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Bunn T, Langner K, Foster S, Hayward D, Howard G, Paltrinieri S, Giordano A, Rossi G. Lipoprotein profiles in Miniature Schnauzer dogs with idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia and hypercortisolism. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:205-212. [PMID: 38111301 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231217505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Miniature Schnauzer dogs (MSs) are predisposed to both idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia (iHTG) and hypercortisolism (HCort). To our knowledge, the lipoprotein profiles of MSs with iHTG have not been compared to those with HCort. We analyzed cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and lipoprotein fractions in 4 groups of MSs: normotriglyceridemia (NTG) without concurrent disease (Healthy-NTG), HCort and NTG (HCort-NTG), HCort and HTG (HCort-HTG), and iHTG. Lipoprotein fractions were assessed by lipoprotein electrophoresis and compared between groups. Fifty-one plasma samples were analyzed. Twenty-five dogs had NTG (16 Healthy-NTG, 9 HCort-NTG) and 26 dogs had HTG (7 iHTG, 19 HCort-HTG). Dogs with iHTG or HCort-HTG had significantly higher cholesterol concentrations than Healthy-NTG dogs. Dogs with HCort-HTG had higher cholesterol than HCort-NTG dogs. There was a significantly higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) percentage in iHTG and HCort-HTG dogs than HCort-NTG dogs. HCort-HTG dogs also had lower high-density lipoproteins (HDL) than HCort-NTG dogs. It was not possible to readily distinguish MSs with iHTG from MSs with HCort-HTG or Healthy-NTG using lipoprotein electrophoresis fractions. The diagnosis of iHTG remains a diagnosis by exclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy Bunn
- Western Australian Veterinary Emergency and Specialty, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kathrin Langner
- Western Australian Veterinary Emergency and Specialty, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Susan Foster
- Vetnostics, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Gretta Howard
- Turramurra Veterinary Hospital, Turramurra, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Saverio Paltrinieri
- Dipartimento di medicina veterinaria e scienze animali, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Giordano
- Dipartimento di medicina veterinaria e scienze animali, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriele Rossi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Baláž V, Rivory P, Hayward D, Jaensch S, Malik R, Lee R, Modrý D, Šlapeta J. Angie-LAMP for diagnosis of human eosinophilic meningitis using dog as proxy: A LAMP assay for Angiostrongylus cantonensis DNA in cerebrospinal fluid. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011038. [PMID: 37126515 PMCID: PMC10174499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) is recognised as the leading cause of human eosinophilic meningitis, a serious condition observed when nematode larvae migrate through the CNS. Canine Neural Angiostrongyliasis (CNA) is the analogous disease in dogs. Both humans and dogs are accidental hosts, and a rapid diagnosis is warranted. A highly sensitive PCR based assay is available but often not readily accessible in many jurisdictions. An alternative DNA amplification assay that would further improve accessibility is needed. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic utility of a newly designed LAMP assay to detect DNA of globally distributed and invasive A. cantonensis and Angiostrongylus mackerrasae, the other neurotropic Angiostrongylus species, which is native to Australia. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of A. cantonensis infection (2020-2022) were received for confirmatory laboratory testing and processed for DNA isolation and ultrasensitive Angiostrongylus qPCR targeting AcanR3390. A newly designed LAMP assay targeting the same gene target was directly compared to the reference ultrasensitive qPCR in a diagnostic laboratory setting to determine the presence of A. cantonensis DNA to diagnose CNA. The LAMP assay (Angie-LAMP) allowed the sensitive detection of A. cantonensis DNA from archived DNA specimens (Kappa = 0.81, 95%CI 0.69-0.92; n = 93) and rapid single-step lysis of archived CSF samples (Kappa = 0.77, 95%CI 0.59-0.94; n = 52). Only A. cantonensis DNA was detected in canine CSF samples, and co-infection with A. mackerrasae using amplicon deep sequencing (ITS-2 rDNA) was not demonstrated. Both SYD.1 and AC13 haplotypes were detected using sequencing of partial cox1. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The Angie-LAMP assay is a useful molecular tool for detecting Angiostrongylus DNA in canine CSF and performs comparably to a laboratory Angiostrongylus qPCR. Adaptation of single-step sample lysis improved potential applicability for diagnosis of angiostrongyliasis in a clinical setting for dogs and by extension, to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Baláž
