RANKL. IL-4 down-regulated the expression of c-Fos and NFATc1 in mature osteoclasts. Knockdown of NFATc1 by short interfering RNA caused TRAP expression to be down-regulated, and ectopic expression of NFATc1 abrogated the IL-4-induced down-regulation of TRAP. These results suggest that STAT6 plays two distinct roles in TRAP expression. The IL-4-induced activation of STAT6 mediates suppression of the RANKL-induced TRAP promoter activity indirectly by inhibiting NFATc1 expression. However, in the absence of RANKL and osteoclast differentiation, STAT6 binds the TRAP promoter after IL-4 treatment and directly enhances TRAP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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43
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Ford AQ, Heller NM, Stephenson L, Boothby MR, Keegan AD. An atopy-associated polymorphism in the ectodomain of the IL-4R(alpha) chain (V50) regulates the persistence of STAT6 phosphorylation. J Immunol 2009; 183:1607-16. [PMID: 19592641 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several commonly occurring polymorphisms in the IL-4R(alpha) have been associated with atopy in humans; the Q576R and the S503P polymorphisms reside in the cytoplasmic domain, whereas the I50 to V50 polymorphism resides in the extracellular domain of the IL-4R(alpha). The effects of these polymorphisms on signaling remain controversial. To determine the effect of the polymorphisms on IL-4 signaling in human cells, we stably transfected the human monocytic cell line U937 with murine IL-4R(alpha) cDNA bearing the I or V at position 50 and the P503/R576 double mutant. Each form of the murine IL-4R(alpha) mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT6 in response to murine IL-4 treatment similar to the induction of tyrosine phosphorylation by human IL-4 signaling through the endogenous human IL-4R(alpha). After IL-4 removal, tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT6 rapidly decayed in cells expressing I50 or P503R576 murine IL-4Ralpha. In contrast, STAT6 remained significantly phosphorylated for several hours after murine IL-4 withdrawal in cells expressing the V50 polymorphism. This persistence in tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT6 was associated with persistence in CIS mRNA expression. Blocking IL-4 signaling during the decay phase using the JAK inhibitor AG490 or the anti-IL-4R(alpha) Ab M1 abrogated the persistence of phosphorylated STAT6 observed in the V50-IL-4R(alpha)-expressing cells. These results indicate that the V50 polymorphism promotes sustained STAT6 phosphorylation and that this process is mediated by continued engagement of IL-4R(alpha), suggesting enhanced responses of V50 IL-4R when IL-4 is limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Q Ford
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Disease, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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44
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Heller NM, Qi X, Junttila IS, Shirey KA, Vogel SN, Paul WE, Keegan AD. IRS-2 phosphorylation and association with p85 and Grb2 after engagement of type I IL-4 receptor (IL-4R). (38.2). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.38.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We previously showed that IL-4 elicited stronger tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-2 than IL-13. This IRS-2 phosphorylation difference was observed even at high concentrations of IL-13 and was due to the exclusive ability of IL-4 to bind to type I IL-4 Rs (IL-4Rα + γC). Furthermore, IL-4 but not IL-13, significantly augmented expression of a subset of alternatively-activated macrophage (AAM) genes, arginase I, found in inflammatory zone (FIZZ)1, and Ym1 in WT bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM). In this study, we further analyzed signaling differences between IL-4 and IL-13 downstream of the IRS-2 pathway. IL-4 stimulation resulted in enhanced association of the p85 subunit of PI-3' kinase with IRS-2 as compared to IL-13, while only IL-4 induced the association of Grb2 with IRS-2 in WT BMM. Since IRS-2 activation leads to PI-3' K activation, we investigated the effect of wortmannin on induction of the AAM genes. IL-4-induced expression of FIZZ1 was suppressed by wortmannin to the levels induced by IL-13. Arginase I and Ym1 expression was unaffected by wortmannin. These data suggest that the type I IL-4R can direct site-specific phosphorylation of IRS-2, resulting in enhanced recruitment of adaptor molecules and augmented expression of a subset of AAM genes. In addition, they suggest these genes are differentially affected by the IRS-2/PI-3' K pathway. (PHS AI38985)
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Heller
- 1Center for Vascular & Inflammatory Diseases and Greenebaum Cancer Center
- 2Microbiology & Immunology, Univ of Maryland SOM, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiulan Qi
- 1Center for Vascular & Inflammatory Diseases and Greenebaum Cancer Center
| | | | - Kari Ann Shirey
- 2Microbiology & Immunology, Univ of Maryland SOM, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- 2Microbiology & Immunology, Univ of Maryland SOM, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William E Paul
- 3Laboratory of Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Achsah D Keegan
- 1Center for Vascular & Inflammatory Diseases and Greenebaum Cancer Center
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45
