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Krynitsky AJ, Stout SJ, Nejad H, Cavalier TC. Multiresidue Determination and Confirmation of Imidazolinone Herbicides in Soil by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J AOAC Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/82.4.956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A new multiresidue method was developed to determine 6 imidazolinone herbicides in 5 different soil types, using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESMS). Good recoveries and sensitivity were obtained for the compounds investigated at the 2.0 ppb limit of quantitation. A 50 g portion of soil was extracted with 0.5N NaOH. A portion of the extract was acidified to precipitate humic acids, and the supernatant was loaded onto a preconditioned tC-18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge and eluted with ethyl acetate. Further cleanup was achieved by using a tandem strong-anion-ex- change SPE/strong-cation-exchange (SCX) SPE. Analytes were eluted from the SCX SPE with saturated KCI in methanol. After cleanup, the sample was desalted with an RP-102 SPE cartridge. Quantitation was achieved by monitoring the [M + H]+ ions for each compound, with a time-scheduled selective-ion-monitoring program (positive mode). The extraction and cleanup procedure produced a purified extract for MS confirmation using 3 ions with “in-source” collision-induced dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Krynitsky
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Analytical Chemistry Branch, EPA Environmental Science Center, 701 Mapes Rd, Fort Meade, MD 20755-5350
| | - Steven J Stout
- American Cyanamid Company, Agricultural Research Division, PO Box 400, Princeton, NJ 08543-0400
| | - Huns Nejad
- American Cyanamid Company, Agricultural Research Division, PO Box 400, Princeton, NJ 08543-0400
| | - Thomas C Cavalier
- American Cyanamid Company, Agricultural Research Division, PO Box 400, Princeton, NJ 08543-0400
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Abstract
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed to separate and determine residues of 5 sulfonylurea herbicides in grains (wheat, barley, and corn). This work demonstrated the practicality of using CE for residue analysis of sulfonylureas. The method yielded good recoveries and adequate sensitivities at tolerance levels (0.05–0.1 ppm). The compounds investigated were metsulfuron methyl (Ally), thifensulfuron methyl (Harmony), chlorsulfuron (Glean), rimsulfuron (DPX-E9636), and tribenuron methyl (Express). Acetonitrile extracts of grain samples were partitioned with hexane and then cleaned up with cation exchange solid-phase extraction cartridges. Quantitation was performed by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography using a high-sensitivity optical cell. Average recoveries at the 0.05 ppm level ranged from 72.9 to 118.5%. The lower limit of detection was approximately 0.02 ppm, except for rimsulfuron and tribenuron methyl, for which the lower limit of detection was 0.035 ppm. The method was less complicated and showed better sensitivity than current single-analyte liquid chromatographic enforcement methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas M Swtneford
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Building 306, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705
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Capar SG, Cook JM, Bell J, Hickes H, Krynitsky AJ, Lehotay SJ, Ritland CL, Schenck FJ, Soderberg D, Phillips JG. Committee on Residues and Related Topics. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/91.1.46b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Capar
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, HFS-716, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740-3835
| | - Jo Marie Cook
- Florida Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemical Residue Laboratories, 3125 Conner Blvd, Lab #3, Tallahassee, FL 32399-1650
| | - James Bell
- Food Safety Net Services, Ltd, 221 W. Rhapsody, San Antonio, TX 78216
| | - Heidi Hickes
- Montana Department of Agriculture, Montana State University, McCall Hall Room 10, Bozeman, MT 59717-0362
| | - Alexander J Krynitsky
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, HFS-706, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, HFS-336, College Park, MD 20740-3835
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038
| | | | - Frank J Schenck
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Regulatory Affairs, Southeast Regional Laboratory, 60 Eighth St NE, Atlanta, GA 30309
| | - David Soderberg
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OPP, HED, RRB3, Room 821D, 7509C, Ariel Rios Building, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave, Washington, DC 20460
| | - John G Phillips
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Ln, Wyndomoor, PA 19308-8551
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Schermerhorn PG, Golden PE, Krynitsky AJ, Leimkuehler WM. Determination of 22 Triazole Compounds Including Parent Fungicides and Metabolites in Apples, Peaches, Flour, and Water by Liquid Chromatography/TandemMass Spectrometry. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/88.5.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method has been developed for the determination of 14 parent triazole fungicides and 8 of their metabolites found in apples, peaches, flour, raw water, and tap water. The triazole fungicides chosen for this multiresidue method development project included propiconazole, fenbuconazole and its RH-9129 and RH-9130 metabolites, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, tebuconazole and its HWG 2061 metabolite, hexaconazole, bromuconazole (both stereoisomers), epoxiconazole, tetraconazole, triticonazole and its RPA-404886 and RPA-406341 metabolites, triadimefon, triadimenol, and myclobutanil. Of special concern to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were the metabolites common to all triazole fungicides: free triazole, 1,2,4-triazole (T), and its 2 conjugates: triazolylalanine (TA) and triazolylacetic acid (TAA). These metabolites were the primary focus of this project. All samples we cleaned up by a combination of C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE), mixed-mode cationic SPE, and mixed-mode anionic SPE columns. A triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer, equipped with electrospray ionization in the positive-ion mode, was used to determine the compounds of interest. T, TA, and TAA were quantitated using isotopically labeled internal standards (IS), in which the 1,2,4-triazole ring had been synthesized by using 13C and 15N (IS_T, IS_TA, and IS_TAA). These isotopically labeled internal standards were necessary to correct for matrix effects. The T, TA, and TAA metabolites were quantitated at the 25–50 parts-per-billion (ppb) level in food commodities and at 0.50 ppb in water. Recoveries were 70–101% from apples, 60–121% from peaches, 57–118% from flour, 75–99% from raw water, and 79–99% from tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Schermerhorn
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Biological and Economic Analysis Division, Analytical Chemistry Branch, 701 Mapes Rd, Fort George G. Meade, MD 20755-5350
| | - Paul E Golden
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Biological and Economic Analysis Division, Analytical Chemistry Branch, 701 Mapes Rd, Fort George G. Meade, MD 20755-5350
| | - Alexander J Krynitsky
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, HFS-336, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740-3835
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Zhang K, Wong JW, Krynitsky AJ, Trucksess MW. Perspective on Advancing FDA Regulatory Monitoring for Mycotoxins in Foods using Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (Review). J AOAC Int 2016; 99:890-894. [PMID: 27330044 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.16-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of mycotoxins (such as aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, and patulin) is routinely monitored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to ensure that their concentrations in food are below the levels requiring regulatory action or advisories. To improve the efficiency of mycotoxin analysis, the researchers at the FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition have been evaluating modern LC-MS technologies. Consequently, a variety of LC-tandem MS and LC-high-resolution MS methods have been developed, which simultaneously identify and quantitate multiple mycotoxins in foods and feeds. Although matrix effects (matrix-induced ion suppression or enhancement) associated with LC-MS-based mycotoxin analysis remain, this review discusses methods for managing these effects and proposes practical solutions for the future implementation of LC-MS-based multimycotoxin analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Jon W Wong
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Alexander J Krynitsky
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
| | - Mary W Trucksess
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
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Zhou W, Wang PG, Wittenberg JB, Rua D, Krynitsky AJ. Simultaneous determination of cosmetics ingredients in nail products by fast gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1446:134-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wittenberg JB, Canas BJ, Zhou W, Wang PG, Rua D, Krynitsky AJ. Determination of methylisothiazolinone and methylchloroisothiazolinone in cosmetic products by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2983-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James B. Wittenberg
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
| | - Benjamin J. Canas
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
| | - Wanlong Zhou
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
| | - Perry G. Wang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
| | - Diego Rua