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center of Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zoo Animals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Phoebe Rivory
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Douglas Hayward
- Vetnostics, Laverty Pathology - North Ryde Laboratory, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan Jaensch
- Vetnostics, Laverty Pathology - North Ryde Laboratory, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rogan Lee
- Parasitology Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Lab Services, Level 3 ICPMR, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Modrý
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center of Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and CINeZ, FAPPZ, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šlapeta
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Yang W, Hosgood G, Foster S, Langner K, Hayward D, Thompson M. Assessment of a compounded synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone product in 17 healthy dogs. Aust Vet J 2023; 101:127-132. [PMID: 36594371 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Synthetic adrenocorticotropic hormone or tetracosactide is routinely used in the diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism and frequently in the diagnosis and treatment of hyperadrenocorticism. There have been repeated shortages of tetracosactide in recent years in Australia. This study investigated the agreement of serum cortisol after a compounded tetracosactide (Bova Aus), compared to commercial tetracosactide (Synacthen®) in healthy dogs. METHODS Prospective crossover study using 20 dogs. Ten dogs received 5 μg/kg Synacthen® on day 1 and 5 μg/kg compounded tetracosactide on Day 2. The other 10 dogs received the reverse order. Cortisol concentrations in each dog 1 h after injection were compared for agreement, which was defined as the limits of agreement of the Bland-Altman ratio to be within a range of 0.8-1.25. Passing-Bablok regression analysis examined for constant and proportional biases. RESULTS Three dogs were excluded with post-stimulation serum cortisol concentrations markedly outside reference interval. For the remaining 17 dogs, Bland-Altman ratio analysis of cortisol concentration (tetracosactide/Synacthen®) at 1 h found virtually no constant bias (mean of ratios 1.01;95% CI 0.97-1.05) and 95% limits of agreement were 0.88 (95% CI 0.78-0.90) and 1.17 (95% CI 1.13-1.25). This met our criteria for agreement between cortisol concentrations. Bias of the Bland-Altman difference was 2.8 nmol/L (95% CI -7.2 to 12.8); 95% limits of agreement -35.2 nmol/L (95% CI -57.0 to -26.1) and 40.8 nmol/L (95% CI 31.7-62.6). Passing-Bablok regression analysis did not identify bias. CONCLUSION In healthy dogs, cortisol concentrations were in agreement after compounded tetracosactide compared to commercial tetracosactide, Synacthen®.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yang
- Small Animal Medicine, Veterinary Specialists Aotearoa, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - G Hosgood
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - S Foster
- Clinical Pathology, Vetnostics, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K Langner
- Internal Medicine, Western Australian Veterinary Emergency and Specialty, Success, Western Australia, Australia
| | - D Hayward
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - M Thompson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Phillips CA, Jaensch S, Hayward D. Systemic mastocytosis and probable mast cell leukaemia in a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). Aust Vet J 2020; 98:96-99. [PMID: 31919836 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of mast cell neoplasia in a koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). CASE REPORT An adult female koala was presented for rapidly deteriorating health and death of a pouch young. Significant weight loss was apparent despite supplemental feeding; the abdomen was distended; and the koala was weak and mentally depressed. Haematology revealed a significant mastocytosis with a concurrent population of atypical mononuclear cells. The koala was euthanised and tissues were collected for histology. Bone marrow, lymph node, lung, stomach and spleen exhibited significant infiltration by mast cells. Atypical round cells consistent with those identified in the peripheral blood were also identified in the marrow. A diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis and probable mast cell leukaemia was made. Immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical staining was not able to further characterise the atypical cell population, and the mast cells exhibited only weak staining with CD117. CONCLUSION The histological diagnosis, in this case, was systemic mastocytosis and myeloproliferative disease of uncertain origin. There was a dominant population of mast cells in the peripheral blood and marrow, and a population of circulating atypical mononuclear cells, appearing similar to mast cell leukaemia-acute myeloid leukaemia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Phillips
