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Chaudhari PJ, Bari SB, Surana SJ, Shirkhedkar AA, Bonde CG, Khadse SC, Ugale VG, Nagar AA, Cheke RS. Discovery and Anticancer Activity of Novel 1,3,4-Thiadiazole- and Aziridine-Based Indolin-2-ones via In Silico Design Followed by Supramolecular Green Synthesis. ACS Omega 2022; 7:17270-17294. [PMID: 35647471 PMCID: PMC9134430 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Three crucial anticancer scaffolds, namely indolin-2-one, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, and aziridine, are explored to synthesize virtually screened target molecules based on the c-KIT kinase protein. The stem cell factor receptor c-KIT was selected as target because most U.S. FDA-approved receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors bearing the indolin-2-one scaffold profoundly inhibit c-KIT. Molecular hybrids of indolin-2-one with 1,3,4-thiadiazole (IIIa-m) and aziridine (VIa and VIc) were afforded through a modified Schiff base green synthesis using β-cyclodextrin-SO3H in water as a recyclable proton-donor catalyst. A computational study found that indolin-2,3-dione forms a supramolecular inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin-SO3H through noncovalent interactions. A molecular docking study of all the synthesized compounds was executed on the c-KIT kinase domain, and most compounds displayed binding affinities similar to that of Sunitinib. On the basis of the pharmacokinetic significance of the aryl thioether linkage in small molecules, 1,3,4-thiadiazole hybrids (IIIa-m) were extended to a new series of 3-((5-(phenylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)imino)indolin-2-ones (IVa-m) via thioetherification using bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)dichloride as the catalyst for C-S bond formation. Target compounds were tested against NCI-60 human cancer cell lines for a single-dose concentration. Among all three series of indolin-2-ones, the majority of compounds demonstrated broad-spectrum activity toward various cancer cell lines. Compounds IVc and VIc were further evaluated for a five-dose anticancer study. Compound IVc showed a potent activity of IC50 = 1.47 μM against a panel of breast cancer cell lines, whereas compound VIc exhibited the highest inhibition for a panel of colon cancer cell lines at IC50 = 1.40 μM. In silico ADME property descriptors of all the target molecules are in an acceptable range. Machine learning algorithms were used to examine the metabolites and phase I and II regioselectivities of compounds IVc and VIc, and the results suggested that these two compounds could be potential leads for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant J. Chaudhari
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
- . Tel: +91 954 578 09 64. Fax: +912563255189
| | - Sanjaykumar B. Bari
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. R. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Sanjay J. Surana
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Atul A. Shirkhedkar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Chandrakant G. Bonde
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Saurabh C. Khadse
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Vinod G. Ugale
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
- Bioprospecting
group, Agharkar Research Institute, G. G. Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411004, India
| | - Akhil A. Nagar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Dist-Dhule, Maharashtra 425405, India
| | - Rameshwar S. Cheke
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of
Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
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