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
| | - Alexander J. Krynitsky
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration; Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; College Park MD USA
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Yang P, Chang JS, Wong JW, Zhang K, Krynitsky AJ, Bromirski M, Wang J. Effect of sample dilution on matrix effects in pesticide analysis of several matrices by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:5169-5177. [PMID: 25620499 DOI: 10.1021/jf505168v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study used two LC columns of different adsorbents and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry to study the relationship between matrix effects (ME), the LC separations, and elution patterns of pesticides and those of matrix components. Using calibration standards of 381 pesticides at three dilution levels of 1×, 1/10×, and 1/100×, 108 samples were prepared in solvent and five different sample matrices for the study. Results obtained from principal component analysis and slope ratios of calibration curves provided measurements of the ME and showed the 1/100× sample dilution could minimize suppression ME for most pesticides analyzed. Should a pesticide coeluting with matrix components have a peak intensity of 25 times or higher, the suppression for that pesticide would persist even at 1/100× dilution. The number of pesticides had enhancement ME increased with increasing dilution from 1× to 1/100×, with those early eluting, hydrophilic pesticides affected the most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yang
- †Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Laboratory Services Branch, 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9P 3V6
| | - James S Chang
- §ThermoFisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, California 95134-1908, United States
| | - Jon W Wong
- #U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Kai Zhang
- #U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Alexander J Krynitsky
- #U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Maciej Bromirski
- ⊥ThermoFisher Scientific, Hanna-Kunath-Strasse 11, 28199 Bremen, Germany
| | - Jian Wang
- ⊗Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Calgary Laboratory, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2L 2L1
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Ma J, Pawar RS, Grundel E, Mazzola EP, Ridge CD, Masaoka T, Le Grice SFJ, Wilson J, Beutler JA, Krynitsky AJ. Sesquiterpenoid tropolone glycosides from Liriosma ovata. J Nat Prod 2015; 78:315-319. [PMID: 25587934 PMCID: PMC7709799 DOI: 10.1021/np5006696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two new sesquiterpenoid tropolone glycosides, liriosmasides A (1) and B (2), along with two known compounds, secoxyloganin and oplopanpheside C, were isolated from a methanol extract of the roots of Liriosma ovata. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR and by high-resolution mass spectrometry involving an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbital ion trap mass spectrometric (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS) method. Compound 1 showed weak inhibitory activity against HIV RNase H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Rahul S. Pawar
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Erich Grundel
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Eugene P. Mazzola
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Clark D. Ridge
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Takashi Masaoka
- RT Biochemistry Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Stuart F. J. Le Grice
- RT Biochemistry Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Jennifer Wilson
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - John A. Beutler
- Molecular Targets Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Alexander J. Krynitsky
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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Zhang K, Wong JW, Krynitsky AJ, Trucksess MW. Determining mycotoxins in baby foods and animal feeds using stable isotope dilution and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:8935-43. [PMID: 25153173 DOI: 10.1021/jf503943r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We developed a stable isotope dilution assay with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to determine multiple mycotoxins in baby foods and animal feeds. Samples were fortified with [(13)C]-uniformly labeled mycotoxins as internal standards ([(13)C]-IS) and prepared by solvent extraction (50% acetonitrile in water) and filtration, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. Mycotoxins in each sample were quantitated with the corresponding [(13)C]-IS. In general, recoveries of aflatoxins (2-100 ng/g), deoxynivalenol, fumonisins (50-2000 ng/g), ochratoxin A (20-1000 ng/kg), T-2 toxin, and zearalenone (40-2000 ng/g) in tested matrices (grain/rice/oatmeal-based formula, animal feed, dry cat/dog food) ranged from 70 to 120% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) <20%. The method provides sufficient selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy, and reproducibility to screen for aflatoxins at ng/g concentrations and deoxynivalenol and fumonisins at low μg/g concentrations in baby foods and animal feeds, without using conventional standard addition or matrix-matched calibration standards to correct for matrix effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , HFS-706, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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Wittenberg JB, Zhou W, Wang PG, Krynitsky AJ. Determination of prostaglandin analogs in cosmetic products by high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1359:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Vaclavik L, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Quantification of aristolochic acids I and II in herbal dietary supplements by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–multistage fragmentation mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:784-91. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.892215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Vaclavik L, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Targeted analysis of multiple pharmaceuticals, plant toxins and other secondary metabolites in herbal dietary supplements by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole-orbital ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 810:45-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vaclavik L, Vaclavikova M, Begley TH, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Determination of multiple mycotoxins in dietary supplements containing green coffee bean extracts using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:4822-4830. [PMID: 23631685 DOI: 10.1021/jf401139u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of 34 mycotoxins in dietary supplements containing green coffee bean (GCB) extracts was developed, evaluated, and used in the analysis of 50 commercial products. A QuEChERS-like procedure was used for isolation of target analytes from the examined matrices. Average recoveries of the analytes were in the range of 75-110%. The precision of the method expressed as relative standard deviation was below 12%. Limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 1.0 to 50.0 μg/kg and from 2.5 to 100 μg/kg, respectively. Due to matrix effects, the method of standard additions was used to ensure accurate quantitation. Ochratoxin A, ochratoxin B, fumonisin B1 and mycophenolic acid were found in 36%, 32%, 10%, and 16% of tested products, respectively. Mycotoxins occurred in the following concentration ranges: ochratoxin A, <1.0-136.9 μg/kg; ochratoxin B, <1.0-20.2 μg/kg; fumonisin B1, <50.0-415.0 μg/kg; mycophenolic acid, <5.0-395.0 μg/kg. High-resolution mass spectrometry operated in full MS and MS/MS mode was used to confirm the identities of the reported compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Vaclavik
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, HFS-717, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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Jaworska K, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Simultaneous analysis of steviol and steviol glycosides by liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection on a mixed-mode column: application to Stevia plant material and Stevia-containing dietary supplements. J AOAC Int 2013; 95:1588-96. [PMID: 23451373 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.11-435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous separation of steviol and steviol glycosides is challenging because of differences in their polarity and chemical structure. In this study, simultaneous analysis of steviol and steviol glycosides was achieved by LC with UV detection using a mixed-mode RP weak anion exchange chromatography column. Steviol and seven steviol glycosides were analyzed on an Acclaim Mixed-Mode Wax-1 (Dionex) column with a linear gradient of deionized water adjusted to pH 3.00 with phosphoric acid and acetonitrile. The extraction was performed by sonicating dry plant material at 40 degreesC in acetonitrile-water (30 + 70, v/v). LOQ values (mg/g dry weight of plant material) were rebaudioside B, 0.50; steviol, 0.70, dulcoside A, 1.0; steviolbioside, 1.2; stevioside and rebaudioside C, 2.0; rebaudioside D, 3.3; and rebaudioside A, 5.0. The method demonstrated suitable performance for all analytes tested with respect to accuracy (mean recoveries 95-99%), intraday and interday precision for retention times (0.070-0.28% and 0.33-1.0% RSD, respectively), and linearity. The method was used to authenticate steviol glycosides in several samples of Stevia plant material as well as to quantitate steviol glycosides in dietary supplements containing Stevia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jaworska