- Wyoming Greencross Vets, 24 Cary Street, Wyoming, New South Wales, 2250, Australia
| | - S Jaensch
- Vetnostics, 60 Waterloo Road, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
| | - D Hayward
- Vetnostics, 60 Waterloo Road, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, 2113, Australia
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Somerville AD, Martin MA, Hayes LP, Hayward D, Walker PL, Schoeninger MJ. Exploring Patterns and Pathways of Dietary Change: Preferred Foods, Oral Health, and Stable Isotope Analysis of Hair from the Dani of Mulia, Papua, Indonesia. Current Anthropology 2017. [DOI: 10.1086/690142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
The lysine-specific demethylase (LSD1) is a flavin-dependent amine oxidase that selectively removes one or two methyl groups from histone H3 at the Lys4 position. Along with histone deacetylases 1 and 2, LSD1 is involved in epigenetically silencing gene expression. LSD1 has been implicated as a potential therapeutic target in cancer and other diseases. In this chapter, we discuss several approaches to measure LSD1 demethylase activity and their relative strengths and limitations for inhibitor discovery and mechanistic characterization. In addition, we review the principal established chemical functional groups derived from monoamine oxidase inhibitors that have been investigated in the context of LSD1 as demethylase inhibitors. Finally, we highlight a few examples of recently developed LSD1 mechanism-based inactivators and their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hayward
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - P A Cole
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Coghill DR, Hayward D, Rhodes SM, Grimmer C, Matthews K. A longitudinal examination of neuropsychological and clinical functioning in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): improvements in executive functioning do not explain clinical improvement. Psychol Med 2014; 44:1087-1099. [PMID: 23866120 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713001761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often, but not always, persists into adulthood. Investigations of the associations between clinical and biological markers of persistence can shed light on causal pathways. It has been proposed that compensatory improvements in executive neuropsychological functioning are associated with clinical improvements. This is the first study to test this hypothesis prospectively. METHOD The clinical and neuropsychological functioning of 17 boys with ADHD (mean age 10.45 years at time 1; 14.65 years at time 2) and 17 typically developing (TYP) boys (mean age 10.39 years at time 1; 14.47 years at time 2) was tested on two occasions, 4 years apart. This was done using a battery of standardized neuropsychological tests that included tasks with high and low executive demands. RESULTS Clinical improvements were observed over time. Neuropsychological performance improvements were also evident, with ADHD boys developing with a similar pattern to TYP boys, but with a developmental lag. Whilst there was an association between reduced symptoms and superior performance at retest for one task with a high executive demand (spatial working memory), this was not seen with two further high executive demand tasks [Stockings of Cambridge and intra-dimensional extra-dimensional (ID/ED) set shifting]. Also, there was no association between change in executive functioning and change in symptoms. Baseline performance on the ID/ED set-shifting task predicted better clinical outcome. Only change in performance on the low executive demand delayed matching-to-sample task predicted better clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the importance of longitudinal measurements of cognition, symptoms and treatment response over time in children and adolescents with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Coghill
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
| | - D Hayward
- NHS Tayside, Murray Royal Hospital, Perth, UK
| | - S M Rhodes
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Graham Hills Building, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Grimmer
- NHS Fife Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Stratheden Hospital, Stratheden, Cupar, Fife, UK
| | - K Matthews
- Division of Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, UK
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Hayward D, Ristic J. Social and temporal orienting: Linked or independent? J Vis 2013. [DOI: 10.1167/13.9.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- J. H. Daly
- West CHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL,
UK
| | - D. Hayward
- West CHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL,
UK
| | - R. A. Pethrick
- West CHEM,
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL,
UK
