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Aoyagi S, Cant DJH, Dürr M, Eyres A, Fearn S, Gilmore IS, Iida SI, Ikeda R, Ishikawa K, Lagator M, Lockyer N, Keller P, Matsuda K, Murayama Y, Okamoto M, Reed BP, Shard AG, Takano A, Trindade GF, Vorng JL. Quantitative and Qualitative Analyses of Mass Spectra of OEL Materials by Artificial Neural Network and Interface Evaluation: Results from a VAMAS Interlaboratory Study. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15078-15085. [PMID: 37715701 PMCID: PMC10569169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of binary mixtures of tris(2-phenylpyridinato)iridium(III) (Ir(ppy)3) and tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq3) by using an artificial neural network (ANN) system to mass spectra was attempted based on the results of a VAMAS (Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards) interlaboratory study (TW2 A31) to evaluate matrix-effect correction and to investigate interface determination. Monolayers of binary mixtures having different Ir(ppy)3 ratios (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00), and the multilayers containing these mixtures and pure samples were measured using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) with different primary ion beams, OrbiSIMS (SIMS with both Orbitrap and ToF mass spectrometers), laser desorption ionization (LDI), desorption/ionization induced by neutral clusters (DINeC), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The mass spectra were analyzed using a simple ANN with one hidden layer. The Ir(ppy)3 ratios of the unknown samples and the interfaces of the multilayers were predicted using the simple ANN system, even though the mass spectra of binary mixtures exhibited matrix effects. The Ir(ppy)3 ratios at the interfaces indicated by the simple ANN were consistent with the XPS results and the ToF-SIMS depth profiles. The simple ANN system not only provided quantitative information on unknown samples, but also indicated important mass peaks related to each molecule in the samples without a priori information. The important mass peaks indicated by the simple ANN depended on the ionization process. The simple ANN results of the spectra sets obtained by a softer ionization method, such as LDI and DINeC, suggested large ions such as trimers. From the first step of the investigation to build an ANN model for evaluating mixture samples influenced by matrix effects, it was indicated that the simple ANN method is useful for obtaining candidate mass peaks for identification and for assuming mixture conditions that are helpful for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoka Aoyagi
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Seikei University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan
| | - David J. H. Cant
- National
Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Dürr
- Institute
of Applied Physics and Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Anya Eyres
- National
Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Fearn
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ian S. Gilmore
- National
Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Shin-ichi Iida
- ULVAC-PHI,
Inc., 2500 Hagisono, Chigasaki, Kanagawa 253-8522, Japan
| | - Reiko Ikeda
- Analytical
Science Research Laboratory, Kao Corp., Minato 1334, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama 640-8580, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ishikawa
- Analytical
Science Research Laboratory, Kao Corp., Minato 1334, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama 640-8580, Japan
| | - Matija Lagator
- Photon
Science Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Lockyer
- Photon
Science Institute, Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Philip Keller
- Institute
of Applied Physics and Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35394 Giessen, Germany
| | - Kazuhiro Matsuda
- Surface
Science Laboratories, Toray Research Center, Inc., 3-3-7, Sonoyama, Otsu, Shiga 520-8567, Japan
| | - Yohei Murayama
- Specialty
Chemicals Development Center, Peripheral Products Operations, Canon Inc., 4202, Fukara, Susono, Shizuoka 410-1196, Japan
| | - Masayuki Okamoto
- Analytical
Science Research Laboratory, Kao Corp., Minato 1334, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama 640-8580, Japan
| | - Benjamen P. Reed
- National
Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G. Shard
- National
Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Akio Takano
- Toyama Co., Ltd., 3816-1 Kishi, Yamakita-machi, Ashigarakami-gun Kanagawa 258-0112, Japan
| | - Gustavo F. Trindade
- National
Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Luc Vorng
- National
Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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Cant DJH, Pei Y, Shchukarev A, Ramstedt M, Marques SS, Segundo MA, Parot J, Molska A, Borgos SE, Shard AG, Minelli C. Cryo-XPS for Surface Characterization of Nanomedicines. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:8220-8227. [PMID: 37733882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles used for medical applications commonly possess coatings or surface functionalities intended to provide specific behavior in vivo, for example, the use of PEG to provide stealth properties. Direct, quantitative measurement of the surface chemistry and composition of such systems in a hydrated environment has thus far not been demonstrated, yet such measurements are of great importance for the development of nanomedicine systems. Here we demonstrate the first use of cryo-XPS for the measurement of two PEG-functionalized nanomedicines: a polymeric drug delivery system and a lipid nanoparticle mRNA carrier. The observed differences between cryo-XPS and standard XPS measurements indicate the potential of cryo-XPS for providing quantitative measurements of such nanoparticle systems in hydrated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J H Cant
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Yiwen Pei
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | | | | | - Sara S Marques
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marcela A Segundo
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jeremie Parot
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alicja Molska
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sven E Borgos
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alexander G Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Caterina Minelli
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
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3
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Marchesini S, Reed BP, Jones H, Matjacic L, Rosser TE, Zhou Y, Brennan B, Tiddia M, Jervis R, Loveridge MJ, Raccichini R, Park J, Wain AJ, Hinds G, Gilmore IS, Shard AG, Pollard AJ. Surface Analysis of Pristine and Cycled NMC/Graphite Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes: Addressing the Measurement Challenges. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:52779-52793. [PMID: 36382786 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries are the most ubiquitous energy storage devices in our everyday lives. However, their energy storage capacity fades over time due to chemical and structural changes in their components, via different degradation mechanisms. Understanding and mitigating these degradation mechanisms is key to reducing capacity fade, thereby enabling improvement in the performance and lifetime of Li-ion batteries, supporting the energy transition to renewables and electrification. In this endeavor, surface analysis techniques are commonly employed to characterize the chemistry and structure at reactive interfaces, where most changes are observed as batteries age. However, battery electrodes are complex systems containing unstable compounds, with large heterogeneities in material properties. Moreover, different degradation mechanisms can affect multiple material properties and occur simultaneously, meaning that a range of complementary techniques must be utilized to obtain a complete picture of electrode degradation. The combination of these issues and the lack of standard measurement protocols and guidelines for data interpretation can lead to a lack of trust in data. Herein, we discuss measurement challenges that affect several key surface analysis techniques being used for Li-ion battery degradation studies: focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. We provide recommendations for each technique to improve reproducibility and reduce uncertainty in the analysis of NMC/graphite Li-ion battery electrodes. We also highlight some key measurement issues that should be addressed in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Marchesini
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Benjamen P Reed
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Helen Jones
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Lidija Matjacic
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Timothy E Rosser
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Yundong Zhou
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Barry Brennan
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | | | - Rhodri Jervis
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College of London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K
| | - Melanie J Loveridge
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K
- Electrochemical Materials Group, Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Juyeon Park
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Andrew J Wain
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Gareth Hinds
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Ian S Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Alexander G Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
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4
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Arrigo R, Aureau D, Bhatt P, Buckingham MA, Counter JJC, D'Acunto G, Davies PR, Evans DA, Flavell WR, Gibson JS, Guan S, Held G, Isaacs M, Kahk JM, Kastorp CFP, Kersell H, Krizan A, Large AI, Lindsay R, Lischner J, Lömker P, Morgan D, Nemšák S, Nilsson A, Payne D, Reed BP, Renault O, Rupprechter G, Shard AG, Shozi M, Silly MG, Skinner WSJ, Solal F, Stoerzinger KA, Suzer S, Velasco Vélez JJ, Walker M, Weatherup RS. In situ methods: discoveries and challenges: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2022; 236:219-266. [PMID: 35968885 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd90025d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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5
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Cant DJH, Spencer BF, Flavell WR, Shard AG. Erratum: Correction to “Quantification of hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy: Calculating relative sensitivity factors for 1.5‐ to 10‐keV photons in any instrument geometry”. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben F. Spencer
- Henry Royce Institute and the Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences The University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Wendy R. Flavell
- Henry Royce Institute, Photon Science Institute, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural Sciences The University of Manchester Manchester UK
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6
