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Aliyu GG, Lawton JG, Mitchell AB, Abimiku AG, Jelpe T, Bassey O, Riedel DJ, Swaminathan M, Chang JCW, DeVos JR, Patel H, Charurat ME, Stafford KA. Prevalence of HIV drug resistance in Nigeria: results from a cross-sectional, population-based survey of Nigerian adults with unsuppressed viral load. AIDS 2023; 37:333-339. [PMID: 36541644 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) surveillance is an important tool to monitor threats to progress towards epidemic control. The characterization of HIVDR in Nigeria at the national level is needed to inform both clinical decisions and population-level HIV policy strategies. This study uses data obtained from the Nigeria HIV/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey (NAIIS) to describe the prevalence and distribution of HIVDR in Nigeria. METHODS NAIIS was a cross-sectional, population-based survey of households throughout Nigeria in 2018. NAIIS was designed to provide estimates of HIV prevalence and related health indicators from a nationally representative sample. The study population included participants aged 15-64 years who tested positive for HIV, had a viral load at least 1000 copies/ml, and had available HIV drug resistance genotypes. HIV isolates were genotyped to detect drug resistance mutations. Individual characteristics of study participants associated with HIVDR were identified using a weighted multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS Of 1355 respondents with available HIV genotypes, 293 (19%) had evidence of drug-resistant mutations (DRMs) that conferred resistance to at least one antiretroviral drug. The majority of DRMs observed conferred resistance to NNRTIs (17.6%) and NRTIs (11.2%). HIVDR was associated with being ART-experienced, longer duration on ART, and lower CD4+ count but not sociodemographic characteristics. CONCLUSION The population level DRM prevalence in Nigeria was consistent with what would be expected in a mature HIV treatment landscape. The continued roll out of dolutegravir-anchored regimens should mitigate the impact of NNRTI resistance on population viral load suppression and progress towards epidemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gambo G Aliyu
- National Agency for the Control of AIDS, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Jonathan G Lawton
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew B Mitchell
- Center for International Health, Education, and Biosecurity, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alash'le G Abimiku
- Center for International Health, Education, and Biosecurity, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Institute of Human Virology-Nigeria
| | - Tapdiyel Jelpe
- Division of Global HIV & TB, Department of Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Orji Bassey
- Division of Global HIV & TB, Department of Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - David J Riedel
- Center for International Health, Education, and Biosecurity, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mahesh Swaminathan
- Division of Global HIV & TB, Department of Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Joy Chih-Wei Chang
- International Laboratories Branch, Department of Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joshua R DeVos
- International Laboratories Branch, Department of Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hetal Patel
- International Laboratories Branch, Department of Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Man E Charurat
- Center for International Health, Education, and Biosecurity, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristen A Stafford
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.,Center for International Health, Education, and Biosecurity, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abimiku AG, Croxton T, Ozumba PJ, Agala N, Balogun O, Jonathan E, Onyemata E, Ndifon K, Nadoma S, Anazodo T, Peters S, Beiswanger CM. Blueprint for building a biorepository in a resource-limited setting that follows international best practices. Afr J Lab Med 2019; 8:722. [PMID: 31534913 PMCID: PMC6739520 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v8i1.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic diversity is abundant on the African continent. However, genomic research has been hampered by a lack of high quality and extensively annotated biospecimens and the necessary infrastructure to support such a technology-intensive effort. OBJECTIVE The Institute of Human Virology Nigeria (IHVN) partnered with the H3Africa Consortium and the Coriell Institute for Medical Research to build an internationally recognised biorepository for the receipt, processing, storage and distribution of biospecimens for biomedical research. Here, the authors describe the procedures, challenges and results encountered. RESULTS Key requirements for a high-quality biorepository were identified: (1) institutional support of infrastructure and services, (2) on-site trained staff with primary commitment to the biorepository, (3) reliance on best practices from globally recognised biorepository groups, (4) early implementation of a quality management system, (5) adoption of a laboratory information management system with demonstrated versatility in functions, (6) collaboration with external experts and sharing of experience through abstracts, newsletters, published manuscripts, and attendance at meetings and workshops, (7) strict adherence to local and national ethical standards and (8) a sustainability plan that is reviewed and updated annually. CONCLUSION Utilising published best practices of globally recognised experts in the biorepository field as a benchmark, IHVN expanded and reorganised its existing laboratory facility and staff to take on this new purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alash'le G Abimiku
- Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Talishea Croxton
- Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | | | - Ndidi Agala
- Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | | | - Sunji Nadoma
- Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Sam Peters
- Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Christine M Beiswanger
- Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Camden, New Jersey, United States
- Independent contractor, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Zürcher K, Ballif M, Fenner L, Borrell S, Keller PM, Gnokoro J, Marcy O, Yotebieng M, Diero L, Carter EJ, Rockwood N, Wilkinson RJ, Cox H, Ezati N, Abimiku AG, Collantes J, Avihingsanon A, Kawkitinarong K, Reinhard M, Hömke R, Huebner R, Gagneux S, Böttger EC, Egger M. Drug susceptibility testing and mortality in patients treated for tuberculosis in high-burden countries: a multicentre cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 2019; 19:298-307. [PMID: 30744962 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug resistance is a challenge for the global control of tuberculosis. We examined mortality in patients with tuberculosis from high-burden countries, according to concordance or discordance of results from drug susceptibility testing done locally and in a reference laboratory. METHODS This multicentre cohort study was done in Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Peru, and Thailand. We collected Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates and clinical data from adult patients aged 16 years or older. Patients were stratified by HIV status and tuberculosis drug resistance. Molecular or phenotypic drug susceptibility testing was done locally and at the Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland. We examined mortality during treatment according to drug susceptibility test results and treatment adequacy in multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for sex, age, sputum microscopy, and HIV status. FINDINGS We obtained M tuberculosis isolates from 871 patients diagnosed between 2013 and 2016. After exclusion of 237 patients, 634 patients with tuberculosis were included in this analysis; the median age was 33·2 years (IQR 26·9-42·5), 239 (38%) were women, 272 (43%) were HIV-positive, and 69 (11%) patients died. Based on the reference laboratory drug susceptibility test, 394 (62%) strains were pan-susceptible, 45 (7%) monoresistant, 163 (26%) multidrug-resistant (MDR), and 30 (5%) had pre-extensively or extensively drug resistant (pre-XDR or XDR) tuberculosis. Results of reference and local laboratories were concordant for 513 (81%) of 634 patients and discordant for 121 (19%) of 634. Overall, sensitivity to detect any resistance was 90·8% (95% CI 86·5-94·2) and specificity 84·3% (80·3-87·7). Mortality ranged from 6% (20 of 336) in patients with pan-susceptible tuberculosis treated according to WHO guidelines to 57% (eight of 14) in patients with resistant strains who were under-treated. In logistic regression models, compared with concordant drug susceptibility test results, the adjusted odds ratio of death was 7·33 (95% CI 2·70-19·95) for patients with discordant results potentially leading to under-treatment. INTERPRETATION Inaccurate drug susceptibility testing by comparison with a reference standard leads to under-treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis and increased mortality. Rapid molecular drug susceptibility test of first-line and second-line drugs at diagnosis is required to improve outcomes in patients with MDR tuberculosis and pre-XDR or XDR tuberculosis. FUNDING National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Zürcher
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marie Ballif
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Fenner
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Borrell
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter M Keller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Gnokoro
- Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Olivier Marcy
- Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Inserm U1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marcel Yotebieng
- Ohio State University, College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lameck Diero
- Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - E Jane Carter
- Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Neesha Rockwood
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Helen Cox
- Division of Medical Microbiology and the Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Ezati
- Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria; National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Training Center, Saye, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | | | - Jimena Collantes