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Ma J, Krynitsky AJ, Grundel E, Rader JI. Quantitative determination of cucurbitane-type triterpenes and triterpene glycosides in dietary supplements containing bitter melon (Momordica charantia) by HPLC-MS/MS. J AOAC Int 2013; 95:1597-608. [PMID: 23451374 DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.11-511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae), commonly known as bitter melon, is widely cultivated in many tropical and subtropical areas of the world. It is a common food staple; its fruits, leaves, seeds, stems, and roots also have a long history of use in traditional medicine. In the United States, dietary supplements labeled as containing bitter melon can be purchased over-the-counter and from Internet suppliers. Currently, no quantitative analytical method is available for monitoring the content of cucurbitane-type triterpenes and triterpene glycosides, the major constituents of bitter melon, in such supplements. We investigated the use of HPLC-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS/MS for the quantitative determination of such compounds in dietary supplements containing bitter melon. Values for each compound obtained from external calibration were compared with those obtained from the method of standard additions to address matrix effects associated with ESI. In addition, the cucurbitane-type triterpene and triterpene glycoside contents of two dietary supplements determined by the HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method with standard additions were compared with those measured by an HPLC method with evaporative light scattering detection, which was recently developed for quantification of such compounds in dried fruits of M. charantia. The contents of five cucurbitane-type triterpenes and triterpene glycosides in 10 dietary supplements were measured using the HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method with standard additions. The total contents of the five compounds ranged from 17 to 3464 microg/serving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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Tamta H, Pawar RS, Wamer WG, Grundel E, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Comparison of metabolism-mediated effects of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in a HepG2/C3A cell-S9 co-incubation system and quantification of their glutathione conjugates. Xenobiotica 2012; 42:1038-48. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.679978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhang K, Wong JW, Yang P, Tech K, Dibenedetto AL, Lee NS, Hayward DG, Makovi CM, Krynitsky AJ, Banerjee K, Jao L, Dasgupta S, Smoker MS, Simonds R, Schreiber A. Multiresidue pesticide analysis of agricultural commodities using acetonitrile salt-out extraction, dispersive solid-phase sample clean-up, and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2011; 59:7636-7646. [PMID: 21671617 DOI: 10.1021/jf2010723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A multiresidue method analyzing 209 pesticides in 24 agricultural commodities has been developed and validated using the original Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) procedure and high performance liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Using solvent-only calibration standards (SOCSs) and matrix-matched calibration standards (MMCSs), it was demonstrated that a minimal concentration of 5-10 μg/kg (part per billion, ppb) of analytes in matrix is required for the consistent identification of targeted pesticides with two MRM transitions. Method performance was validated by the precision and accuracy results obtained from fortification studies at 10, 25, 100, and 500 ppb and MMCSs. The method was demonstrated to achieve an average recovery of 100 ± 20% (n = 4) for >75% of evaluated pesticides at the low fortification level (10 ppb) and improved to >84% at the higher fortification concentrations in all 24 matrices. Matrix effects in LC-MS/MS analysis were studied by evaluating the slope ratios of calibration curves (1.0-100 ng/mL) obtained from the SOCSs and MMCSs. Principal component analysis (PCA) of LC-MS/MS and method validation data confirmed that each matrix exerts its specific effect during the sample preparation and LC-MS/MS analysis. The matrix effect is primarily dependent on the matrix type, pesticide type and concentration. Some caution is warranted when using matrix matched calibration curves for the quantitation of pesticides to alleviate concerns on matrix effects. The QuEChERS method with LC-MS/MS was used to identify and quantitate pesticides residues, with concentrations ranging from 2.5 to >1000 ppb in a variety of agricultural samples, demonstrating fitness for screening and surveillance applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740-3835, USA
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19
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Wang PG, Krynitsky AJ. Rapid determination of para-phenylenediamine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring in henna-containing cosmetic products. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1795-801. [PMID: 21606006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A rapid method for the determination of para-phenylenediamine (PPD) in cosmetic products, such as henna tattoos has been developed and evaluated. This analytical procedure involved extracting a 10mg test portion of cosmetic product in 10 mL of ethyl acetate, followed by determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode (GC/MS-SIM). 1,4-Phenylenediamine-2,3,5,6-d(4) was selected as an internal standard that was added at the beginning of the extraction procedure and used to correct for recovery and matrix effects. The linearity ranged from 1.0 to 1275 μg/mL with a coefficient of determination (r(2)) greater than 0.999. LOQ and LOD were 1.0 and 0.10 μg/mL, respectively. The recovery in a tattoo product containing PPD was 94% and that for a tattoo product containing no PPD reached 105%. Extraction efficiency of 98% was obtained. This method has been successfully applied to henna temporary tattoo and other henna-related cosmetic products for the determination and quantitation of PPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry G Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, HFS-717, College Park, MD 20740-3835, USA.
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20
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Ma J, Whittaker P, Keller AC, Mazzola EP, Pawar RS, White KD, Callahan JH, Kennelly EJ, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids from Momordica charantia. Planta Med 2010; 76:1758-1761. [PMID: 20379957 DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1249807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
One new cucurbitane-type triterpenoid glycoside, momordicoside U (1), together with five known cucurbitane-type triterpenoids and related glycosides, 3β,7 β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23 (E)-dien-19-al (2), momordicine I (3), momordicine II (4), 3-hydroxycucurbita-5,24-dien-19-al-7,23-di-O-β-glucopyranoside (5), and kuguaglycoside G (6), were isolated from the whole plant of Momordica charantia. Their structures were determined by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Momordicoside U (1) was evaluated for insulin secretion activity in an in vitro insulin secretion assay and displayed moderate activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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21
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Wong JW, Zhang K, Tech K, Hayward DG, Krynitsky AJ, Cassias I, Schenck FJ, Banerjee K, Dasgupta S, Brown D. Multiresidue pesticide analysis of ginseng powders using acetonitrile- or acetone-based extraction, solid-phase extraction cleanup, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/selective ion monitoring (GC-MS/SIM) or -tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:5884-96. [PMID: 20225896 DOI: 10.1021/jf903851h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A multiresidue method for the analysis of 168 pesticides in dried powdered ginseng has been developed using acetonitrile or acetone mixture (acetone/cyclohexane/ethyl acetate, 2:1:1 v/v/v) extraction, solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup with octyl-bonded silica (C(8)), graphitized carbon black/primary-secondary amine (GCB/PSA) sorbents and toluene, and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/selective ion monitoring (GC-MS/SIM) or -tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The geometric mean limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 53 and 6 microg/kg for the acetonitrile extraction and 48 and 7 microg/kg for the acetone-based extraction for GC-MS/SIM and GC-MS/MS, respectively. Mean percent recoveries and standard deviations from the ginseng fortified at 25, 100, and 500 microg/kg using GC-MS/SIM were 87 +/- 10, 88 +/- 8, and 86 +/- 10% from acetonitrile extracts and 88 +/- 13, 88 +/- 12, and 88 +/- 14% from acetone mixture extracts, respectively. The mean percent recoveries from the ginseng at the 25, 100, and 500 microg/kg levels using GC-MS/MS were 83 +/- 19, 90 +/- 13, and 89 +/- 11% from acetonitrile extracts and 98 +/- 20, 91 +/- 13, and 88 +/- 14% from acetone extracts, respectively. Twelve dried ginseng products were found to contain one or more of the following pesticides and their metabolites: BHCs (benzene hexachlorides, alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-), chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, DDT (dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane), dacthal, diazinon, iprodione, quintozene, and procymidone ranging from <1 to >4000 microg/kg. No significant differences were found between the two extraction solvents, and GC-MS/MS was found to be more specific and sensitive than GC-MS/SIM. The procedures described were shown to be effective in screening, identifying, confirming, and quantitating pesticides in commercial ginseng products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon W Wong
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, HFS-706, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, USA.