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Minelli C, Wywijas M, Bartczak D, Cuello-Nuñez S, Infante HG, Deumer J, Gollwitzer C, Krumrey M, Murphy KE, Johnson ME, Montoro Bustos AR, Strenge IH, Faure B, Høghøj P, Tong V, Burr L, Norling K, Höök F, Roesslein M, Kocic J, Hendriks L, Kestens V, Ramaye Y, Contreras Lopez MC, Auclair G, Mehn D, Gilliland D, Potthoff A, Oelschlägel K, Tentschert J, Jungnickel H, Krause BC, Hachenberger YU, Reichardt P, Luch A, Whittaker TE, Stevens MM, Gupta S, Singh A, Lin FH, Liu YH, Costa AL, Baldisserri C, Jawad R, Andaloussi SEL, Holme MN, Lee TG, Kwak M, Kim J, Ziebel J, Guignard C, Cambier S, Contal S, Gutleb AC, Kuba Tatarkiewicz J, Jankiewicz BJ, Bartosewicz B, Wu X, Fagan JA, Elje E, Rundén-Pran E, Dusinska M, Kaur IP, Price D, Nesbitt I, O Reilly S, Peters RJB, Bucher G, Coleman D, Harrison AJ, Ghanem A, Gering A, McCarron E, Fitzgerald N, Cornelis G, Tuoriniemi J, Sakai M, Tsuchida H, Maguire C, Prina-Mello A, Lawlor AJ, Adams J, Schultz CL, Constantin D, Thanh NTK, Tung LD, Panariello L, Damilos S, Gavriilidis A, Lynch I, Fryer B, Carrazco Quevedo A, Guggenheim E, Briffa S, Valsami-Jones E, Huang Y, Keller AA, Kinnunen VT, Perämäki S, Krpetic Z, Greenwood M, Shard AG. Versailles project on advanced materials and standards (VAMAS) interlaboratory study on measuring the number concentration of colloidal gold nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2022; 14:4690-4704. [PMID: 35262538 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07775a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe the outcome of a large international interlaboratory study of the measurement of particle number concentration of colloidal nanoparticles, project 10 of the technical working area 34, "Nanoparticle Populations" of the Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS). A total of 50 laboratories delivered results for the number concentration of 30 nm gold colloidal nanoparticles measured using particle tracking analysis (PTA), single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICP-MS), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) light spectroscopy, centrifugal liquid sedimentation (CLS) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The study provides quantitative data to evaluate the repeatability of these methods and their reproducibility in the measurement of number concentration of model nanoparticle systems following a common measurement protocol. We find that the population-averaging methods of SAXS, CLS and UV-Vis have high measurement repeatability and reproducibility, with between-labs variability of 2.6%, 11% and 1.4% respectively. However, results may be significantly biased for reasons including inaccurate material properties whose values are used to compute the number concentration. Particle-counting method results are less reproducibile than population-averaging methods, with measured between-labs variability of 68% and 46% for PTA and spICP-MS respectively. This study provides the stakeholder community with important comparative data to underpin measurement reproducibility and method validation for number concentration of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Minelli
- Chemical & Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - Magdalena Wywijas
- Chemical & Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - Dorota Bartczak
- National Measurement Laboratory, Queens road, Teddington TW11 0LY, UK
| | | | | | - Jerome Deumer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Gollwitzer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Krumrey
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen E Murphy
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8391, USA
| | - Monique E Johnson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8391, USA
| | - Antonio R Montoro Bustos
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8391, USA
| | - Ingo H Strenge
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8391, USA
| | - Bertrand Faure
- Xenocs SAS, 1-3 Allée du Nanomètre, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Peter Høghøj
- Xenocs SAS, 1-3 Allée du Nanomètre, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Vivian Tong
- Chemical & Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK.
| | - Loïc Burr
- CSEM SA, Bahnhofstrasse 1, 7242 Landquart, Switzerland
| | - Karin Norling
- Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Matthias Roesslein
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014 St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jovana Kocic
- ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Vikram Kestens
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | - Yannic Ramaye
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | | | - Guy Auclair
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | - Dora Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Annegret Potthoff
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Winterbergstr. 28, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kathrin Oelschlägel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Winterbergstr. 28, 01217 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jutta Tentschert
- The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Jungnickel
- The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin C Krause
- The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yves U Hachenberger
- The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Reichardt
- The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn Str. 8-10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas E Whittaker
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition road, London SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition road, London SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Shalini Gupta
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Akash Singh
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Fang-Hsin Lin
- Centre for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology Research Institute, No. 321, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30011, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hung Liu
- Centre for Measurement Standards, Industrial Technology Research Institute, No. 321, Sec. 2, Kuang Fu Rd., Hsinchu, 30011, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Anna Luisa Costa
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Carlo Baldisserri
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy
| | - Rid Jawad
- Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Margaret N Holme
- Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition road, London SW7 2BX, UK
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Minjeong Kwak
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jaeseok Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Johanna Ziebel
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Cedric Guignard
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sebastien Cambier
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Servane Contal
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Arno C Gutleb
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | | | | | - Bartosz Bartosewicz
- Military University of Technology, gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2 str., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Xiaochun Wu
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11, ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jeffrey A Fagan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8391, USA
| | - Elisabeth Elje
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
- University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Maria Dusinska
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Inder Preet Kaur
- Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare St, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK
| | - David Price
- PerkinElmer, Chalfont Road, Seer Green, Bucks HP92FX, UK
| | - Ian Nesbitt
- Public Analyst's Laboratory, Sir Patrick Duns, Lower Grand Canal Street, Dublin 2, D02 P667, Ireland
| | - Sarah O Reilly
- Public Analyst's Laboratory, Sir Patrick Duns, Lower Grand Canal Street, Dublin 2, D02 P667, Ireland
| | - Ruud J B Peters
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume Bucher
- Service Commun des Laboratoires, 3 Avenue Dr Albert Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
| | | | | | - Antoine Ghanem
- SOLVAY Research & Innovation, Brussels Centre, Rue de Ransbeek 310, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anne Gering
- SOLVAY Research & Innovation, Brussels Centre, Rue de Ransbeek 310, 1120 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eileen McCarron
- State Laboratory, Backweston Campus, Young's Cross, Celbridge, Co Kildare, W23 VW2C, Ireland
| | - Niamh Fitzgerald
- State Laboratory, Backweston Campus, Young's Cross, Celbridge, Co Kildare, W23 VW2C, Ireland
| | - Geert Cornelis
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, 75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jani Tuoriniemi
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, 75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Midori Sakai
- Toray Research Center, Inc., 3-3-7 Sonoyama, Otsu, Shiga 5208567, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Tsuchida
- Toray Research Center, Inc., 3-3-7 Sonoyama, Otsu, Shiga 5208567, Japan
| | - Ciarán Maguire
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan J Lawlor
- UK centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Jessica Adams
- UK centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Carolin L Schultz
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh-Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Doru Constantin
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Le Duc Tung
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Spyridon Damilos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Benjamin Fryer
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Ana Carrazco Quevedo
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Emily Guggenheim
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Sophie Briffa
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Yuxiong Huang
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California at Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Arturo A Keller
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California at Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Virva-Tuuli Kinnunen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Siiri Perämäki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Zeljka Krpetic
- School of Science Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, M5 4WT Salford, UK
| | - Michael Greenwood
- School of Science Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, M5 4WT Salford, UK
| | - Alexander G Shard
- Chemical & Biological Sciences Department, National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, UK.
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7
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Edney MK, Kotowska AM, Spanu M, Trindade GF, Wilmot E, Reid J, Barker J, Aylott JW, Shard AG, Alexander MR, Snape CE, Scurr DJ. Molecular Formula Prediction for Chemical Filtering of 3D OrbiSIMS Datasets. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4703-4711. [PMID: 35276049 PMCID: PMC8943605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
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Modern mass spectrometry
techniques produce a wealth of spectral
data, and although this is an advantage in terms of the richness of
the information available, the volume and complexity of data can prevent
a thorough interpretation to reach useful conclusions. Application
of molecular formula prediction (MFP) to produce annotated lists of
ions that have been filtered by their elemental composition and considering
structural double bond equivalence are widely used on high resolving
power mass spectrometry datasets. However, this has not been applied
to secondary ion mass spectrometry data. Here, we apply this data
interpretation approach to 3D OrbiSIMS datasets, testing it for a
series of increasingly complex samples. In an organic on inorganic
sample, we successfully annotated the organic contaminant overlayer
separately from the substrate. In a more challenging purely organic
human serum sample we filtered out both proteins and lipids based
on elemental compositions, 226 different lipids were identified and
validated using existing databases, and we assigned amino acid sequences
of abundant serum proteins including albumin, fibronectin, and transferrin.