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Kamon Kawkitinarong
- HIV-NAT/Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok, Thailand; Tuberculosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Miriam Reinhard
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rico Hömke
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robin Huebner
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sebastien Gagneux
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erik C Böttger
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Research, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Avong YK, van Wyk B, Njab J, Abimiku AG, Ndembi N, Okuma J, Ogbanufe O, Ekong E, Dakum P, Blattner WA. Adherence to Anti-Retroviral Therapy in North Central Nigeria. Curr HIV Res 2016; 13:268-78. [PMID: 25642849 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x13666150202094120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nigeria bears nearly 10% of the global burden of HIV/AIDS. Most of the AIDS patients dwell in the part of Nigeria known as the "North Central" geopolitical region. Sustaining HIV patients in this high risk region is critical for the overall success of the ART program in Nigeria. We assessed the level of adherence to ART and adherence determinants among participants who had been on ART for an average of three and half years. METHODOLOGY Eligible study participants initiated HAART between 2004 and 2010. HAART regimens contained AZT/3TC +NVP or EFV; AZT/3TC/NVP; 3TC/NVP/d4T; TDF/FTC +EFV or NVP and TDF+3TC+LPV/r. A composite adherence measure defined as not missing a dose and taking the correct dose and adhering to the correct frequency and correct schedule of drug administration was used to assess self-reported adherence over a period of three days. Selfreported adherence was validated with viral load test. Base line adherence was fixed at ≥95% adherence level. Significant test was fixed at p<0.05. RESULTS We included 502 participants in the analysis. Median age for men was 42 years (IQR: 38 - 44 years) and women, 36 years (IQR: 30-40 years). Mean duration of therapy was 43 (16-70) months. Effective self-reported adherence was 97.3%. Only age and virologic suppression were significantly associated with adherence to ART. Forgetfullness (43%) was the major reason for non-adherence, while improvement in health condition (40%) was the main facilitator of adherence to the medications. CONCLUSION Most participants achieved optimal adherence (≥95%) with high virologic suppression. Strategies to sustain optimal adherence, e.g., the use of fixed dose combinations (FDCs) and comprehensive adherence counselling should be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohanna Kambai Avong
- Institute of Human Virology, Pent House, Maina Court, Plot 252, Herbert Macaulay Way, Central Business District, Federal Capital Terrirtory, Abuja, Nigeria.
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Abubakar A, Ndembi N, Ogbanufe O, Inalegwu A, Wilson S, Ebagua I, Peters S, Chime C, Dakum P, Abimiku AG. Improved Performance of COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan Version 2.0 Assay Over Amplicor Monitor Version 1.5 in the Quantification of HIV-1 RNA Viral Load in Abuja, Nigeria. Curr HIV Res 2016; 13:262-7. [PMID: 25613132 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x13666150121112139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improved viral detections by the real time PCR over the manual assays have been reported by various manufacturers. However, discrepancies and discordance between different platforms targeting the same pathogen have also been observed at different settings. METHODS We used an analytical study design to compare the performance of the Cobas Taqman /Cobas Ampliprep version 2.0 against the standard Amplicor Monitor 1.5 using 200 routine clinical samples, in Abuja- Nigeria. RESULTS Taqman and Amplicor detected 118/200 (59%) and 83/200 (41.5%) samples respectively. Two of 83 samples (2.4%) undetectable by Cobas Taqman, were detectable by Roche Amplicor, while 5 of 37 samples (13.5%) which were undetectable by Amplicor using Taqman. Among the 81 detectable samples by both assays 4 samples (4.9%) had a log10 difference > 0.5 log copies, while 9 samples (11.1%) showed a wider discrepancy of >1 log10. Bland and Altman's comparison shows no significant difference between the two methods (p=0.2825) and CI-0.06171 to 0.2087. CONCLUSION We observed a remarkable improvement in the performance of COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan version 2.0 Assay over Amplicor Monitor version 1.5 in the quantification of HIV1 RNA viral load. Discrepancies of clinical significance, in the viral load between the two platforms were also recorded. The implications of the inability of the automated Taqman 2.0 to detect 2.4% of samples detectable by the Amplicor need to be considered by programs, clinicians and the manufacturers. Periodic evaluation of platforms to detect new circulating HIV subtypes within each locality is also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ado Abubakar
- Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Maina Court, 252 Herbert Macaulay Way Central Business District Garki Abuja Nigeria.