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22
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Wong JW, Zhang K, Tech K, Hayward DG, Makovi CM, Krynitsky AJ, Schenck FJ, Banerjee K, Dasgupta S, Brown D. Multiresidue pesticide analysis in fresh produce by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/selective ion monitoring (GC-MS/SIM) and -tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:5868-5883. [PMID: 20199080 DOI: 10.1021/jf903854n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A multiresidue method for the analysis of pesticides in fresh produce has been developed using salt-out acetonitrile extraction, solid-phase dispersive cleanup with octadecyl-bonded silica (C(18)), and graphitized carbon black/primary-secondary amine (GCB/PSA) sorbents and toluene, followed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode (GC-MS/SIM) or -tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Quantitation was determined from calibration curves using matrix-matched standards ranging from 3.3 to 6667 ng/mL with r(2) > 0.99, and geometric mean limits of quantitation were typically 8.4 and 3.4 microg/kg for GC-MS/SIM and GC-MS/MS, respectively. Identification was determined by using target and qualifier ions and qualifier-to-target ratios for GC-MS/SIM and two ion transitions for GC-MS/MS. Fortification studies (10, 25, 100, and 500 microg/kg) were performed on 167 organohalogen, organophosphorus, and pyrethroid pesticides in 10 different commodities (apple, broccoli, carrot, onion, orange, pea, peach, potato, spinach, and tomato). The mean percent recoveries were 90 +/- 14, 87 +/- 14, 89 +/- 14, and 92 +/- 14% for GC-MS/SIM and 95 +/- 22, 93 +/- 14, 93 +/- 13, and 97 +/- 13% for GC-MS/MS at 10, 25, 100, and 500 microg/kg, respectively. GC-MS/MS was shown to be more effective than GC-MS/SIM due to its specificity and sensitivity in detecting pesticides in fresh produce samples. The method, based on concepts from the multiresidue procedure used by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe), was shown to be efficient in screening, identifying, and quantitating pesticides in fresh produce samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon W Wong
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, US Food and Drug Administration, HFS-706, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-5350, USA.
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Abstract
The 46th Annual Florida Pesticide Residue Workshop of 2009 (FPRW 2009) held in St. Pete Beach, FL, is the latest in an annual tradition drawing scientists from U.S. federal and state government laboratories, industry, and other laboratories worldwide. In 2009, selected FPRW presenters were invited to contribute to this special issue of the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry with a section devoted to emerging pesticide residue issues and analytical approaches. What follows is the written record of what should become a scientific conversation launched at FPRW 2009. There are two distinct approaches to organic residue analysis: instrumental methods and assays. In much of the world, scientists primarily rely on laboratories equipped with instrumentation for analysis, usually gas chromatography and liquid chromatography with some type of selective detector. In the discussion of instrumental approaches, the focus is on chromatography with mass spectrometry as a detection method. Approaches such as biomonitoring and assays fall outside the traditional instrumental method approach to residue analysis. Assays that do not require laboratory equipment are of greater interest for screening and are well-suited to field use. Regardless of the analytical method, the success of multiresidue analysis relies on the appropriate choice of sample preparation and cleanup methodologies. Many new sample preparation and cleanup approaches used for pesticide and other small molecule contaminant residue analyses in a variety of complex sample matrices are discussed in this special issue. The goal of these approaches is to reduce overall analysis time and solvent consumption without compromising the analytical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Fintschenko
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, California 95134, USA.
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24
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Pawar RS, Grundel E, Mazzola E, White KD, Krynitsky AJ, Rader JI. Chiral stationary phases for separation of intermedine and lycopsamine enantiomers fromSymphytum uplandicum. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:200-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhang K, Wong JW, Hayward DG, Sheladia P, Krynitsky AJ, Schenck FJ, Webster MG, Ammann JA, Ebeler SE. Multiresidue pesticide analysis of wines by dispersive solid-phase extraction and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:4019-4029. [PMID: 19371141 DOI: 10.1021/jf9000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A multiresidue pesticide method is described for the determination of 72 pesticides in wines. Pesticides were extracted using acetonitrile saturated with magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride, followed by solid-phase dispersive cleanup using primary-secondary amine and graphitized carbon black sorbents. Analysis is performed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The limits of quantitation (LOQs) for most of the pesticides ranged from 0.3 to 3.3 μg/L with the exception of cyromazine, fenhexamid, and acibenzolar S-methyl (LOQ > 10 μg/L), and quantitation was determined from calibration curves of standards containing 5.0-2500 μg/L with r(2) > 0.99. Recovery studies were performed by fortifying wine samples with the pesticides to concentrations of 10, 100, and 1000 μg/L, resulting in recoveries of >80% for most of the pesticides. Lower (<70%) and higher (>120%) recoveries were most likely from complications of pesticide lability or volatility, matrix interference, or inefficient desorption from the solid-phase sorbents. The method was used to analyze 10 wines collected from a market basket survey, and 19 different pesticides, primarily fungicides, were present at concentrations ranging from <1.0 to 1000 μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, HFS-706, US Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, USA
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26
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Wong JW, Hennessy MK, Hayward DG, Krynitsky AJ, Cassias I, Schenck FJ. Analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in dried ground ginseng root by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and -flame photometric detection. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55:1117-28. [PMID: 17249685 DOI: 10.1021/jf062774q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed to determine organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) in dried ground ginseng root. Pesticides were extracted from the sample using acetonitrile/water saturated with salts, followed by solid-phase dispersive cleanup, and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography with electron ionization mass spectrometry in selective ion monitoring mode (GC-MS/SIM) and flame photometric detection (GC-FPD) in phosphorus mode. The detection limits for most of the pesticides were 0.025-0.05 microg/g using GC-FPD but were analyte-dependent for GC-MS/SIM, ranging from 0.005 to 0.50 microg/g. Quantitation was determined from 0.050 to 5.0 microg/g with r 2 > 0.99 for a majority of the pesticides using both detectors. Recovery studies were performed by fortifying the dried ground ginseng root samples to concentrations of 0.025, 0.1, and 1.0 microg/g, resulting in recoveries of >90% for most pesticides by GC-FPD. Lower (<70%) and higher (>120%) recoveries were most likely from complications of pesticide lability or volatility, matrix interference, or inefficient desorption from the solid-phase sorbents. There was difficulty in analyzing the ginseng samples for the OPs using GC-MS at the lower fortification levels for some of the OPs due to lack of confirmation. GC-FPD and GC-MS/SIM complement each other in detecting the OPs in dried ground ginseng root samples. This procedure was shown to be effective and was applied to the analysis of OPs in ginseng root samples. One particular sample, a ground and dried American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) root sample, was found to contain diazinon quantified at approximately 25 microg/kg by external calibration using matrix-matched standards or standard addition using both detectors. The advantage of using both detectors is that confirmation can be achieved using GC-MS, whereas the use of a megabore column in GC-FPD can be used to quantitate some of the nonpolar OPs without the use of matrix-matched standards or standard addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon W Wong
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Plant and Dairy Foods, HFS-336, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740-3835, USA.