Finally, we tested the approach on depth profile data from layered
carbonaceous engine deposits and annotated previously unidentified
lubricating oil species. Application of an unsupervised machine learning
method on filtered ions after performing MFP from this sample uniquely
separated depth profiles of species, which were not observed when
performing the method on the entire dataset. Overall, the chemical
filtering approach using MFP has great potential in enabling full
interpretation of complex 3D OrbiSIMS datasets from a plethora of
material types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max K Edney
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Anna M Kotowska
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Matteo Spanu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Gustavo F Trindade
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Edward Wilmot
- Innospec Ltd., Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire CH65 4EY, U.K
| | - Jacqueline Reid
- Innospec Ltd., Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire CH65 4EY, U.K
| | - Jim Barker
- Innospec Ltd., Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire CH65 4EY, U.K
| | - Jonathan W Aylott
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Alexander G Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
| | | | - Colin E Snape
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - David J Scurr
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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8
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Taylor M, Simoes F, Smith J, Genapathy S, Canning A, Lledos M, Chan WC, Denning C, Scurr DJ, Steven RT, Spencer SJ, Shard AG, Alexander MR, Zelzer M. Quantifiable correlation of ToF‐SIMS and XPS data from polymer surfaces with controlled amino acid and peptide content. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Taylor
- School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland Washington USA
| | - Fabio Simoes
- School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - James Smith
- School of Medicine University of East Anglia Norwich UK
| | | | - Anne Canning
- School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Marina Lledos
- School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Weng C. Chan
- School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Chris Denning
- School of Medicine University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - David J. Scurr
- School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Mischa Zelzer
- School of Pharmacy University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
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9
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Cant DJH, Spencer BF, Flavell WR, Shard AG. Quantification of hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy: Calculating relative sensitivity factors for 1.5‐ to 10‐keV photons in any instrument geometry. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben F. Spencer
- Henry Royce Institute and the Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences The University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Wendy R. Flavell
- Henry Royce Institute, Photon Science Institute, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural Sciences The University of Manchester Manchester UK
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10
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Shard AG, Miisho A, Vorng J, Havelund R, Gilmore IS, Aoyagi S. A two‐point calibration method for quantifying organic binary mixtures using secondary ion mass spectrometry in the presence of matrix effects. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.7042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ako Miisho
- Kobelco Research Institute, Inc. Kobe Japan
| | | | - Rasmus Havelund
- National Physical Laboratory Teddington UK
- Department of Medical Physics Vejle Hospital Vejle Denmark
| | | | - Satoka Aoyagi
- Department of Materials and Life Science Seikei University Tokyo Japan
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11
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Cant DJH, Müller A, Clifford CA, Unger WES, Shard AG. Summary of ISO/TC 201 Technical Report 23173—Surface chemical analysis—Electron spectroscopies—Measurement of the thickness and composition of nanoparticle coatings. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. H. Cant
- Chemical and Biological Sciences National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Teddington UK
| | - Anja Müller
- Division 6.1 Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Charles A. Clifford
- Chemical and Biological Sciences National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Teddington UK
| | - Wolfgang E. S. Unger
- Division 6.1 Surface Analysis and Interfacial Chemistry Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und‐prüfung (BAM) Berlin Germany
| | - Alexander G. Shard
- Chemical and Biological Sciences National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Teddington UK
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12
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Lorenz M, Zhang J, Shard AG, Vorng JL, Rakowska PD, Gilmore IS. Method for Molecular Layer Deposition Using Gas Cluster Ion Beam Sputtering with Example Application In Situ Matrix-Enhanced Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:3436-3444. [PMID: 33571411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a technique for the directed transfer of molecules from an adjacent reservoir onto a sample surface inside the vacuum chamber of a ToF-SIMS instrument using gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) sputtering. An example application for in situ matrix-enhanced secondary ion mass spectrometry (ME SIMS) is provided. This protocol has attractive features since most modern SIMS instruments are equipped with a GCIB gun. No solvents are required that would delocalize analytes at the surface, and the transfer of matrix molecules can be interlaced with SIMS depth profiling and 3D imaging sputtering and analysis cycles, which is not possible with conventional ME SIMS strategies. The amount of molecular deposition can be finely tuned, which is important for such a surface sensitive technique as SIMS. To demonstrate the concept, we used 2,5-DHB as a matrix for the enhancement of three drug molecules embedded in a tissue homogenate. By automatic operation of sputter deposition and erosion (cleanup) cycles, depth profiling could be achieved with ME SIMS with good repeatability (<4% RSD). Furthermore, we explored several different matrix compounds, including α-CHCA and aqueous solutions of Brønsted acids (formic acid) and 3-nitrobenzonitrile, a volatile compound known to spontaneously produce ions. The latter two matrix compounds were applied at cryogenic measurement conditions, which extend the range of matrices applicable for ME SIMS. Enhancement ratios range from 2 to 13, depending on the analytes and matrix. The method works in principle, but enhancement ratios for the drug molecules are rather limited at this point. Further study and optimization is needed, and the technique introduced here provides a tool to perform systematic studies of matrix compounds and experimental conditions for their potential for signal enhancement in ME SIMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lorenz
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Junting Zhang
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Luc Vorng
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Paulina D Rakowska
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Ian S Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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13
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Reed BP, Cant DJH, Spencer SJ, Carmona-Carmona AJ, Bushell A, Herrera-Gómez A, Kurokawa A, Thissen A, Thomas AG, Britton AJ, Bernasik A, Fuchs A, Baddorf AP, Bock B, Theilacker B, Cheng B, Castner DG, Morgan DJ, Valley D, Willneff EA, Smith EF, Nolot E, Xie F, Zorn G, Smith GC, Yasufuku H, Fenton JL, Chen J, Counsell JDP, Radnik J, Gaskell KJ, Artyushkova K, Yang L, Zhang L, Eguchi M, Walker M, Hajdyła M, Marzec MM, Linford MR, Kubota N, Cortazar-Martínez O, Dietrich P, Satoh R, Schroeder SLM, Avval TG, Nagatomi T, Fernandez V, Lake W, Azuma Y, Yoshikawa Y, Shard AG. Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards interlaboratory study on intensity calibration for x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy instruments using low-density polyethylene. J Vac Sci Technol A 2020; 38:063208. [PMID: 33281279 PMCID: PMC7688089 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards interlaboratory study on the intensity scale calibration of x-ray photoelectron spectrometers using low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as an alternative material to gold, silver, and copper. An improved set of LDPE reference spectra, corrected for different instrument geometries using a quartz-monochromated Al Kα x-ray source, was developed using data provided by participants in this study. Using these new reference spectra, a transmission function was calculated for each dataset that participants provided. When compared to a similar calibration procedure using the NPL reference spectra for gold, the LDPE intensity calibration method achieves an absolute offset of ∼3.0% and a systematic deviation of ±6.5% on average across all participants. For spectra recorded at high pass energies (≥90 eV), values of absolute offset and systematic deviation are ∼5.8% and ±5.7%, respectively, whereas for spectra collected at lower pass energies (<90 eV), values of absolute offset and systematic deviation are ∼4.9% and ±8.8%, respectively; low pass energy spectra perform worse than the global average, in terms of systematic deviations, due to diminished count rates and signal-to-noise ratio. Differences in absolute offset are attributed to the surface roughness of the LDPE induced by sample preparation. We further assess the usability of LDPE as a secondary reference material and comment on its performance in the presence of issues such as variable dark noise, x-ray warm up times, inaccuracy at low count rates, and underlying spectrometer problems. In response to participant feedback and the results of the study, we provide an updated LDPE intensity calibration protocol to address the issues highlighted in the interlaboratory study. We also comment on the lack of implementation of a consistent and traceable intensity calibration method across the community of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) users and, therefore, propose a route to achieving this with the assistance of instrument manufacturers, metrology laboratories, and experts leading to an international standard for XPS intensity scale calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamen P. Reed
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - David J. H. Cant
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Steve J. Spencer
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam Bushell
- Thermo Fisher Scientific (Surface Analysis), East Grinstead RH19 1XZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Akira Kurokawa
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Andreas Thissen
- SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, Voltastraße 5, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew G. Thomas
- School of Materials, Photon Science Institute and Sir Henry Royce Institute, Alan Turing Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Britton
- Versatile X-ray Spectroscopy Facility, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrzej Bernasik
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anne Fuchs
- Robert Bosch GmbH, Robert-Bosch-Campus, 71272 Renningen, Germany
| | - Arthur P. Baddorf
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
| | - Bernd Bock
- Tascon GmbH, Mendelstr. 17, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bill Theilacker
- Medtronic, 710 Medtronic Parkway, LT240, Fridley, Minnesota 55432
| | - Bin Cheng
- Analysis and Testing Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - David G. Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Department of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - David J. Morgan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - David Valley
- Physical Electronics Inc., East Chanhassen, Minnesota 55317
| | - Elizabeth A. Willneff
- Versatile X-ray Spectroscopy Facility, School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Emily F. Smith
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fangyan Xie
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gilad Zorn
- GE Research, 1 Research Circle, K1 1D7A, Niskayuna, New York 12309
| | - Graham C. Smith
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Chester, Thornton Science Park, Chester CH2 4NU, United Kingdom
| | - Hideyuki Yasufuku
- Materials Analysis Station, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jeffery L. Fenton
- Medtronic, 6700 Shingle Creek Parkway, Brooklyn Center, Minnesota 55430
| | - Jian Chen
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Jörg Radnik
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen J. Gaskell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742
| | | | - Li Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 111 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou Dushu Lake Science and Education Innovation District, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Makiho Eguchi