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Hayward D, Wild E, Lee J, Rosenberg A, Prabhu V. Myoepithelioma of the Skull Base and Orbit: Case Report, Immunohistopathology and Surgical Considerations. Skull Base Surg 2013. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1336318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hayward D, Ristic J. Alerting trumps space and time in social orienting. J Vis 2012. [DOI: 10.1167/12.9.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Wong J, Hao C, Zhang K, Yang P, Banerjee K, Hayward D, Iftakhar I, Schreiber A, Tech K, Sack C, Smoker M, Chen X, Utture SC, Oulkar DP. Development and interlaboratory validation of a QuEChERS-based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for multiresidue pesticide analysis. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:5897-903. [PMID: 20196606 DOI: 10.1021/jf903849n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput, QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) sample preparation and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analytical method has been developed and validated for the determination of 191 pesticides in vegetation and fruit samples. Using identical LC analytical column and MS/MS instrumentation and operation parameters, this method was evaluated at the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), National Research Centre for Grapes (NRCG), India, and Ontario Ministry of the Environment (MOE) laboratories. Method validation results showed that all but 1 of these 191 pesticides can be analyzed by LC-MS/MS with instrument detection limits (IDL) in the parts per trillion (ppt) range. Matrix-dependent IDL studies showed that due to either the low ionization efficiency or matrix effect exerted, 14 of these 191 pesticides could not be analyzed by this method. Method recovery (%R) and method detection limits (MDLs) were determined by the three laboratories using four sample matrices in replicates (N = 4). With >79% of %R data from the fortification studies in the range from 80 to 120%, MDLs were determined in the low parts per billion range with >94% of MDLs in the range from 0.5 to 5 ppb. Applying this method to the analysis of incurred samples showed that two multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions may not be enough to provide 100% true positive identification of target pesticides; however, quantitative results obtained from the three laboratories had an excellent match with only a few discrepancies in the low parts per billion levels. The %R data from the fortification studies were subjected to principal component analysis and showed the majority of %R fell into the cluster of 80% < %R < 120%. Due to the matrix effect exerted by ginseng and peach, outliers were observed at the lowest spiking levels of 10 and 25 ppb. The study also showed that QuEChERS samples should be analyzed as soon as prepared or stored in a freezer to avoid any adverse affect on the analytes evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Wong
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, USA
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Hayward D, Wong J, Krynitsky AJ. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in commercially wild caught and farm-raised fish fillets in the United States. Environ Res 2007; 103:46-54. [PMID: 16769049 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2006.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 05/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Wild caught and farm-raised fish fillets collected in fish markets and large-chain super markets located in the Maryland, Washington, DC, and North Carolina were measured for their polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), and polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) levels. PCB and PBDE concentrations were the highest in a wild bluefish fillet (800 and 38 ng/g wet weight, respectively) and the lowest in wild Coho salmon fillet (0.35 and 0.04 ng/g, respectively). Levels for both PCBs and PBDEs in ng/g wet weight decreased from bluefish with medians of 200 and 6.2, to rockfish 66 and 4.7, followed by farmed-raised salmon with 9.0 and 1.1, with the lowest in wild salmon, 4.0 and 0.3 ng/g for PCBs and PBDEs, respectively (PCBs are the sum of 25 congeners). The chlorinated biphenyl (CB)-153 and brominated diphenyl ether (BDE)-47 levels correlated in the 22 fish fillets with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.94. Bluefish, rockfish (striped bass), wild caught and farm-raised salmons all showed different linear regression slopes between CB-153 and BDE-47 of 7.5, 2.7, 0.97, and 1.5, respectively. A Wilcoxon rank sum test showed no significant difference in the CB-153/BDE-47 ratios between farmed raised and all species of wild salmon combined, but was significant between bluefish and rockfish, farmed raised salmon or wild salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Hayward
- US Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, MD 20740, USA.