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27
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Hayward D, Wong J, Krynitsky AJ. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in commercially wild caught and farm-raised fish fillets in the United States. Environ Res 2007; 103:46-54. [PMID: 16769049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Wild caught and farm-raised fish fillets collected in fish markets and large-chain super markets located in the Maryland, Washington, DC, and North Carolina were measured for their polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), and polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) levels. PCB and PBDE concentrations were the highest in a wild bluefish fillet (800 and 38 ng/g wet weight, respectively) and the lowest in wild Coho salmon fillet (0.35 and 0.04 ng/g, respectively). Levels for both PCBs and PBDEs in ng/g wet weight decreased from bluefish with medians of 200 and 6.2, to rockfish 66 and 4.7, followed by farmed-raised salmon with 9.0 and 1.1, with the lowest in wild salmon, 4.0 and 0.3 ng/g for PCBs and PBDEs, respectively (PCBs are the sum of 25 congeners). The chlorinated biphenyl (CB)-153 and brominated diphenyl ether (BDE)-47 levels correlated in the 22 fish fillets with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.94. Bluefish, rockfish (striped bass), wild caught and farm-raised salmons all showed different linear regression slopes between CB-153 and BDE-47 of 7.5, 2.7, 0.97, and 1.5, respectively. A Wilcoxon rank sum test showed no significant difference in the CB-153/BDE-47 ratios between farmed raised and all species of wild salmon combined, but was significant between bluefish and rockfish, farmed raised salmon or wild salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Hayward
- US Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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28
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Capar SG, Cook JM, Bell J, Hickes H, Krynitsky AJ, Lehotay SJ, Ritland CL, Schenck FJ, Weisburg C, Newell R. Committee on Residues and Related Topics. J AOAC Int 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/89.6.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Capar
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740-3835
| | - Joanne M Cook
- Florida Department of Agriculture, Chemical Residue Laboratory, 3125 Conner Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32399-1650
| | | | - Heidi Hickes
- Montana Department of Agriculture, McCall Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-0362
| | - Alexander J Krynitsky
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, HFS-336, College Park, MD 20740-3835
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, ARS ERRC, 600 E. Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038
| | | | - Frank J Schenck
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Southeast Regional Laboratory, 60 Eighth St NE, Atlanta, GA 30309
| | - Charles Weisburg
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Science Center, 701 Mapes Rd, Fort Meade, MD 20755-5350
| | - Richard Newell
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, HFS-705, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740-3835
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29
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Krynitsky AJ, Niemann RA, Williams AD, Hopper ML. Streamlined sample preparation procedure for determination of perchlorate anion in foods by ion chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2006; 567:94-9. [PMID: 17723384 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive, and specific method was developed for the determination of perchlorate anion in foods. The foods included high moisture fruits and vegetables, low moisture foods (e.g. wheat flour and corn meal), and infant foods. Improvements to existing procedures were made in sample preparation that reduced sample test portion size from 100 to 5 or 10 g, extraction solvent volume from 150 to 20-40 ml, and replaced blending extraction-vacuum filtration and their associated large glassware with a simple shakeout-centrifugation in a small conical tube. Procedures common to all matrices involved: extraction, centrifugation, graphitized carbon solid phase extraction (SPE) cleanup, and ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (IC-MS/MS) analysis. A Waters IC-Pak Anion HR column (4.6 mm x 75 mm) was eluted with 100mM ammonium acetate in 50:50 (v/v) acetonitrile/water mobile phase at a rate of 0.35 ml/min. A triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometer, equipped with electrospray ionization (ESI) in the negative ion mode, was used to detect perchlorate anion. An 18O4-labeled perchlorate anion internal standard was used to correct for any matrix effects. The method limit of quantitation (LOQ) was: 1.0 microg/kg in fruits, vegetables, and infant foods; 3.0 microg/kg in dry products. Fortified test portions gave 80-120% recoveries. Determination of incurred perchlorate anion residues agreed well with results for comparable commodities or products analyzed by published methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Krynitsky
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740-3835, United States.
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30
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Niemann RA, Krynitsky AJ, Nortrup DA. Ion chromatographic determination of perchlorate in foods by on-line enrichment and suppressed conductivity detection. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54:1137-43. [PMID: 16478228 DOI: 10.1021/jf058125g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic uptake of perchlorate anion, a rocket fuel component and potential thyroid function disruptor, by leafy vegetables and other crops grown in contaminated waters is a public health concern. A column-switching anion-exchange chromatographic method with suppressed conductivity detection, described in this paper, achieved a 3-6 microg/kg method limit of quantitation in analysis of the wet weight edible portion of cantaloupe, carrots, lettuce, and spinach samples with field-incurred perchlorate. A test portion was blended with dilute nitric acid, and the extract was filtered under vacuum. A portion of the measured filtrate was acidified to pH approximately 2 by addition of cation-exchange resin, 4 mL was passed through a graphitized carbon cleanup column, and an aliquot of a collected fraction was pushed through a short precolumn for anion extraction, enrichment, and injection onto the analytical column. Statistical comparison with determination by tandem mass spectrometry-ion chromatography analysis of untreated filtrate revealed that the difference between means was not significant at the 95% confidence level (P value > or = 0.12) for crops tested. In addition, the method was applied to cooked vegetables processed as baby food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Niemann
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA.
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31
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Schermerhorn PG, Golden PE, Krynitsky AJ, Leimkuehler WM. Determination of 22 triazole compounds including parent fungicides and metabolites in apples, peaches, flour, and water by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int 2005; 88:1491-502. [PMID: 16386000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method has been developed for the determination of 14 parent triazole fungicides and 8 of their metabolites found in apples, peaches, flour, raw water, and tap water. The triazole fungicides chosen for this multiresidue method development project included propiconazole, fenbuconazole and its RH-9129 and RH-9130 metabolites, cyproconazole, difenoconazole, tebuconazole and its HWG 2061 metabolite, hexaconazole, bromuconazole (both stereoisomers), epoxiconazole, tetraconazole, triticonazole and its RPA-404886 and RPA-406341 metabolites, triadimefon, triadimenol, and myclobutanil. Of special concern to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were the metabolites common to all triazole fungicides: free triazole, 1,2,4-triazole (T), and its 2 conjugates: triazolylalanine (TA) and triazolylacetic acid (TAA). These metabolites were the primary focus of this project. All samples we cleaned up by a combination of C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE), mixed-mode cationic SPE, and mixed-mode anionic SPE columns. A triple-stage quadrupole mass spectrometer, equipped with electrospray ionization in the positive-ion mode, was used to determine the compounds of interest. T, TA, and TAA were quantitated using isotopically labeled internal standards (IS), in which the 1,2,4-triazole ring had been synthesized by using 13C and 15N (IS_T, IS_TA, and IS_TAA). These isotopically labeled internal standards were necessary to correct for matrix effects. The T, TA, and TAA metabolites were quantitated at the 25-50 parts-per-billion (ppb) level in food commodities and at 0.50 ppb in water. Recoveries were 70-101% from apples, 60-121% from peaches, 57-118% from flour, 75-99% from raw water, and 79-99% from tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Schermerhorn
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Biological and Economic Analysis Division, Analytical Chemistry Branch, 701 Mapes Rd, Fort George G. Meade, MD 20755-5350, USA.