- Analysis Department, Materials Characterization Division, Futtsu Unit, Nippon Steel Technology Co. Ltd., 20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu City, Chiba 293-0011, Japan
| | - Marc Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Mariusz Hajdyła
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz M. Marzec
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Naoyoshi Kubota
- Analysis Department, Materials Characterization Division, Futtsu Unit, Nippon Steel Technology Co. Ltd., 20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu City, Chiba 293-0011, Japan
| | | | - Paul Dietrich
- SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, Voltastraße 5, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Riki Satoh
- Analysis Department, Materials Characterization Division, Futtsu Unit, Nippon Steel Technology Co. Ltd., 20-1 Shintomi, Futtsu City, Chiba 293-0011, Japan
| | - Sven L. M. Schroeder
- Versatile X-ray Spectroscopy Facility, School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Tahereh G. Avval
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, C100 BNSN, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Takaharu Nagatomi
- Platform Laboratory for Science and Technology, Asahi Kasei Corporation, 2-1 Samejima, Fuji, Shizuoka 416-8501, Japan
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Wayne Lake
- Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - Yasushi Azuma
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshikawa
- Material Analysis Department, Yazaki Research and Technology Center, Yazaki Corporation, 1500 Mishuku, Susono-city, Shizuoka 410-1194, Japan
| | - Alexander G. Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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14
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Kotowska AM, Trindade GF, Mendes PM, Williams PM, Aylott JW, Shard AG, Alexander MR, Scurr DJ. Protein identification by 3D OrbiSIMS to facilitate in situ imaging and depth profiling. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5832. [PMID: 33203841 PMCID: PMC7672064 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Label-free protein characterization at surfaces is commonly achieved using digestion and/or matrix application prior to mass spectrometry. We report the assignment of undigested proteins at surfaces in situ using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Ballistic fragmentation of proteins induced by a gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) leads to peptide cleavage producing fragments for subsequent OrbitrapTM analysis. In this work we annotate 16 example proteins (up to 272 kDa) by de novo peptide sequencing and illustrate the advantages of this approach by characterizing a protein monolayer biochip and the depth distribution of proteins in human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Kotowska
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Paula M Mendes
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Philip M Williams
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jonathan W Aylott
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alexander G Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
| | | | - David J Scurr
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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15
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Shard AG, Counsell JD, Cant DJH, Smith EF, Navabpour P, Zhang X, Blomfield CJ. Intensity calibration and sensitivity factors for XPS instruments with monochromatic Ag Lα and Al Kα sources. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Shard
- National Physical LaboratoryChemical and Biological Sciences Middlesex UK
| | | | - David J. H. Cant
- National Physical LaboratoryChemical and Biological Sciences Middlesex UK
| | - Emily F. Smith
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, School of ChemistryUniversity of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham UK
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16
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Minelli C, Bartczak D, Peters R, Rissler J, Undas A, Sikora A, Sjöström E, Goenaga-Infante H, Shard AG. Sticky Measurement Problem: Number Concentration of Agglomerated Nanoparticles. Langmuir 2019; 35:4927-4935. [PMID: 30869903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Measuring the number concentration of colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) is critical for assessing reproducibility, enabling compliance with regulation, and performing risk assessments of NP-enabled products. For nanomedicines, their number concentration directly relates to their dose. However, the lack of relevant reference materials and established traceable measurement approaches make the validation of methods for NP number concentration difficult. Furthermore, commercial products often exhibit agglomeration, but guidelines for dealing with nonideal samples are scarce. We have compared the performance of five benchtop measurement methods for the measurement of colloidal number concentration in the presence of different levels of agglomeration. The methods are UV-visible spectroscopy, differential centrifugal sedimentation, dynamic light scattering, particle tracking analysis, and single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We find that both ensemble and particle-by-particle methods are in close agreement for monodisperse NP samples and three methods are within 20% agreement for agglomerated samples. We discuss the sources of measurement uncertainties, including how particle agglomeration affects measurement results. This work is a first step toward validation and expansion of the toolbox of methods available for the measurement of real-world NP products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Minelli
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington TW11 0LW , U.K
| | | | - Ruud Peters
- RIKILT-Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen 6700 AE , The Netherlands
| | - Jenny Rissler
- Bioscience and Materials , RISE Research Institutes of Sweden , Scheelevägen 27 , Lund 223-63 , Sweden
| | - Anna Undas
- RIKILT-Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen 6700 AE , The Netherlands
| | - Aneta Sikora
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington TW11 0LW , U.K
| | - Eva Sjöström
- Bioscience and Materials , RISE Research Institutes of Sweden , Scheelevägen 27 , Lund 223-63 , Sweden
| | | | - Alexander G Shard
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington TW11 0LW , U.K
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17
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Schavkan A, Gollwitzer C, Garcia-Diez R, Krumrey M, Minelli C, Bartczak D, Cuello-Nuñez S, Goenaga-Infante H, Rissler J, Sjöström E, Baur GB, Vasilatou K, Shard AG. Number Concentration of Gold Nanoparticles in Suspension: SAXS and spICPMS as Traceable Methods Compared to Laboratory Methods. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:nano9040502. [PMID: 30939772 PMCID: PMC6523170 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The industrial exploitation of high value nanoparticles is in need of robust measurement methods to increase the control over product manufacturing and to implement quality assurance. InNanoPart, a European metrology project responded to these needs by developing methods for the measurement of particle size, concentration, agglomeration, surface chemistry and shell thickness. This paper illustrates the advancements this project produced for the traceable measurement of nanoparticle number concentration in liquids through small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (spICPMS). It also details the validation of a range of laboratory methods, including particle tracking analysis (PTA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS), ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) and electrospray-differential mobility analysis with a condensation particle counter (ES-DMA-CPC). We used a set of spherical gold nanoparticles with nominal diameters between 10 nm and 100 nm and discuss the results from the various techniques along with the associated uncertainty budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raul Garcia-Diez
- Physikalisch⁻Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 10587 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michael Krumrey
- Physikalisch⁻Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 10587 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | - Jenny Rissler
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB (SP), 11428 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Eva Sjöström
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden AB (SP), 11428 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Guillaume B Baur
- Federal Institute of Metrology (METAS), 3003 Bern-Wabern, Switzerland.
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18
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19
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Baer DR, Artyushkova K, Brundle CR, Castle JE, Engelhard MH, Gaskell KJ, Grant JT, Haasch RT, Linford MR, Powell CJ, Shard AG, Sherwood PMA, Smentkowski VS. Practical Guides for X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): First Steps in planning, conducting and reporting XPS measurements. J Vac Sci Technol A 2019; 37:10.1116/1.5065501. [PMID: 31579351 PMCID: PMC6774202 DOI: 10.1116/1.5065501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, the widespread utility and applicability of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in research and applications has made it the most popular and widely used method of surface analysis. Associated with this increased use has been an increase in the number of new or inexperienced users which has led to erroneous uses and misapplications of the method. This article is the first in a series of guides assembled by a committee of experienced XPS practitioners that are intended to assist inexperienced users by providing information about good practices in the use of XPS. This first guide outlines steps appropriate for determining whether XPS is capable of obtaining the desired information, identifies issues relevant to planning, conducting and reporting an XPS measurement, and identifies sources of practical information for conducting XPS measurements. Many of the topics and questions addressed in this article also apply to other surface-analysis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R. Baer
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352
| | | | | | - James E. Castle
- University of Surrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H. Engelhard
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, Richland Washington 99352
| | - Karen J. Gaskell
- University of Maryland, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College Park, Maryland 20720
| | - John T. Grant
- Surface Analysis Consulting, Clearwater, Florida 33767
| | - Richard T. Haasch
- University of Illinois, Materials Research Laboratory, 104 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, Illinois 61801-2902
| | - Matthew R. Linford
- Brigham Young University, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Provo, Utah 84602
| | - Cedric J. Powell
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8370
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20
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21
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Smith EF, Counsell JDP, Bailey J, Sharp JS, Alexander MR, Shard AG, Scurr DJ. Sample rotation improves gas cluster sputter depth profiling of polymers. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily F. Smith
- NMRC, School of Chemistry; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | | | - James Bailey
- School of Physics and Astronomy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- School of Physics and Astronomy, E C Stoner Building; University of Leeds; Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - James S. Sharp
- School of Physics and Astronomy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | | | | | - David J. Scurr
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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22
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Rafati A, Shard AG, Castner DG. Multitechnique characterization of oligo(ethylene glycol) functionalized gold nanoparticles. Biointerphases 2016; 11:04B304. [PMID: 27829273 PMCID: PMC5106433 DOI: 10.1116/1.4967216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with average diameters of ∼14 and ∼40 nm, as well as flat gold coated silicon wafers, were functionalized with oligo ethylene glycol (OEG) terminated 1-undecanethiol (HS-CH2)11 self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Both hydroxyl [(OEG)4OH] and methoxy [(OEG)4OMe] terminated SAMs were prepared. The AuNPs were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflectance Fourier infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and low-energy ion scattering (LEIS). These studies provided quantitative information about the OEG functionalized AuNPs. TEM showed the 14 nm AuNPs were more spherical and had a narrower size distribution than the 40 nm AuNPs. ToF-SIMS clearly differentiated between the two OEG SAMs based on the C3H7O+ peak attributed to the methoxy group in the OMe terminated SAMs as well as the different masses of the [Au + M]- ion (M = mass of the thiol molecule) from each type of SAM. Overlayer/substrate ratios quantitatively determined with XPS show a greater proportion of OEG units at the surface of 40 nm AuNPs compared to the 14 nm AuNPs. ATR-FTIR suggested the C11 backbone of the two SAMs on both AuNPs are similar and crystalline, but the OEG head groups are more crystalline on the 40 nm AuNPs compared to the 14 nm AuNPs. This indicated a better ordered SAM present at the surface of the larger, more irregular particles due to greater ordering of the OEG groups. This was consistent with the XPS and LEIS results, which showed a 30% thicker SAM was formed on the 40 nm AuNPs compared to the 14 nm AuNPs. The OH or OMe functionality did not have a significant effect on the ordering and thickness of the OEG SAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rafati