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Abstract
HIV/AIDS, Illness, and African Well-Being
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Toyin Falola and Matthew M. Heaton, Eds.
. University of Rochester Press, Rochester, NY, 2007. 428 pp. $75. ISBN 9781580462402.Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora.
The authors discuss the historical and contemporary contexts of health challenges (especially AIDS) in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alash'le G. Abimiku
- The reviewer is at the Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Patterson LJ, Peng B, Abimiku AG, Aldrich K, Murty L, Markham PD, Kalyanaraman VS, Alvord WG, Tartaglia J, Franchini G, Robert-Guroff M. Cross-protection in NYVAC-HIV-1-immunized/HIV-2-challenged but not in NYVAC-HIV-2-immunized/SHIV-challenged rhesus macaques. AIDS 2000; 14:2445-55. [PMID: 11101054 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200011100-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Immunization with attenuated poxvirus-HIV-1 recombinants followed by protein boosting had protected four of eight rhesus macaques from HIV-2SBL6669 challenge. The present study was designed to confirm this result and to conduct the reciprocal cross-protection experiment. METHODS Twenty-four macaques were primed with NYVAC (a genetically attenuated Copenhagen vaccinia strain) recombinants with HIV-1 and HIV-2 env and gag-pol or NYVAC vector alone and boosted with homologous, oligomeric gp160 proteins or adjuvant only. Binding and neutralizing antibodies, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and CD8 T cell antiviral activity (CD8AA) were evaluated. One half of each immunization and control group were intravenously challenged with SHIV(HXB2) the other half was challenged with HIV-2SBL6669,. Protective outcome was assessed by monitoring virus isolation, proviral DNA and plasma viral RNA. RESULTS Both immunization groups developed homologous binding antibodies; however, homologous neutralizing antibodies were only observed in NYVAC-HIV-2-immunized macaques. While no cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies were detected, both immunization groups displayed cross-reactive CTL. Significant CD8AA was observed for only one NYVAC-HIV-2-immunized macaque. Virological assessments verified that both NYVAC-HIV-1 and NYVAC-HIV-2 immunization significantly reduced viral burdens and partially protected against HIV-2 challenge, although cross-protection was not at the level that had been previously reported. Humoral antibody and/or CTL and CD8AA were associated with protection against homologous HIV-2 challenge, while cellular immune responses seemed more important for cross-protection. No significant protection was observed in the SHIV-challenged macaques, although NYVAC-HIV-1 immunization resulted in significantly lower viral burdens compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Further delineation of cross-reactive mechanisms may aid in the development of a broadly protective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Patterson
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-5055, USA
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Abstract
The discovery that inoculation of DNA leads to strong and long lasting immune responses generated enthusiasm to assess the efficacy of various genetically engineered vaccines against mucosally acquired infections. Various techniques have been used to generate the most suitable DNA vaccines, ranging from immunization with naked DNA to utilizing genetically engineered recombinant viruses and bacteria to deliver the DNA. Different DNA vaccine modalities and mucosal immune responses to them have been discussed. It has been shown that even though intramuscular and intradermal immunization with these vaccines generates strong systemic responses, mucosal responses are not induced. It has been proposed that the site of immunization determines mucosal immune responses and that primed lymphocytes preferentially accumulate at sites where they have been induced thus generating the strongest cellular and antibody responses at the site of vaccination. The impact of the site of induction on mucosal immune responses to vaccines is discussed. It is possible to enhance desired vaccine effects in the mucosa and to modify the undesirable side effects. Cytokines such as IL-2, IL-12, IL-15 and IL-18 have been used to enhance CTL activity while IL-5, IL-6 and the chemokine MIP-1 alpha have shown the capacity to increase IgA responses to vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stevceva