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32
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Beckett PM, Olberding EL, Bell J, Capar SG, Cook JM, Krynitsky AJ, Lehotay SJ, Ritland CL, Weisburg C, Newell R. Committee on Residues and Related Topics. J AOAC Int 2005. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/88.1.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pat M Beckett
- Florida Department of Agriculture, Chemical Residue Laboratory, 3125 Conner Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32399-1650
| | | | - James Bell
- Anresco Laboratories, 1370 Van Dyke Ave, San Francisco, CA 94124
| | - Stephen G Capar
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, HFS-338, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740-3835
| | - Joanne M Cook
- Florida Department of Agriculture, Chemical Residue Lab, 3125 Conner Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32399-1650
| | - Alexander J Krynitsky
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, Rm 2E-014, HFS-336, College Park, MD 20740-3835
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, ARS ERRC, 600 E. Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038
| | | | - Charles Weisburg
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Science Center, 701 Mapes Rd, Fort Meade, MD 20755-5350
| | - Richard Newell
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Divison of Mathematics, HFS-705, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740
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Wong JW, Webster MG, Bezabeh DZ, Hengel MJ, Ngim KK, Krynitsky AJ, Ebeler SE. Multiresidue determination of pesticides in malt beverages by capillary gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and selected ion monitoring. J Agric Food Chem 2004; 52:6361-6372. [PMID: 15478993 DOI: 10.1021/jf040109g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed to determine pesticides in malt beverages using solid phase extraction on a polymeric cartridge and sample cleanup with a MgSO4-topped aminopropyl cartridge, followed by capillary gas chromatography with electron impact mass spectrometry in the selected ion monitoring mode [GC-MS(SIM)]. Three GC injections were required to analyze and identify organophosphate, organohalogen, and organonitrogen pesticides. The pesticides were identified by the retention times of peaks of the target ion and qualifier-to-target ion ratios. GC detection limits for most of the pesticides were 5-10 ng/mL, and linearity was determined from 50 to 5000 ng/mL. Fortification studies were performed at 10 ng/mL for three malt beverages that differ in properties such as alcohol content, solids, and appearance. The recoveries from the three malt beverages were greater than 70% for 85 of the 142 pesticides (including isomers) studied. The data showed that the different malt beverage matrixes had no significant effect on the recoveries. This method was then applied to the screening and analysis of malt beverages for pesticides, resulting in the detection of the insectide carbaryl and the fungicide dimethomorph in real samples. The study indicates that pesticide levels in malt beverages are significantly lower than the tolerance levels set by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for malt beverage starting ingredients. The use of the extraction/cleanup procedure and analysis by GC-MS(SIM) proved effective in screening malt beverages for a wide variety of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon W Wong
- Alcohol and Tobacco Laboratory, National Laboratory Center, Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (formerly the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms), Ammendale, Maryland 20705-1250, USA.
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Abstract
A rapid, sensitive, and specific method was developed for determining perchlorate anion in lettuce, cantaloupe, bottled water, and milk. A test portion of chopped crop homogenate was extracted with diluted nitric acid and filtered. Milk proteins were precipitated with acetonitrile, and the supernatant, after centrifugation, was cleaned up on a graphitized carbon solid-phase extraction column. Water samples were analyzed directly. All test solutions were syringe filtered and mixed with an 18O4-labeled perchlorate internal standard before ion chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A strong anion exchange column eluted with 100 mM ammonium acetate in 50:50 (v/v) acetonitrile/water was interfaced via electrospray ionization to a triple stage quadrupole mass spectrometer operated in the negative ion mode. The labeled internal standard corrected for any sample matrix effects on measured signals. Four parent-to-product ion transitions, for loss of oxygen, were monitored for native and 18O4-labeled perchlorate anion, respectively: 35Cl-perchlorate, m/z 99 --> 83 and 107 --> 89; 37Cl-perchlorate, m/z 101 --> 85 and 109 --> 91. The limit of quantitation was 1.0 microg/kg in lettuce, 2.0 microg/kg in cantaloupe, 0.50 microg/L in bottled water, and 3.0 microg/L in milk. Native perchlorate was recovered from fortified test portions in the range 93-107% for lettuce, 107-114% for cantaloupe, 100-115% for bottled water, and 99-101% for milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Krynitsky
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, USA.
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Krynitsky AJ, Beckett P, Bell J, Bontoyan WR, Capar SG, Cook J, Lee SM, Lehotay SJ, Olberding EL, Weisburg C, Newell R. Committee on Residues and Related Topics. J AOAC Int 2003. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/86.1.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Krynitsky
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, HFS-336, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740-3835,., Tel: +1-301-436-2098, Fax: +1-301-436-2632
| | - Pat Beckett
- Florida Department of Agriculture, Chemical Residue Laboratory, 3125 Conner Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32399-1650,., Tel: +1-850-488-9670, Fax: +1-850-922-9110
| | - James Bell
- Eurofins Scientific, 1331 Union Ave, Suite 1500, Memphis, TN 38104,., Tel: +1-901-272-7511, Fax: +1-901-272-2926
| | - Warren R Bontoyan
- Maryland Department of Agriculture, State Chemist Office, 50 Harry S. Truman Hwy, Annapolis, MD 21401,., Tel: +1-410-841-2721, Fax: +1-410-841-2765
| | - Stephen G Capar
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, HFS-338, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740-3835,., Tel: +1-301-436-2003, Fax: +1-301-436-2632
| | - Joanne Cook
- Florida Department of Agriculture, Chemical Residue Lab, 3125 Conner Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32399-1650,., Tel: +1-850-488-9670, Fax: +1-850-922-9110
| | - S Mark Lee
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, Division of Inspection Services, 3292 Meadowview Rd, Sacramento, CA 95832,., Tel: +1-916-262-1549, Fax: +1-916-262-1572
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Regional Research Center, 600 E. Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038,., Tel: +1-215-233-6433, Fax: +1-215-233-6642
| | - Edward L Olberding
- Dow Agrosciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46268,., Tel: +1-317-337-3535, Fax: +1-317-337-3255
| | - Charles Weisburg
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Environmental Science Center, 701 Mapes Rd, Fort Meade, MD 20755-5350,., Tel: +1-410-305-2681, Fax: +1-410-305-3092
| | - Richard Newell
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, HFS-705, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Park, MD 20740-3835,., Tel: +1-301-436-1845, Fax: +1-301-436-2609
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Krynitsky AJ, Beckett P, Weisburg S, Newell R, Bell J, Bontoyan WR, Capar SG, Cook J, Lee SM, Lehotay SJ, Olberding EL. Committee on Residues and Related Topics. J AOAC Int 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/85.1.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Krynitsky
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Science Center, 701 Mapes Rd, Fort Meade, MD 20755-5350
| | - Pat Beckett
- Florida Department of Agriculture, Chemical Residue Laboratory, 3125 Conner Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32399-1650
| | - Skip Weisburg
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Science Center, 701 Mapes Rd, Fort Meade, MD 20755-5350
| | - Richard Newell
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Division of Mathematics, HFS-706, 200 C St SW, Washington, DC 20204
| | - James Bell
- Eurofins Scientific, 345 Adams Ave, Memphis, TN 38103
| | - Warren R Bontoyan
- Maryland Department of Agriculture, State Chemist Office, 50 Harry S. Truman Highway, Annapolis, MD 21401
| | - Stephen G Capar
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, HFS-338, 200 C St SW, Washington, DC 20204
| | - Joanne Cook