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 351653, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653
| | - Alexander G Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - David G Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, University of Washington, Box 351653, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653
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23
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Belsey NA, Cant DJH, Minelli C, Araujo JR, Bock B, Brüner P, Castner DG, Ceccone G, Counsell JDP, Dietrich PM, Engelhard MH, Fearn S, Galhardo CE, Kalbe H, Won Kim J, Lartundo-Rojas L, Luftman HS, Nunney TS, Pseiner J, Smith EF, Spampinato V, Sturm JM, Thomas AG, Treacy JP, Veith L, Wagstaffe M, Wang H, Wang M, Wang YC, Werner W, Yang L, Shard AG. Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards Interlaboratory Study on Measuring the Thickness and Chemistry of Nanoparticle Coatings Using XPS and LEIS. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2016; 120:24070-24079. [PMID: 27818719 PMCID: PMC5093768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b06713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a VAMAS (Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards) inter-laboratory study on the measurement of the shell thickness and chemistry of nanoparticle coatings. Peptide-coated gold particles were supplied to laboratories in two forms: a colloidal suspension in pure water and; particles dried onto a silicon wafer. Participants prepared and analyzed these samples using either X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or low energy ion scattering (LEIS). Careful data analysis revealed some significant sources of discrepancy, particularly for XPS. Degradation during transportation, storage or sample preparation resulted in a variability in thickness of 53 %. The calculation method chosen by XPS participants contributed a variability of 67 %. However, variability of 12 % was achieved for the samples deposited using a single method and by choosing photoelectron peaks that were not adversely affected by instrumental transmission effects. The study identified a need for more consistency in instrumental transmission functions and relative sensitivity factors, since this contributed a variability of 33 %. The results from the LEIS participants were more consistent, with variability of less than 10 % in thickness and this is mostly due to a common method of data analysis. The calculation was performed using a model developed for uniform, flat films and some participants employed a correction factor to account for the sample geometry, which appears warranted based upon a simulation of LEIS data from one of the participants and comparison to the XPS results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David J. H. Cant
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW,
UK
| | - Caterina Minelli
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW,
UK
| | - Joyce R. Araujo
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia
(INMETRO), Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais (Dimat) Avenida Nossa Senhora das
Graças, 50 Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Bernd Bock
- Tascon GmbH, Mendelstr. 17, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - David G. Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical
Problems, Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195-1653, USA
| | - Giacomo Ceccone
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health
and Consumer Protection, Nanobiosciences Unit, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Paul M. Dietrich
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM
6.1), Unter den Eichen 44-46, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark H. Engelhard
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, EMSL, Richland, WA 99352,
USA
| | - Sarah Fearn
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South
Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Carlos E. Galhardo
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia
(INMETRO), Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais (Dimat) Avenida Nossa Senhora das
Graças, 50 Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Henryk Kalbe
- Kratos Analytical Ltd., Wharfside, Trafford Wharf Road,
Manchester M17 1GP, UK
| | - Jeong Won Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267
Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Luis Lartundo-Rojas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Nanociencias y
Micro y Nanotecnologías, UPALM, Zacatenco, México D.F. CP. 07738,
México
| | - Henry S. Luftman
- Surface Analysis Facility, Lehigh University, 7 Asa Drive,
Bethlehem, PA 18015. USA
| | - Tim S. Nunney
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Unit 24, The Birches Industrial
Estate, Imberhorne Lane, East Grinstead, West Sussex, RH19 1UB, UK
| | - Johannes Pseiner
- Institut fuer Angewandte Physik, TU Vienna, Wiedner Hauptstr
8-10, A 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emily F. Smith
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, School of Chemistry,
University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Valentina Spampinato
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical
Problems, Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA 98195-1653, USA
| | - Jacobus M. Sturm
- Industrial Focus Group XUV Optics, MESA+ Institute for
Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew G. Thomas
- School of Materials and Photon Science Institute, University of
Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jon P.W. Treacy
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Unit 24, The Birches Industrial
Estate, Imberhorne Lane, East Grinstead, West Sussex, RH19 1UB, UK
| | - Lothar Veith
- Tascon GmbH, Mendelstr. 17, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Wagstaffe
- School of Materials and Photon Science Institute, University of
Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hai Wang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, P. R.
China
| | - Meiling Wang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, P. R.
China
| | | | - Wolfgang Werner
- Institut fuer Angewandte Physik, TU Vienna, Wiedner Hauptstr
8-10, A 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an-Jiaotong Liverpool University,
Suzhou, China
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24
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Belsey NA, Cant DJH, Minelli C, Araujo JR, Bock B, Brüner P, Castner DG, Ceccone G, Counsell JDP, Dietrich PM, Engelhard MH, Fearn S, Galhardo CE, Kalbe H, Won Kim J, Lartundo-Rojas L, Luftman HS, Nunney TS, Pseiner J, Smith EF, Spampinato V, Sturm JM, Thomas AG, Treacy JPW, Veith L, Wagstaffe M, Wang H, Wang M, Wang YC, Werner W, Yang L, Shard AG. Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards Interlaboratory Study on Measuring the Thickness and Chemistry of Nanoparticle Coatings Using XPS and LEIS. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2016; 120:24070-24079. [PMID: 27818719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b09412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a VAMAS (Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards) inter-laboratory study on the measurement of the shell thickness and chemistry of nanoparticle coatings. Peptide-coated gold particles were supplied to laboratories in two forms: a colloidal suspension in pure water and; particles dried onto a silicon wafer. Participants prepared and analyzed these samples using either X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) or low energy ion scattering (LEIS). Careful data analysis revealed some significant sources of discrepancy, particularly for XPS. Degradation during transportation, storage or sample preparation resulted in a variability in thickness of 53 %. The calculation method chosen by XPS participants contributed a variability of 67 %. However, variability of 12 % was achieved for the samples deposited using a single method and by choosing photoelectron peaks that were not adversely affected by instrumental transmission effects. The study identified a need for more consistency in instrumental transmission functions and relative sensitivity factors, since this contributed a variability of 33 %. The results from the LEIS participants were more consistent, with variability of less than 10 % in thickness and this is mostly due to a common method of data analysis. The calculation was performed using a model developed for uniform, flat films and some participants employed a correction factor to account for the sample geometry, which appears warranted based upon a simulation of LEIS data from one of the participants and comparison to the XPS results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Belsey
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - David J H Cant
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Caterina Minelli
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Joyce R Araujo
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais (Dimat) Avenida Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50 Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Bernd Bock
- Tascon GmbH, Mendelstr. 17, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - David G Castner
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1653, USA
| | - Giacomo Ceccone
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Nanobiosciences Unit, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Paul M Dietrich
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM 6.1), Unter den Eichen 44-46, D-12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark H Engelhard
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, EMSL, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Sarah Fearn
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Carlos E Galhardo
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO), Divisão de Metrologia de Materiais (Dimat) Avenida Nossa Senhora das Graças, 50 Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
| | - Henryk Kalbe
- Kratos Analytical Ltd., Wharfside, Trafford Wharf Road, Manchester M17 1GP, UK
| | - Jeong Won Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Luis Lartundo-Rojas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, UPALM, Zacatenco, México D.F. CP. 07738, México
| | - Henry S Luftman
- Surface Analysis Facility, Lehigh University, 7 Asa Drive, Bethlehem, PA 18015. USA
| | - Tim S Nunney
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Unit 24, The Birches Industrial Estate, Imberhorne Lane, East Grinstead, West Sussex, RH19 1UB, UK
| | - Johannes Pseiner
- Institut fuer Angewandte Physik, TU Vienna, Wiedner Hauptstr 8-10, A 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emily F Smith
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Valentina Spampinato
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1653, USA
| | - Jacobus M Sturm
- Industrial Focus Group XUV Optics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew G Thomas
- School of Materials and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jon P W Treacy
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Unit 24, The Birches Industrial Estate, Imberhorne Lane, East Grinstead, West Sussex, RH19 1UB, UK
| | - Lothar Veith
- Tascon GmbH, Mendelstr. 17, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Wagstaffe
- School of Materials and Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Hai Wang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Wang
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | | | - Wolfgang Werner
- Institut fuer Angewandte Physik, TU Vienna, Wiedner Hauptstr 8-10, A 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Xi'an-Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
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Abstract
The contact of nanoparticles with biological fluids such as serum results in rapid adsorption of proteins at the nanoparticle surface in a layer known as the "protein corona". Protein coatings modify and control the behavior of the nanoparticles potentially altering the aggregation state and cellular response, which may influence their fate and hazard to human health. Cells are likely to interact with the protein interface rather than with bare surface; therefore it is important to study the protein layer and develop appropriate measurement tools. In this study we investigate how adsorbed proteins from serum affect the size and the surface charge of plain and aminated silica nanoparticles. Particle size and size distributions in buffer and serum-based biological media were studied using tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS), as well as differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Average and single particle ζ-potentials (related to surface charge) were also measured by electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) and TRPS, respectively. Size measurements showed an increase in size of the nanoparticles upon acquisition of a protein layer, thus allowing an estimation of its thickness. DLS proved incapable of providing an accurate measurement of the nanoparticles' size in serum due to the presence of agglomerates. The ability of TRPS to measure sample agglomeration was investigated by comparison with the high resolution technique of DCS. Particle-by-particle ζ-potential measurements by TRPS were consistent with those performed with ELS and allowed a description of the ζ-potential distribution within the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Sikora