- National Cancer Institute, Basic Research Laboratory, Building 41, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Gao F, Robertson DL, Carruthers CD, Morrison SG, Jian B, Chen Y, Barré-Sinoussi F, Girard M, Srinivasan A, Abimiku AG, Shaw GM, Sharp PM, Hahn BH. A comprehensive panel of near-full-length clones and reference sequences for non-subtype B isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1998; 72:5680-98. [PMID: 9621027 PMCID: PMC110237 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.7.5680-5698.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/1997] [Accepted: 03/30/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-subtype B viruses cause the vast majority of new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections worldwide and are thus the major focus of international vaccine efforts. Although their geographic dissemination is carefully monitored, their immunogenic and biological properties remain largely unknown, in part because well-characterized virological reference reagents are lacking. In particular, full-length clones and sequences are rare, since subtype classification is frequently based on small PCR-derived viral fragments. There are only five proviral clones available for viruses other than subtype B, and these represent only 3 of the 10 proposed (group M) sequence subtypes. This lack of reference sequences also confounds the identification and analysis of mosaic (recombinant) genomes, which appear to be arising with increasing frequency in areas where multiple sequence subtypes cocirculate. To generate a more representative panel of non-subtype B reference reagents, we have cloned (by long PCR or lambda phage techniques) and sequenced 10 near-full-length HIV-1 genomes (lacking less than 80 bp of long terminal repeat sequences) from primary isolates collected at major epicenters of the global AIDS pandemic. Detailed phylogenetic analyses identified six that represented nonrecombinant members of HIV-1 subtypes A (92UG037.1), C (92BR025. 8), D (84ZR085.1 and 94UG114.1), F (93BR020.1), and H (90CF056.1), the last two comprising the first full-length examples of these subtypes. Four others were found to be complex mosaics of subtypes A and C (92RW009.6), A and G (92NG083.2 and 92NG003.1), and B and F (93BR029.4), again emphasizing the impact of intersubtype recombination on global HIV-1 diversification. Although a number of clones had frameshift mutations or translational stop codons in major open reading frames, all the genomes contained a complete set of genes and three had intact genomic organizations without inactivating mutations. Reconstruction of one of these (94UG114.1) yielded replication-competent virus that grew to high titers in normal donor peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. This panel of non-subtype B reference genomes should prove valuable for structure-function studies of genetically diverse viral gene products, the generation of subtype-specific immunological reagents, and the production of DNA- and protein-based subunit vaccines directed against a broader spectrum of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gao
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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Abimiku AG, Franchini G, Tartaglia J, Aldrich K, Myagkikh M, Markham PD, Chong P, Klein M, Kieny MP, Paoletti E. HIV-1 recombinant poxvirus vaccine induces cross-protection against HIV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques. Nat Med 1995; 1:321-9. [PMID: 7585061 DOI: 10.1038/nm0495-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Rhesus macaques were immunized with attenuated vaccinia or canarypox human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) recombinants and boosted with HIV-1 protein subunits formulated in alum. Following challenge with HIV-2SBL6669, three out of eight immunized macaques resisted infection for six months and another exhibited significantly delayed infection, whereas all three naive controls became infected. Immunizations elicited both humoral and cellular immune responses; however, no clear correlates of protection were discerned. Although more extensive studies are now called for, this first demonstration of cross-protection between HIV-1 and -2 suggests that viral variability may not be an insurmountable problem in the design of a global AIDS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Abimiku
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, USA
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Abimiku AG, Franchini G, Aldrich K, Myagkikh M, Markham P, Gard E, Gallo RC, Robert-Guroff M. Humoral and cellular immune responses in rhesus macaques infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:383-93. [PMID: 7786583 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Eighteen rhesus macaques were inoculated with either an infectious molecularly cloned human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2)SBL/ISY, or with one of eight mutants defective in one or more accessory genes. The immune responses generated by the macaques were monitored for up to 2 years postinfection. All the macaques except those that received mutants lacking the vpr or vif genes demonstrated low to moderate antibody titers. Macaques inoculated