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Ehrhardt H, Lambe J, Moussa H, Vasileiou ES, Kalaitzidis G, Murphy OC, Filippatou AG, Pellegrini N, Douglas M, Davis S, Nagy N, Quiroga A, Hu C, Zambriczki Lee A, Duval A, Fitzgerald KC, Prince JL, Calabresi PA, Sotirchos ES, Bermel R, Saidha S. Effects of Ibudilast on Retinal Atrophy in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Subtypes: Post Hoc Analyses of the SPRINT-MS Trial. Neurology 2023; 101:e1014-e1024. [PMID: 37460235 PMCID: PMC10491449 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thinning, measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT), reflects global neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). Atrophy of the inner (INL) and outer nuclear layer (ONL) may also be prominent in progressive MS (PMS). The phase 2, SPRINT-MS trial found reduced brain atrophy with ibudilast therapy in PMS. In this post hoc analysis of the SPRINT-MS trial, we investigate (1) retinal atrophy (2) differences in response by subtype and (3) associations between OCT and MRI measures of neurodegeneration. METHODS In the multicenter, double-blind SPRINT-MS trial, participants with secondary progressive MS (SPMS) or primary progressive MS (PPMS) were randomized to ibudilast or placebo. OCT and MRI data were collected every 24 weeks for 96 weeks. Extensive OCT quality control and algorithmic segmentation produced consistent results across Cirrus HD-OCT and Spectralis devices. Primary endpoints were GCIPL, INL, and ONL atrophy, assessed by linear mixed-effects regression. Secondary endpoints were associations of OCT measures, brain parenchymal fraction, and cortical thickness, assessed by partial Pearson correlations. RESULTS One hundred thirty-four PPMS and 121 SPMS participants were included. GCIPL atrophy was 79% slower in the ibudilast (-0.07 ± 0.23 µm/y) vs placebo group (-0.32 ± 0.20 µm/y, p = 0.003). This effect predominated in the PPMS cohort (ibudilast: -0.08 ± 0.29 µm/y vs placebo: -0.60 ± 0.29 µm/y, a decrease of 87%, p < 0.001) and was not detected in the SPMS cohort (ibudilast: -0.21 ± 0.28 µm/y vs placebo: -0.14 ± 0.27 µm/y, p = 0.55). GCIPL, INL, and ONL atrophy rates correlated with whole brain atrophy rates across the cohort (r = 0.27, r = 0.26, and r = 0.20, respectively; p < 0.001). Power calculations from these data show future trials of similar size and design have ≥80% power to detect GCIPL atrophy effect sizes of approximately 40%. DISCUSSION Ibudilast treatment decreased GCIPL atrophy in PMS, driven by the PPMS cohort, with no effect seen in SPMS. Modulated atrophy of retinal layers may be detectable in sample sizes smaller than the SPRINT-MS trial and correlate with whole brain atrophy in PMS, further highlighting their utility as outcomes in PMS. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that ibudilast reduces composite ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer atrophy, without reduction of inner or outer nuclear layer atrophy, in patients with primary progressive MS but not those with secondary progressive MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Ehrhardt
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Jeffrey Lambe
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Hussein Moussa
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Eleni S Vasileiou
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Grigorios Kalaitzidis
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Olwen C Murphy
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Angeliki G Filippatou
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Nicole Pellegrini
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Morgan Douglas
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Simidele Davis
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Natalia Nagy
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Agustina Quiroga
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Chen Hu
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Alexandra Zambriczki Lee
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Anna Duval
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Kathryn C Fitzgerald
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Jerry L Prince
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Elias S Sotirchos
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Robert Bermel
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Shiv Saidha
- From the Department of Neurology (H.E., J.L., H.M., E.S.V., G.K., O.C.M., A.G.F., N.P., M.D., S.D., N.N., A.Q., C.H., A.Z.L., A.D., K.C.F., P.A.C., E.S.S., S.S.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (J.L.P.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; and Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis (R.B.), Cleveland Clinic, OH.
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Kalaitzidis G, Filippatou A, Fioravante N, Rothman A, Sotirchos ES, Vasileiou E, Ehrhardt H, Quiroga A, Pellegrini N, Murphy OC, Moussa H, Ladakis D, Lambe J, Fitzgerald KC, Solnes L, Venkatesan A, Calabresi PA, Saidha S, Probasco JC. Visual Pathway Involvement in NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: A Clinical, Optical Coherence Tomography, and 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT Approach. J Neuroophthalmol 2023; 43:220-226. [PMID: 36000788 PMCID: PMC9950287 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis patients have been reported to exhibit visual dysfunction without retinal thinning. The objective of our study was to examine the involvement of the visual pathway structure and function in anti-NMDAR encephalitis by assessing postrecovery visual function and retinal structure, and acute-phase occipital cortex function. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, patients diagnosed with anti-NMDAR encephalitis per consensus criteria underwent postrecovery visual acuity (VA) testing and optical coherence tomography (OCT) with automated retinal layer segmentation. Clinical data and acute-phase brain 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT (performed within 90 days of symptom onset, assessed qualitatively and semi-quantitatively) were retrospectively analyzed. VA and OCT measures were compared between anti-NMDAR and age, sex, and race-matched healthy controls (HC). When available, FDG-PET/CT metabolism patterns were analyzed for correlations with VA, and OCT measures. RESULTS A total of 16 anti-NMDAR (32 eyes) and 32 HC (64 eyes) were included in the study. Anti-NMDAR exhibited lower low-contrast VA (2.5% contrast: -4.4 letters [95% CI; -8.5 to -0.3]; P = 0.04, 1.25% contrast: -6.8 letters [95%CI; -12 to -1.7]; P = 0.01) compared with HC, but no differences were found on OCT-derived retinal layer thicknesses. Acute-phase FDG-PET/CT medial occipital cortex metabolism did not correlate with follow-up low-contrast VA or ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer thickness (GCIPL) (n = 7, 2.5% contrast: r = -0.31; P = 0.50, 1.25% contrast: r = -0.34; P = 0.45, GCIPL: r = -0.04; P = 0.94). CONCLUSIONS Although the visual system seems to be involved in anti-NMDAR encephalitis, no retinal structural or occipital cortex functional abnormalities seem to be responsible for the visual dysfunction. When detected acutely, occipital lobe hypometabolism in anti-NMDAR encephalitis does not seem to associate with subsequent retrograde trans-synaptic degenerative phenomena, potentially reflecting reversible neuronal/synaptic dysfunction in the acute phase of the illness rather than neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigorios Kalaitzidis
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Angeliki Filippatou
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicholas Fioravante
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alissa Rothman
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Elias S. Sotirchos
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eleni Vasileiou
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Henrik Ehrhardt
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Agustina Quiroga
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicole Pellegrini
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Olwen C. Murphy
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hussein Moussa
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Dimitrios Ladakis
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jeffrey Lambe
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kathryn C. Fitzgerald
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lilja Solnes
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Arun Venkatesan
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter A. Calabresi
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shiv Saidha
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John C. Probasco
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Division of Advanced Clinical Neurology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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