- Analytical Science, National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road, TW11 0LW Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander G Shard
- Analytical Science, National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road, TW11 0LW Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - Caterina Minelli
- Analytical Science, National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road, TW11 0LW Teddington, United Kingdom
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26
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Cant DJH, Wang YC, Castner DG, Shard AG. A Technique for Calculation of Shell Thicknesses for Core-Shell-Shell Nanoparticles from XPS Data. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016; 48:274-282. [PMID: 27087712 DOI: 10.1002/sia.5923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper extends a straightforward technique for the calculation of shell thicknesses in core-shell nanoparticles to the case of core-shell-shell nanoparticles using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) data. This method can be applied by XPS analysts and does not require any numerical simulation or advanced knowledge, although iteration is required in the case where both shell thicknesses are unknown. The standard deviation in the calculated thicknesses vs simulated values is typically less than 10%, which is the uncertainty of the electron attenuation lengths used in XPS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J H Cant
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Yung-Chen Wang
- Departments of Bioengineering & Chemical Engineering, National ESCA & Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - David G Castner
- Departments of Bioengineering & Chemical Engineering, National ESCA & Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, University of Washington, Seattle WA
| | - Alexander G Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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27
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Shard AG, Havelund R, Spencer SJ, Gilmore IS, Alexander MR, Angerer TB, Aoyagi S, Barnes JP, Benayad A, Bernasik A, Ceccone G, Counsell JDP, Deeks C, Fletcher JS, Graham DJ, Heuser C, Lee TG, Marie C, Marzec MM, Mishra G, Rading D, Renault O, Scurr DJ, Shon HK, Spampinato V, Tian H, Wang F, Winograd N, Wu K, Wucher A, Zhou Y, Zhu Z, Cristaudo V, Poleunis C. Correction to Measuring Compositions in Organic Depth Profiling: Results from a VAMAS Interlaboratory Study. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:14337. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b09767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Shard AG, Havelund R, Spencer SJ, Gilmore IS, Alexander MR, Angerer TB, Aoyagi S, Barnes JP, Benayad A, Bernasik A, Ceccone G, Counsell JDP, Deeks C, Fletcher JS, Graham DJ, Heuser C, Lee TG, Marie C, Marzec MM, Mishra G, Rading D, Renault O, Scurr DJ, Shon HK, Spampinato V, Tian H, Wang F, Winograd N, Wu K, Wucher A, Zhou Y, Zhu Z. Measuring Compositions in Organic Depth Profiling: Results from a VAMAS Interlaboratory Study. J Phys Chem B 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b05625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Rasmus Havelund
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Steve J. Spencer
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Ian S. Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan R. Alexander
- Laboratory
of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Tina B. Angerer
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Satoka Aoyagi
- Department
of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan
| | - Jean-Paul Barnes
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Anass Benayad
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA-LITEN/DTNM, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Andrzej Bernasik
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Giacomo Ceccone
- Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Via E. Fermi 2749, TP125, 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy
| | | | - Christopher Deeks
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, East
Grinstead, West Sussex RH19 1UB, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Fletcher
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Daniel J. Graham
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christian Heuser
- Faculty
of Physics, University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Camille Marie
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Mateusz M. Marzec
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Gautam Mishra
- Corporate
Research Analytical Laboratory (CRAL), 3M Deutschland GmbH, Carl-Schurz-Straße
1, Neuss 41460, Germany
| | - Derk Rading
- ION-TOF GmbH, Heisenberg Straße
15, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Olivier Renault
- Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - David J. Scurr
- Laboratory
of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Hyun Kyong Shon
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Valentina Spampinato
- Istituto di Fisica dei Plasmi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Hua Tian
- Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Fuyi Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kui Wu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Andreas Wucher
- Faculty
of Physics, University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstraße 1, 47048 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Yufan Zhou
- EMSL, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Zihua Zhu
- EMSL, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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29
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Ray S, Steven RT, Green FM, Höök F, Taskinen B, Hytönen VP, Shard AG. Correction to "Neutralized Chimeric Avidin Binding at a Reference Biosensor Surface". Langmuir 2015; 31:6265. [PMID: 26020150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Ray S, Steven RT, Green FM, Höök F, Taskinen B, Hytönen VP, Shard AG. Neutralized chimeric avidin binding at a reference biosensor surface. Langmuir 2015; 31:1921-1930. [PMID: 25650821 DOI: 10.1021/la503213f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe the development of a reference biosensor surface, based upon a binary mixture of oligo-ethylene glycol thiols, one of which has biotin at the terminus, adsorbed onto gold as self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). These surfaces were analyzed in detail by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to establish the relationship between the thiol solution composition and the surface composition and structure. We report the use of argon cluster primary ions for the analysis of PEG-thiols, establishing that the different thiols are intimately mixed and that SIMS may be used to measure surface composition of thiol SAMs on gold with a detection limit better than 1% fractional coverage. The adsorption of neutralized chimeric avidin to these surfaces was measured simultaneously using ellipsometry and QCM-D. Comparison of the two measurements demonstrates the expected nonlinearity of the frequency response of the QCM but also reveals a strong variation in the dissipation signal that correlates with the surface density of biotin. These variations are most likely due to the difference in mechanical response of neutralized chimeric avidin bound by just one biotin moiety at low biotin density and two biotin moieties at high density. The transition between the two modes of binding occurs when the average spacing of biotin ligands approaches the diameter of the avidin molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Ray
- Analytical Science Division, National Physical Laboratory , Teddington, UK
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Bailey J, Havelund R, Shard AG, Gilmore IS, Alexander MR, Sharp JS, Scurr DJ. 3D ToF-SIMS imaging of polymer multilayer films using argon cluster sputter depth profiling. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:2654-2659. [PMID: 25562665 DOI: 10.1021/am507663v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ToF-SIMS imaging with argon cluster sputter depth profiling has provided detailed insight into the three-dimensional (3D) chemical composition of a series of polymer multilayer structures. Depths of more than 15 μm were profiled in these samples while maintaining uniform sputter rates. The 3D chemical images provide information regarding the structure of the multilayer systems that could be used to inform future systems manufacturing and development. This also includes measuring the layer homogeneity, thickness, and interface widths. The systems analyzed were spin-cast multilayers comprising alternating polystyrene (PS) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) layers. These included samples where the PVP and PS layer thickness values were kept constant throughout and samples where the layer thickness was varied as a function of depth in the multilayer. The depth profile data obtained was observed to be superior to that obtained for the same materials using alternative ion sources such as C60(n+). The data closely reflected the "as manufactured" sample specification, exhibiting good agreement with ellipsometry measurements of layer thickness, while also maintaining secondary ion intensities throughout the profiling regime. The unprecedented quality of the data allowed a detailed analysis of the chemical structure of these systems, revealing some minor imperfections within the polymer layers and demonstrating the enhanced capabilities of the argon cluster depth profiling technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Bailey
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD, England
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Holzweber M, Shard AG, Jungnickel H, Luch A, Unger WES. Dual beam organic depth profiling using large argon cluster ion beams. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014; 46:936-939. [PMID: 25892830 PMCID: PMC4376248 DOI: 10.1002/sia.5429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Argon cluster sputtering of an organic multilayer reference material consisting of two organic components, 4,4'-bis[N-(1-naphthyl-1-)-N-phenyl- amino]-biphenyl (NPB) and aluminium tris-(8-hydroxyquinolate) (Alq3), materials commonly used in organic light-emitting diodes industry, was carried out using time-of-flight SIMS in dual beam mode. The sample used in this study consists of a ∽400-nm-thick NPB matrix with 3-nm marker layers of Alq3 at depth of ∽50, 100, 200 and 300 nm. Argon cluster sputtering provides a constant sputter yield throughout the depth profiles, and the sputter yield volumes and depth resolution are presented for Ar-cluster sizes of 630, 820, 1000, 1250 and 1660 atoms at a kinetic energy of 2.5 keV. The effect of cluster size in this material and over this range is shown to be negligible. © 2014 The Authors. Surface and Interface Analysis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Holzweber
- BAM – Federal Institute for Material Science and Testing, Division of Surface Analysis and Interfacial ChemistryUnter den Eichen 44-46, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - AG Shard
- National Physical LaboratoryHampton Road, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - H Jungnickel
- BfR – Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Experimental ResearchMax Dohrn Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Luch
- BfR – Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department of Experimental ResearchMax Dohrn Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - WES Unger
- BAM – Federal Institute for Material Science and Testing, Division of Surface Analysis and Interfacial ChemistryUnter den Eichen 44-46, 12205, Berlin, Germany
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Havelund R, Seah MP, Shard AG, Gilmore IS. Electron flood gun damage effects in 3D secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of organics. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2014; 25:1565-1571. [PMID: 24912434 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electron flood guns used for charge compensation in secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) cause chemical degradation. In this study, the effect of electron flood gun damage on argon cluster depth profiling is evaluated for poly(vinylcarbazole), 1,4-bis((1-naphthylphenyl)amino)biphenyl and Irganox 3114. Thin films of these three materials are irradiated with a range of doses from a focused beam of 20 eV electrons used for charge neutralization. SIMS chemical images of the irradiated surfaces show an ellipsoidal damaged area, approximately 3 mm in length, created by the electron beam. In depth profiles obtained with 5 keV Ar(2000)(+) sputtering from the vicinity of the damaged area, the characteristic ion signal intensity rises from a low level to a steady state. For the damaged thin films, the ion dose required to sputter through the thin film to the substrate is higher than for undamaged areas. It is shown that a damaged layer is formed and this has a sputtering yield that is reduced by up to an order of magnitude and that the thickness of the damaged layer, which increases with the electron dose, can be as much as 20 nm for Irganox 3114. The study emphasizes the importance of minimizing the neutralizing electron dose prior to the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wernecke