- Florida Department of Agriculture, Chemical Residue Lab, 3125 Conner Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32399-1650
| | - S Mark Lee
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, Center for Analytical Chemistry, 3292 Meadowview Rd, Sacramento, CA 95832
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038
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Bontoyan WR, Krynitsky AJ, Beckett P, Bell J, Capar SG, Cook J, Lee SM, Lyon RS, Olberding EL, Weisburg S, Newell R. Committee on Residues and Related Topics. J AOAC Int 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/84.1.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Warren R Bontoyan
- Maryland Department of Agriculture, State Chemist Office, 50 Harry S. Truman Hwy, Annapolis, MD 21401
| | - Alexander J Krynitsky
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Science Center, 701 Mapes Rd, Fort Meade, MD 20755-5350
| | - Pat Beckett
- Florida Department of Agriculture, Lab 3, 3125 Conner Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32399-1650
| | - James Bell
- SGS Control Services, Inc., PO Box 13484, 1019 Harbor Ave, Memphis, TN 38113
| | - Stephen G Capar
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, HFS-338, 200 C St SW, Washington, DC 20204
| | - Joanne Cook
- Florida Department of Agriculture, Lab 3, 3125 Conner Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32399-1650
| | - S Mark Lee
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, Center for Analytical Chemistry, 3292 Meadowview Rd, Sacramento, CA 95832
| | - Roy S Lyon
- Eurofins Scientific, 2394 Rte 130, Dayton, NJ 08810
| | | | - Skip Weisburg
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Science Center, 701 Mapes Rd, Fort Meade, MD 20755-5350
| | - Richard Newell
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, HFS 706, Division Of Mathematics, 200 C St SW, Washington, DC 20204
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Bontoyan WR, Krynitsky AJ, Beckett P, Bell J, Hill ARC, Lehotay SJ, Lyon RS, Newsome WH, Olberding EL, Picard GL, Medina JC, Newell R, Capar SG, Lee M. Committee on Residues and Related Topics. J AOAC Int 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/83.2.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Warren R Bontoyan
- Maryland Department of Agriculture, State Chemist Office, 50 Harry S. Truman Highway, Annapolis, MD 21401, USA
| | - Alexander J Krynitsky
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Science Center, 701 Mapes Rd, Fort Meade, MD 20755-5350, USA
| | - Pat Beckett
- Florida Department of Agriculture, Lab 3, 3125 Conner Blvd, Tallahassee, FL 32399-1650, USA
| | - James Bell
- SGS Control Services, Inc., PO Box 13484, 1019 Harbor Ave, Memphis, TN 38113, USA
| | - Alan R C Hill
- Central Science Lab, Sand Hutton, York, TO41-1LZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roy S Lyon
- Eurofins Scientific, Inc., 2394 Route 130, Dayton, NJ 08810, USA
| | - W Harvey Newsome
- Health Canada, HPB Food Research Division, Ross Ave, Ottawa, ON K1A-0L2, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Richard Newell
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Div. Of Mathematics, 200 C St SW, HFS-706, Washington, DC 20204, USA
| | - Stephen G Capar
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Chief Elemental Research Branch, HFS-338, 200 C Street SW, Washington, DC 20204, USA
| | - Mark Lee
- Department of Food and Agriculture, Center for Analytical Chemistry, 3292 Meadowview Rd, Sacramento, CA 95832, USA
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Nejad H, Safarpour MM, Cavalier T, Picard G, Souza M, Krynitsky AJ, Chiu S, Miller P, Stout SJ. Capillary electrophoresis determinative and LC-MS confirmatory method for screening selected imidazolinone herbicides from soil. J Capillary Electrophor 1998; 5:81-7. [PMID: 10327374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Residues of imazapyr, imazamox, imazapic, imazethapyr, imazaquin, and imazamethabenz (meta and para) are extracted from soil with 0.5 N sodium hydroxide. The pH is adjusted to 2.0-2.2, and the resulting precipitate is filtered. Compounds are trapped onto a tC18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, then eluted from the cartridge and passed through a strong anion exchange (SAX) SPE cartridge onto a benzenesulfonic acid strong cation exchange (SCX) cartridge using ethyl acetate. After eluting the analytes from the SCX cartridge using saturated potassium chloride in methanol, the solution is evaporated and redissolved in 1% formic acid in water. The sample is then desalted using a tC18 SPE cartridge and eluted with methanol. After evaporating the methanol to dryness, the compounds are partitioned from acidic solution (pH 3.5) into methylene chloride. The methylene chloride is evaporated to dryness and the residues are then dissolved in Milli-Q water (Millipore, Bedford, MA, U.S.A.) in preparation for analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Results are calculated by direct comparison of the sample peak heights to the peak heights of bracketing standards. The validated sensitivity of the method (LOQ, limit of quantitation) is 2.0 ppb for each compound. Confirmation for individual residues greater than 2.0 ppb is provided by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESMS) of the final extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nejad
- American Cyanamid Co., Agricultural Products Research Division, Princeton, NJ, USA
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40
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Krynitsky AJ. Determination of sulfonylurea herbicides in water by capillary electrophoresis and by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. J AOAC Int 1997; 80:392-400. [PMID: 9086596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method and an electrospray ionization (ESI) liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) confirmatory method were developed to analyze 12 sulfonylurea herbicides and one sulfonamide (Flumetsulam) in runoff water. The water used for fortification was collected from a local marsh that contained high levels of potentially interfering compounds. Good recoveries and adequate sensitivity at the 0.2 ppb level (limit of quantitation) were obtained. A portion of the water was acidified and extracted with reversed-phase solid-phase extraction (SPE). Extracts were cleaned up with a tandem system consisting of a strong-anion exchange SPE cartridge stacked on an alumina SPE cartridge. CE/ultraviolet quantitation was achieved by capillary zone electrophoresis at pH 4.75 with 50 mM ammonium acetate buffer and an acetonitrile modifier. ESI LC/MS quantitation was achieved by using a time-scheduled selective-ion monitoring (positive mode) of the M + H ions for each compound. The extraction/cleanup procedure provided extracts such that in-source collision-induced dissociation gave product ions for confirmation at the 0.2 ppb fortification level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Krynitsky
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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41
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Krynitsky AJ, Swineford DM. Determination of sulfonylurea herbicides in grains by capillary electrophoresis. J AOAC Int 1995; 78:1091-6. [PMID: 7580322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed to separate and determine residues of 5 sulfonylurea herbicides in grains (wheat, barley, and corn). This work demonstrated the practicality of using CE for residue analysis of sulfonylureas. The method yielded good recoveries and adequate sensitivities at tolerance levels (0.05-0.1 ppm). The compounds investigated were metsulfuron methyl (Ally), thifensulfuron methyl (Harmony), chlorsulfuron (Glean), rimsulfuron (DPX-E9636), and tribenuron methyl (Express). Acetonitrile extracts of grain samples were partitioned with hexane and then cleaned up with cation exchange solid-phase extraction cartridges. Quantitation was performed by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography using a high-sensitivity optical cell. Average recoveries at the 0.05 ppm level ranged from 72.9 to 118.5%. The lower limit of detection was approximately 0.02 ppm, except for rimsulfuron and tribenuron methyl, for which the lower limit of detection was 0.035 ppm. The method was less complicated and showed better sensitivity than current single-analyte liquid chromatographic enforcement methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Krynitsky
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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42