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Ford AQ, Smith E, Noben-Trauth N, Keegan AD. Alternatively activated macrophages participate in the recruitment of eosinophils to the lung in a murine model of allergic lung inflammation (79.2). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.79.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) chain has a broad expression pattern and is involved in IL-4 and IL-13 signaling, allowing it to influence various pathological components of allergic lung inflammation. We've previously reported that IL-4Rα expression on both bone marrow derived and non-bone marrow derived cells contributes to the severity of allergic lung inflammation. We found a correlation between the expansion of cells expressing the IL-4Rα, CD11b, and IAd and the degree of eosinophilia in ovalbumin challenged mice, suggesting a possible role for monocytes in the development of disease. To determine the role of CD11b+ cells in allergic lung inflammation, CD11b cells were developed in vitro from IL-4Rα positive and negative mice and transferred to IL-4RαxRAG2 knockout mice; TH2 cells were provided exogenously. Mice receiving IL-4Rα+, CD11b+ cells showed a marked increase in the recruitment of eosinophils to the lung after challenge with ovalbumin as compared to mice receiving IL-4Rα-, CD11b+ cells. Furthermore, an increase in cells expressing the macrophage marker F4/80 and the alternatively activated macrophage marker Ym-1 were recruited to the lungs of mice receiving IL-4Rα+, CD11b+ cells. These results suggest that stimulation of macrophages through IL-4Rα leads to their alternative activation and participation in the recruitment of eosinophils to the lung. (PHS AI38985)
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Q. Ford
- 1Center for Vascular & Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Smith
- 1Center for Vascular & Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nancy Noben-Trauth
- 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland College Park, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- 1Center for Vascular & Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- 3Greenebaum Cancer Center and Dept of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Heller NM, Qi X, Junttila IS, Shirey KA, Vogel SN, Paul WE, Keegan AD. Type I IL-4Rs selectively activate IRS-2 to induce target gene expression in macrophages. Sci Signal 2008; 1:ra17. [PMID: 19109239 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.1164795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Although interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13 participate in allergic inflammation and share a receptor subunit (IL-4Ralpha), they have different functions. We compared cells expressing type I and II IL-4Rs with cells expressing only type II receptors for their responsiveness to these cytokines. IL-4 induced highly efficient, gammaC-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2), whereas IL-13 was less effective, even when phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) was maximal. Only type I receptor, gammaC-dependent signaling induced efficient association of IRS-2 with the p85 subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase or the adaptor protein growth factor receptor-bound protein 2. In addition, IL-4 signaling through type I IL-4Rs induced more robust expression of a subset of genes associated with alternatively activated macrophages than did IL-13. Thus, IL-4 activates signaling pathways through type I IL-4Rs qualitatively differently from IL-13, which cooperate to induce optimal gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Heller
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Shirey KA, Cole LE, Keegan AD, Vogel SN. Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain induces macrophage alternative activation as a survival mechanism. J Immunol 2008; 181:4159-67. [PMID: 18768873 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.4159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis (Ft), the causative agent of tularemia, elicits a potent inflammatory response early in infection, yet persists within host macrophages and can be lethal if left unchecked. We report in this study that Ft live vaccine strain (LVS) infection of murine macrophages induced TLR2-dependent expression of alternative activation markers that followed the appearance of classically activated markers. Intraperitoneal infection with Ft LVS also resulted in induction of alternatively activated macrophages (AA-Mphi). Induction of AA-Mphi by treatment of cells with rIL-4 or by infection with Ft LVS promoted replication of intracellular Ftn, in contrast to classically activated (IFN-gamma plus LPS) macrophages that promoted intracellular killing of Ft LVS. Ft LVS failed to induce alternative activation in IL-4Ralpha(-/-) or STAT6(-/-) macrophages and prolonged the classical inflammatory response in these cells, resulting in intracellular killing of Ft. Treatment of macrophages with anti-IL-4 and anti-IL-13 Ab blunted Ft-induced AA-Mphi differentiation and resulted in increased expression of IL-12 p70 and decreased bacterial replication. In vivo, Ft-infected IL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice exhibited increased survival compared with wild-type mice. Thus, redirection of macrophage differentiation by Ft LVS from a classical to an alternative activation state enables the organism to survive at the expense of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Smith E, Lipsky MM, DeTolla LJ, Elias JA, Keegan AD, Chapoval SP. 156 Lung immune semaphorins and their receptors. Cytokine 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.07.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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49
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Porter HA, Keegan AD. 16 IRS1 expression enhances the sensitivity of 32D cells to chemotherapy-induced cell death. Cytokine 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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