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D'Arrigo MC, Cruickshank FR, Pugh D, Sherwood JN, Wallis JD, Mackenzie C, Hayward D. Hyper-Rayleigh scattering as a means of monitoring crystal nucleation in solution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:3761-6. [PMID: 16896439 DOI: 10.1039/b517388d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyper-Rayleigh scattering is revealed as a very sensitive monitor of cluster formation in solution, and as a means of studying the mechanism of crystal nucleation in molecular species. Two compounds are selected with particularly high second harmonic generation (SHG) powers in the crystalline state and experimental conditions are defined allowing the measurement of the beta value for one of these as 18+/-1x10(-30) esu. It is found to agree with current theoretical prediction of 20x10(-30) esu. In the more powerful of these, two photon induced fluorescence is found to be partly responsible for the SHG. The solubilities of both compounds in methanol are measured and it is observed that these differ by a factor of ten. When the solution concentration is increased beyond 45% of the saturation value, the quadratic coefficient exhibits non-linear behaviour with respect to concentration. Additionally, the widths of the distributions of the HRS signals increase initially with concentration as expected, but, beyond 45% saturation concentrations, these narrow again. These phenomena are interpreted as indicators of cluster formation in these solutions well below saturation concentrations. A future experimental design is proposed in which the coherent component will yield information on the organisation of the molecules in such clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C D'Arrigo
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral St., Glasgow, UK
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McGonigle EA, Liggat JJ, Pethrick RA, Jenkins SD, Daly JH, Hayward D. Permeability of N2, Ar, He, O2, and CO2through as-extruded amorphous and biaxially oriented polyester films: Dependence on chain mobility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.20141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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McGonigle EA, Liggat J, Pethrick R, Jenkins S, Daly J, Hayward D. Permeability of N 2 , Ar, He, O 2 and CO 2 through biaxially oriented polyester films — dependence on free volume. POLYMER 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hayward D, Gawayne M, Mahboubian-Jones B, Pethrick RA. Low-frequency dielectric measurements (10-4to 6 × 104Hz): a new computer-controlled method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3735/17/8/014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hooper K, Chuvakova T, Kazbekova G, Hayward D, Tulenova A, Petreas MX, Wade TJ, Benedict K, Cheng YY, Grassman J. Analysis of breast milk to assess exposure to chlorinated contaminants in Kazakhstan: sources of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) exposures in an agricultural region of southern Kazakhstan. Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107:447-57. [PMID: 10515712 PMCID: PMC1566566 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.99107447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
High levels of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD; up to 208 pg/g fat) were measured in samples of breast milk collected in 1997 from 64 donors [41 first-time mothers (primiparae)] living on state farms in southern Kazakhstan. TCDD was the major contributor (70%) to the toxic equivalents, matching the congener patterns found in breast milk and serum samples collected in 1994 and 1996 from donors in nearby villages. The highest TCDD levels were found in state farms adjacent to a reservoir (zone A), which receives agricultural runoff from cotton fields. TCDD levels in zone A were significantly higher than levels in a region more distant (zone B; > 10 miles) from the reservoir (zone A: mean 53 pg/g, n = 17; zone B: mean 21 pg/g, n = 24; p = 0.0017). Levels of TCDD in breast milk and animal-derived foodstuffs were 10 times U.S. levels. Body burden and dietary data suggest that exposures to TCDD are chronic, environmental, and long term and may be related to the use of chemicals in cotton agriculture. The data suggest that the most likely source is the use of cotton defoliants contaminated with TCDD, and the most likely pathway for human exposure is via the consumption of contaminated foodstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hooper
- Hazardous Materials Laboratory, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley 94704, USA.
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Hooper K, Petreas MX, Chuvakova T, Kazbekova G, Druz N, Seminova G, Sharmanov T, Hayward D, She J, Visita P, Winkler J, McKinney M, Wade TJ, Grassman J, Stephens RD. Analysis of breast milk to assess exposure to chlorinated contaminants in Kazakstan: high levels of 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in agricultural villages of southern Kazakstan. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106:797-806. [PMID: 9831540 PMCID: PMC1533246 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.98106797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To assess levels of chlorinated contaminants in breast milk, we measured organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in breast milk samples collected in 1994 according to the World Health Organization protocol from 92 donors that were representative of regional populations in southern Kazakstan. High levels (10-120 pg/g fat) of 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic of the PCDD/PCDF congeners, were found in breast milk samples from an agricultural region. TCDD was the major contributor (75%) to the international toxicity equivalents of these samples. The same distinctive PCDD/PCDF congener pattern was found in 15 breast milk samples and 4 serum samples collected in 1996 in a follow-up study, and has now been confirmed by three analytical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hooper