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB); Abbestr. 2-12 10587 Berlin Germany
| | - Alexander G. Shard
- National Physical Laboratory; Hampton Road Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW UK
| | - Michael Krumrey
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB); Abbestr. 2-12 10587 Berlin Germany
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Shard AG, Havelund R, Seah MP, Spencer SJ, Gilmore IS, Winograd N, Mao D, Miyayama T, Niehuis E, Rading D, Moellers R. Argon Cluster Ion Beams for Organic Depth Profiling: Results from a VAMAS Interlaboratory Study. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7865-73. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301567t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United
Kingdom
| | - Rasmus Havelund
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United
Kingdom
| | - Martin P. Seah
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United
Kingdom
| | - Steve J. Spencer
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United
Kingdom
| | - Ian S. Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, United
Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Winograd
- Department
of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry
Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Dan Mao
- Department
of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, 104 Chemistry
Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | | | - Ewald Niehuis
- ION-TOF GmbH, Heisenbergstr.
15, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Derk Rading
- ION-TOF GmbH, Heisenbergstr.
15, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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Bell NC, Minelli C, Tompkins J, Stevens MM, Shard AG. Emerging techniques for submicrometer particle sizing applied to Stöber silica. Langmuir 2012; 28:10860-10872. [PMID: 22724385 DOI: 10.1021/la301351k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The accurate characterization of submicrometer and nanometer sized particles presents a major challenge in the diverse applications envisaged for them including cosmetics, biosensors, renewable energy, and electronics. Size is one of the principal parameters for classifying particles and understanding their behavior, with other particle characteristics usually only quantifiable when size is accounted for. We present a comparative study of emerging and established techniques to size submicrometer particles, evaluating their sizing precision and relative resolution, and demonstrating the variety of physical principles upon which they are based, with the aim of developing a framework in which they can be compared. We used in-house synthesized Stöber silica particles between 100 and 400 nm in diameter as reference materials for this study. The emerging techniques of scanning ion occlusion sensing (SIOS), differential centrifugal sedimentation (DCS), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) were compared to the established techniques of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning mobility particle sizing (SMPS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The size distributions were described using the mode, arithmetic mean, and standard deviation. Uncertainties associated with the six techniques were evaluated, including the statistical uncertainties in the mean sizes measured by the single-particle counting techniques. Q-Q plots were used to analyze the shapes of the size distributions. Through the use of complementary techniques for particle sizing, a more complete characterization of the particles was achieved, with additional information on their density and porosity attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia C Bell
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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Abstract
Protein adsorption at solid surfaces is central to many phenomena of medical and technological interest. The determination of the amount of protein attached to the surface is a critical measurement performed by using a wide range of methods. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is able to provide a straightforward quantitative analysis of the amount of protein adsorbed as an overlayer on a material surface. While XPS is commonly employed to assess qualitatively the amount of adsorbed protein, this is usually expressed in terms of the elemental fraction (or at. %) of nitrogen calculated using an assumption of depth homogeneity despite the fact that this does not linearly scale with the amount of protein. In this paper, we have shown that thicknesses derived from XPS data linearly correlated with spectroscopic ellipsometry data on the same samples with a scatter of 10%. A straightforward equation to convert the concentration of nitrogen from XPS into an equivalent thickness of a protein film is presented. We highlight some discrepancies in the absolute thicknesses determined by XPS and ellipsometry on dried films and quartz crystal microbalance on wet films, which appear likely to result from the inclusion of a contribution from water in the latter two techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Ray
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK.
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Scurr DJ, Horlacher T, Oberli MA, Werz DB, Kroeck L, Bufali S, Seeberger PH, Shard AG, Alexander MR. Surface characterization of carbohydrate microarrays. Langmuir 2010; 26:17143-17155. [PMID: 20954727 DOI: 10.1021/la1029933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate microarrays are essential tools to determine the biological function of glycans. Here, we analyze a glycan array by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to gain a better understanding of the physicochemical properties of the individual spots and to improve carbohydrate microarray quality. The carbohydrate microarray is prepared by piezo printing of thiol-terminated sugars onto a maleimide functionalized glass slide. The hyperspectral ToF-SIMS imaging data are analyzed by multivariate curve resolution (MCR) to discern secondary ions from regions of the array containing saccharide, linker, salts from the printing buffer, and the background linker chemistry. Analysis of secondary ions from the linker common to all of the sugar molecules employed reveals a relatively uniform distribution of the sugars within the spots formed from solutions with saccharide concentration of 0.4 mM and less, whereas a doughnut shape is often formed at higher-concentration solutions. A detailed analysis of individual spots reveals that in the larger spots the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) salts are heterogeneously distributed, apparently resulting in saccharide concentrated at the rim of the spots. A model of spot formation from the evaporating sessile drop is proposed to explain these observations. Saccharide spot diameters increase with saccharide concentration due to a reduction in surface tension of the saccharide solution compared to PBS. The multivariate analytical partial least squares (PLS) technique identifies ions from the sugars that in the complex ToF-SIMS spectra correlate with the binding of galectin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Scurr
- University of Nottingham, School of Pharmacy, Boots Science Building, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Dietrich PM, Horlacher T, Gross T, Wirth T, Castelli R, Shard AG, Alexander M, Seeberger PH, Unger WES. Surface analytical characterization of carbohydrate microarrays. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shard AG, Rafati A, Ogaki R, Lee JLS, Hutton S, Mishra G, Davies MC, Alexander MR. Organic Depth Profiling of a Binary System: the Compositional Effect on Secondary Ion Yield and a Model for Charge Transfer during Secondary Ion Emission. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:11574-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jp904911n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Shard
- Quality of Life Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K.; Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.; and Kratos Analytical, Wharfside, Trafford Wharf Road, Manchester M17 1GP, U.K
| | - Ali Rafati
- Quality of Life Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K.; Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.; and Kratos Analytical, Wharfside, Trafford Wharf Road, Manchester M17 1GP, U.K
| | - Ryosuke Ogaki
- Quality of Life Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K.; Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.; and Kratos Analytical, Wharfside, Trafford Wharf Road, Manchester M17 1GP, U.K
| | - Joanna L. S. Lee
- Quality of Life Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K.; Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.; and Kratos Analytical, Wharfside, Trafford Wharf Road, Manchester M17 1GP, U.K
| | - Simon Hutton
- Quality of Life Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K.; Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.; and Kratos Analytical, Wharfside, Trafford Wharf Road, Manchester M17 1GP, U.K
| | - Gautam Mishra
- Quality of Life Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K.; Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.; and Kratos Analytical, Wharfside, Trafford Wharf Road, Manchester M17 1GP, U.K
| | - Martyn C. Davies
- Quality of Life Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K.; Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.; and Kratos Analytical, Wharfside, Trafford Wharf Road, Manchester M17 1GP, U.K
| | - Morgan R. Alexander
- Quality of Life Division, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K.; Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.; and Kratos Analytical, Wharfside, Trafford Wharf Road, Manchester M17 1GP, U.K
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Rafati A, Davies MC, Shard AG, Hutton S, Mishra G, Alexander MR. Quantitative XPS depth profiling of codeine loaded poly(l-lactic acid) films using a coronene ion sputter source. J Control Release 2009; 138:40-4. [PMID: 19427343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The controlled release of active pharmaceutical ingredients from polymers over prolonged periods of time is vital for the function of drug eluting stents and other drug loaded delivery devices. Characterisation of the drug distribution in polymers allows the in vitro and in vivo performance to be rationalised. We present the first X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling study of such a drug eluting stent system for which we employ a novel coronene ion sputter source. The rationale for this is to ascertain quantitative atomic concentration data through the thickness of flat films containing codeine and poly(l-lactic acid) (PLA) as a model of a drug loaded polymer device. A range of films of thickness of up to 96 nm are spun cast from chloroform onto Piranha cleaned silicon wafers. Ellipsometry of the films is undertaken prior to depth profiling to determine the total film thickness and provide a measure of the relative loading of drug within the PLA matrix through spectroscopic analysis. Progressive XPS analysis of the bottom of the sputter crater with sputter time indicated codeine to be depleted from the surface and segregated to the bulk of the polymer films by comparison with a uniform distribution calculated from the bulk loading. This serves to illustrate that surface depletion of drug occurs, which poses important implications for drug loaded polymer delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rafati
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Surface Analysis, University of Nottingham, School of Pharmacy, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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Green FM, Shard AG, Gilmore IS, Seah MP. Analysis of the interface and its position in C60(n+) secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling. Anal Chem 2009; 81:75-9. [PMID: 19117445 DOI: 10.1021/ac801352r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
C60(n+) ions have been shown to be extremely successful for SIMS depth profiling of a wide range of organic materials, causing significantly less degradation of the molecular information than more traditional primary ions. This work focuses on examining the definition of the interface in a C60(n+) SIMS depth profile for an organic overlayer on a wafer substrate. First it investigates the optimum method to define the organic/inorganic interface position. Variations of up to 8 nm in the interface position can arise from different definitions of the interface position in the samples investigated here. Second, it looks into the reasons behind large interfacial widths, i.e., poor depth resolution, seen in C60(n+) depth profiling. This work confirms that, for Irganox 1010 deposited on a wafer, the depth resolution at the Irganox 1010/substrate interface is directly correlated to the roughening of material. C60n+
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Green
- Quality of Life Division National Physical Laboratory Teddington, Middlesex TW110LW, UK.