with vpx- mutants exhibited a persistent serological response, suggesting continuous virus expression even in the absence of detectable virus in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Neutralizing antibodies developed in only four macaques. In general, low-level cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, not clearly HIV-2 specific, was detected in PBMCs. However, one virus-negative macaque exhibited significant HIV-2-specific CTL activity in an enriched CD8+ cell population from PBMCs, suggesting clearance of the viral infection. In addition, CTL activity against the Env and Gag/Pol epitopes of HIV-2 by CD8+ lymphocytes from the spleens and lymph nodes of two infected macaques, in one case requiring CD8+ T cell enrichment and in the other clearly evident in unfractionated tissue lymphocytes, was demonstrated for the first time. This sequestration of tissue CTLs occurred in the absence of significant levels of circulating CTLs in the blood. Our results suggest that routine monitoring of PBMCs may sometimes be inadequate for detecting cell-mediated immune responses. Elucidation of immune correlates of vaccine protection may therefore require sampling of lymphoid tissues and assessment of enriched CD8+ populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Abimiku
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abimiku AG, Stern TL, Zwandor A, Markham PD, Calef C, Kyari S, Saxinger WC, Gallo RC, Robert-Guroff M, Reitz MS. Subgroup G HIV type 1 isolates from Nigeria. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:1581-3. [PMID: 7888214 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A G Abimiku
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Abimiku AG, Dolby JM, Borriello SP. Comparison of different vaccines and induced immune response against Campylobacter jejuni colonization in the infant mouse. Epidemiol Infect 1989; 102:271-80. [PMID: 2703020 PMCID: PMC2249436 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800029940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The degree of protection conferred by vaccinated dams on infant mice against colonization by Campylobacter jejuni depended on the bacterial strain, preparation, and route of administration of the vaccine. In some instances of homologous protection, serum bactericidal titres correlated well with protection. However, boiled C. jejuni vaccine, which was non-protective, also elicited a strong bactericidal antibody response. Conversely, bactericidal activity could not be demonstrated against strains capable of cross-protection. There was a good correlation between high campylobacter-specific IgG response and bactericidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Abimiku
- Division of Communicable Diseases, MRC Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex
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Abimiku AG, Dolby JM. Cross-protection of infant mice against intestinal colonisation by Campylobacter jejuni: importance of heat-labile serotyping (Lior) antigens. J Med Microbiol 1988; 26:265-8. [PMID: 3398033 DOI: 10.1099/00222615-26-4-265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
An association of the heat-labile antigens detected by the Lior serotyping scheme with ability to protect infant mice against gastrointestinal colonisation with Campylobacter jejuni has been established. Overall, 39 (57%) of 68 infant mice challenged with a heterologous strain of the same Lior serotype as the vaccine strain were protected, compared with 40 (85%) of 47 infants protected against a homologous challenge. In contrast, none of the infant mice challenged with a strain carrying the same heat-stable antigens (i.e., of the same Penner serotype as the vaccine strain) were protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Abimiku
- Division of Communicable Diseases, MRC Clinical Research Centre, Harrow, Middlesex
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Abstract
BALB/c mice, vaccinated intraperitoneally with a heat-killed (62 degrees C) suspension of Campylobacter jejuni before mating, completely protect c. 90% of their own infants from intestinal colonisation. This protection has now been investigated further in fostering experiments. Fostering by vaccinated dams within the first 24 h of life prevented intestinal colonisation in 50% of infants from non-vaccinated dams, and reduced colonisation in a further 25%. Infants from vaccinated dams, even if allowed to receive their own mothers' colostrum and milk, became susceptible to challenge when subsequently fostered by non-vaccinated dams. Immunity in experimentally infected infant mice depended upon the consumption of immune milk at and after the time of challenge. High concentrations of IgG antibodies specific for C. jejuni were found in the serum and mammary secretion of vaccinated dams, but there was very little specific IgA antibody.
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