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Hoffman DJ, Heinz GH, Krynitsky AJ. Hepatic glutathione metabolism and lipid peroxidation in response to excess dietary selenomethionine and selenite in mallard ducklings. J Toxicol Environ Health 1989; 27:263-71. [PMID: 2543834 DOI: 10.1080/15287398909531296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies were conducted with mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings to determine the effects of excess dietary selenium (Se) on hepatic glutathione concentration and associated enzymes, and lipid peroxidation. Day-old ducklings were fed 0.1, 10, 20, or 40 ppm Se as seleno-DL-methionine or sodium selenite for 6 wk. Selenium from selenomethionine accumulated in a dose-dependent manner in the liver, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of hepatic-reduced glutathione (GSH) and total hepatic thiols (SH). These effects were accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in the ratio of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to GSH, and an increase in malondialdehyde concentration as evidence of lipid peroxidation. Hepatic and plasma GSH peroxidase activity was initially elevated at 10 ppm Se as selenomethionine, whereas GSSG reductase activity was elevated at higher dietary concentrations of Se. Selenium from sodium selenite accumulated in the liver to an apparent maximum at 10 ppm in the diet, resulting in an increase in hepatic GSH and GSSG accompanied by a small decrease in total hepatic SH. Sodium selenite resulted in an increase in hepatic GSSG reductase activity at 10 ppm and in plasma GSSG reductase activity at 40 ppm. A small increase in lipid peroxidation occurred at 40 ppm. These findings indicate that excess dietary Se as selenomethionine has a more pronounced effect on hepatic glutathione metabolism and lipid peroxidation in ducklings than does selenite, which may be related to the pattern of accumulation. Effects of Se as selenite appear to be less pronounced in ducklings than reported in laboratory rodents. The effects of selenomethionine, which occurs in vegetation, are of particular interest with respect to the health of wild aquatic birds in seleniferous locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hoffman
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland 20708
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43
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Krynitsky AJ, Stafford CJ, Wiemeyer SN. Combined Extraction-Cleanup Column Chromatographic Procedure for Determination of
Dicofol in Avian Eggs. J AOAC Int 1988. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/71.3.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Dicofol in avian eggs was completely oxidized to dichlorobenzophenone (DCBP) when a hexane Soxhlet extraction procedure was used. This degradation did not occur with other avian tissues (muscle and liver). For this reason, a combined extraction-cleanup column chromatographic procedure, without added heat, was developed for the determination of dicofol in avian eggs. Homogenized subsamples of eggs were mixed with sodium sulfate, and the mixture was added as the top layer on a column prepacked with Florisil. The dicofol and other compounds of interest were then eluted with ethyl etherhexane. The extracts, relatively free from lipids, were quantitated on a gas chromatograph equipped with a 63Ni electron-capture detector and a methyl silicone capillary column. Recoveries from chicken eggs, fortified with dicofol and other DDT-related compounds, averaged 96%. Analysis of eggs of eastern screech-owls, fed a meat diet containing 10 ppm technical Kelthane, showed that both dicofol and DCBP were present. Results were confirmed by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. This method is rapid and reliable, involves a minimum of sample handling, and is well suited for high volume determination of dicofol in eggs and other avian tissues
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles J Stafford
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD 20708
| | - Stanley N Wiemeyer
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD 20708
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Krynitsky AJ. Preparation of biological tissue for determination of arsenic and selenium by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Chem 1987; 59:1884-6. [PMID: 3631512 DOI: 10.1021/ac00141a034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Bunck CM, Prouty RM, Krynitsky AJ. Residues of organochlorine pesticides and polychloribiphenyls in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), from the continental United States, 1982. Environ Monit Assess 1987; 8:59-75. [PMID: 24253771 DOI: 10.1007/bf00396607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Starlings were collected from 129 sites throughout the contiguous United States in the fall of 1982 and analyzed for organochlorine compounds as part of a nationwide monitoring program. Residues of 14 organochlorine compounds were found. Only DDE, polychlorobiphenyls (PCB), dieldrin, and heptachlor epoxide occurred in more than 50% of the 10-starling pools. Geographical variation in the occurrence of seven organochlorine compounds was noted. Mean DDE levels were higher in the southwestern United States. Mean PCB levels were higher in the eastern United States. The occurrence frequency of most organochlorines in 1982 was similar to that which was reported in the previous nationwide study in 1979. A slight increase in occurrence was noted for trans-nonachlor. Mean DDE level in 1982 was similar to that of 1979. Mean PCB level in 1982 was lower than the 1979 mean, but this change may not reflect a decrease in environmental PCB levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Bunck
- Department of the Interior Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 20708, Laurel, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Sensitivities of six avian species, black vulture (Coragyps atratus), American kestrel (Falco sparverius), Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica), domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus), eastern screech-owl (Otus asio), and European starling (Sturnus vulgaris), to acute poisoning by sodium cyanide (NaCN) were compared by single dose LD50's. Three species, domestic chickens, black vultures, and turkey vultures (Cathartes aura), were dosed with NaCN to determine cyanide residues in those that died and also in survivors, in addition to postmortem fate. Three flesh-eating species (black vulture, American kestrel, and eastern screech-owl; LD50's 4.0-8.6 mg/kg) were more sensitive to NaCN than three species (Japanese quail, domestic chicken, and European starling; LD50's 9.4-21 mg/kg) that fed predominantly on plant material. Elevated concentrations of cyanide were found in the blood of birds that died of cyanide poisoning; however, concentrations in birds that died overlapped those in survivors. Blood was superior to liver as the tissue of choice for detecting cyanide exposure. No gross pathological changes related to dosing were observed at necropsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Wiemeyer
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland 20708
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48
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King KA, Krynitsky AJ. Population trends, reproductive success, and organochlorine chemical contaminants in waterbirds nesting in Galveston Bay, Texas. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 1986; 15:367-76. [PMID: 3740946 DOI: 10.1007/bf01066403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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49
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Reichel WL, Schmeling SK, Cromartie E, Kaiser TE, Krynitsky AJ, Lamont TG, Mulhern BM, Prouty RM, Stafford CJ, Swineford DM. Pesticide, PCB, and lead residues and necropsy data for bald eagles from 32 states-1978-81. Environ Monit Assess 1984; 4:395-403. [PMID: 24257866 DOI: 10.1007/bf00394177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In 1978-81, 293 bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) from 32 states were necropsied and analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), and lead residues. DDE was found in all carcasses; PCB, DDD, trans-nonachlor, dieldrin and oxychlordane were next in order of percent frequency of detection. The median levels of DDE and PCB have declined when compared with previous collections. Five specimens contained high levels of dieldrin in their brains which may have contributed to their deaths. Seventeen eagles contained liver lead residues greater than 10 ppm and probably died of lead poisoning. Trauma and shooting are the most common causes of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Reichel
- Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Serive, 20708, Laurel, MD, USA
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50
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Henny CJ, Blus LJ, Krynitsky AJ, Bunck CM. Current Impact of DDE on Black-Crowned Night-Herons in the Intermountain West. J Wildl Manage 1984. [DOI: 10.2307/3808448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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