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Shard AG, Green FM, Brewer PJ, Seah MP, Gilmore IS. Quantitative molecular depth profiling of organic delta-layers by C60 ion sputtering and SIMS. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:2596-605. [PMID: 18254619 DOI: 10.1021/jp077325n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alternating layers of two different organic materials, Irganox1010 and Irganox3114, have been created using vapor deposition. The layers of Irganox3114 were very thin ( approximately 2.5 nm) in comparison to the layers of Irganox1010 ( approximately 55 or approximately 90 nm) to create an organic equivalent of the inorganic 'delta-layers' commonly employed as reference materials in dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry. Both materials have identical sputtering yields, and we show that organic delta layers may be used to determine some of the important metrological parameters for cluster ion beam depth profiling. We demonstrate, using a C(60) ion source, that the sputtering yield, S, diminishes with ion dose and that the depth resolution also degrades. By comparison with atomic force microscopy data for films of pure Irganox1010, we show that the degradation in depth resolution is caused by the development of topography. Secondary ion intensities are a well-behaved function of sputtering yield and may be employed to obtain useful analytical information. Fragments characteristic of highly damaged material have intensity proportional to S, and those fragments with minimal molecular rearrangment exhibit intensities proportional to S(2). We demonstrate quantitative analysis of the amount of substance in buried layers of a few nanometer thickness with an accuracy of approximately 10%. Organic delta layers are valuable reference materials for comparing the capabilities of different cluster ion sources and experimental arrangements for the depth profiling of organic materials.
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Abstract
Biocompatibility is key to the performance of any material in a biological environment. This review outlines current opinion on the factors that lead to biocompatibility and focuses on the interactions that occur at the interface between material and environment. The sequence of events, from protein adsorption, cell attachment and behavior, to biocompatibility, is traced. Although these processes are studied and reported widely, there is, as yet, little published evidence that implant biocompatibility can be enhanced in the long term by surface engineering. This lack of evidence does not necessarily imply a lack of effect, but may be ascribed to a lack of robust characterization and poor modeling of the implant environment.
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Bullett NA, Talib RA, Short RD, McArthur SL, Shard AG. Chemical and thermo-responsive characterisation of surfaces formed by plasma polymerisation ofN-isopropyl acrylamide. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Mitchell SA, Poulsson AHC, Davidson MR, Emmison N, Shard AG, Bradley RH. Cellular attachment and spatial control of cells using micro-patterned ultra-violet/ozone treatment in serum enriched media. Biomaterials 2004; 25:4079-86. [PMID: 15046899 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2003] [Accepted: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-violet Ozone (UVO) modified polystyrene (PS) surfaces were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), contact angle (CA), optical microscopy (OM) and cell culture experiments. UV/Ozone treatment up to 900 s was used to increase the surface oxygen concentration of PS surfaces from 0% to approximately 35% (unwashed) and 0% to approximately 27% (washed). The observed differences in oxygen concentration, between washed and unwashed surfaces, have been previously attributed to the removal of low molecular weight debris produced in this treatment process. Surface roughness (Rq) is known to affect cellular attachment and proliferation. AFM studies of the UV/Ozone treated PS surfaces show the surface roughness is an order of magnitude less than that expected to cause an effect. UV/Ozone treatment of PS showed a marked change in CA which decreased to approximately 60 degrees after 900 s treatment. The increased attachment and proliferation of Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) and mouse embryo 3T3-L1 (3T3) cells on the treated surfaces compared to untreated PS were found to correlate strongly with the increase in surface oxygen concentration. Surface chemical oxidation patterns on the PS were produced using a simple masking technique and a short UV/Ozone treatment time, typically 20-45 s. The chemical patterns on PS were visualized by water condensation and the spatially selective attachment of CHO and 3T3-L1 cells cultured with 10% (v/v) serum. This paper describes an easily reproducible, one step technique to produce a well-defined, chemically heterogeneous surface with a cellular resolution using UV/Ozone modification. By using a variety of cell types, that require different media conditions, we have been able to expand the potential applications of this procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Mitchell
- Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research Centre, School of Engineering, The Robert Gordon University, St Andrew Street, Aberdeen AB25 1HG, UK.
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Shard AG, Whittle JD, Beck AJ, Brookes PN, Bullett NA, Talib RA, Mistry A, Barton D, McArthur SL. A NEXAFS Examination of Unsaturation in Plasma Polymers of Allylamine and Propylamine. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048250f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dhanak VR, Shard AG, Muryn CA, Wincott PL, Thornton G. Performance of the VUV beamline 4.1 at the SRS, Daresbury Laboratory. J Synchrotron Radiat 1998; 5:569-571. [PMID: 15263581 DOI: 10.1107/s090904959701296x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/1997] [Accepted: 09/22/1997] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The performance of a recently commissioned beamline, designated BL4.1, at the SRS, Daresbury Laboratory, is described. This beamline covers the energy range 15 >/= hupsilon >/= 200 eV, using a spherical grating monochromator, and is equipped with a UHV surface-science endstation containing a Scienta SES200 and an HA54 angle-resolving electron-energy analyser. Design parameters and optical specifications are tabulated. Monochromator resolution has been determined by measuring the Fermi edge of a Pt foil cooled to 40 K and these values are compared with the calculated resolution. The flux delivered to the endstation has been measured directly using a calibrated photodiode. The performance of the beamline is further illustrated by reference to a study of the angular distribution of photoemitted intensity from a band-gap state on a TiO(2)(110) 1 x 2 surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Dhanak
- Surface Science Research Centre, University of Liverpool, PO Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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Shard AG, Dhanak VR, Smith AD. An electrostrictive drive for fine pitch control in double-crystal monochromators. J Synchrotron Radiat 1998; 5:829-831. [PMID: 15263667 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049597014714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/1997] [Accepted: 10/27/1997] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of the pitch angle of the crystals in a double-crystal monochromator is essential to preserve their accurate alignment while the instrument is scanned. Computer-controlled piezoceramic electrostrictive actuators have recently been installed to the top crystal in two monochromators at the Daresbury SRS to facilitate this. This complements the coarser control provided by the existing stepper motor to give an accurate positioning of the crystal alignment over the full rocking-curve width of the crystals. To maintain accurate alignment during a scan, a number of servo feedback options have been devised. In this paper an analysis of the performance of these drives is presented and their utility in a variety of different experimental techniques is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Shard
- IRC in Surface Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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