- Hazardous Materials Laboratory, California Environmental Protection Agency, Berkeley, CA 94707 USA
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hayward
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC 20204, USA
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Shawber C, Nofziger D, Hsieh JJ, Lindsell C, Bögler O, Hayward D, Weinmaster G. Notch signaling inhibits muscle cell differentiation through a CBF1-independent pathway. Development 1996; 122:3765-73. [PMID: 9012498 DOI: 10.1242/dev.122.12.3765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Notch controls cell fate by inhibiting cellular differentiation, presumably through activation of the transcriptional regulator human C promoter Binding Factor (CBF1), which transactivates the hairy and Enhancer of split (HES-1) gene. However, we describe constitutively active forms of Notch1, which inhibit muscle cell differentiation but do not interact with CBF1 or upregulate endogenous HES-1 expression. In addition, Jagged-Notch interactions that prevent the expression of muscle cell specific genes do not involve the upregulation of endogenous HES-1. In fact, exogenous expression of HES-1 in C2C12 myoblasts does not block myogenesis. Our data demonstrate the existence of a CBF1-independent pathway by which Notch inhibits differentiation. We therefore propose that Notch signaling activates at least two different pathways: one which involves CBF1 as an intermediate and one which does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Shawber
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1737, USA
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22
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Abstract
We report the cDNA sequence encoding Ub52 from the cnidarian Acropora millepora. As in other eukaryotes, the N-terminal region of the deduced amino-acid sequence is a ubiquitin moiety and the C-terminal region CEP52, a protein component of the large ribosomal subunit. A millepora Ub52 is highly homologous (> 95% identical) with the corresponding Drosophila and vertebrate sequences, the cnidarian sequence having higher identity with these 'higher' metazoan homologs than does the corresponding Caenorhabditis elegans protein. However, the cnidarian sequence contains two unique substitutions in the ubiquitin moiety, Ser22 and Thr28. Northern analysis indicates that A. millepora Ub52 is encoded by a small (< 800 nt) mRNA present in eggs and is first expressed after the early gastrula stage in embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Berghammer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Australia
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Hayward D, Mackinnon AJ, Radhakrishnan S, Pethrick RA. Investigation of cure in epoxy acrylate resins using rheological and dielectric measurements. POLYM ENG SCI 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.760350211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
This paper discusses sampling and design considerations relevant to the estimation of exposure to organochlorine compounds in epidemiological studies. We consider exposures measured directly via biomarkers of exposure in the body. It is critical for the design, implementation, and evaluation of studies that epidemiologists and biostatisticians be familiar with methodological issues relevant to the direct measure of exposure. Etiologic, toxicokinetic, quality control and quality assurance, and statistical sampling are discussed. Finally, the limitations of these studies and the need for complete reporting of methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Woodruff
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 20460
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Abstract
We describe a new rehabilitation aid for walking and its role in traumatology, discussing its advantages over current aids. Wider applications are suggested in the fields of neurology, rheumatology and spinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C May
- Bath and Wessex Orthopaedic Hospital, Bath, England
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- P C May
- Bath and Wessex Orthopaedic Hospital
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Bakhshaee M, Daly J, Hayward D, Pethrick R, Rashid H, Roe S, Sherrington D. Triboelectric charging of carbon-black-impregnated suspension-polymerized copolymers. POLYMER 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(87)90367-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
The possibility that bilirubin can diffuse through lipid bilayers is investigated with liposomes prepared from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), egg phosphatidylcholine (egg PC) with 22 mole percent cholesterol, and a lipid extract preparation from N115 neuroblastoma cells. Liposomes were prepared with internalized bilirubin and bovine or human serum albumin, and bilirubin efflux into an exogenous solution of human serum albumin was measured. Efflux from DPPC liposomes was significantly higher above the phase transition temperature than below it. This change was dependent on the lipid undergoing a phase transition and could not be accounted for by 6 K change in temperature. Maximum bilirubin efflux from egg PC-cholesterol liposomes was found to depend on the relative internal and external albumin pools, suggesting an equilibrium distribution of bilirubin between them. These observations demonstrate that bilirubin can diffuse freely through these lipid membranes.
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Goertz CK, Nielsen E, Korth A, Glassmeier KH, Haldoupis C, Hoeg P, Hayward D. Observations of a possible ground signature of flux transfer events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1029/ja090ia05p04069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rona RJ, Angelico F, Antonini R, Arca M, Brenci G, Del Ben M, Gedda L, Hayward D, Heller RF, Lewis B. Plasma cholesterol response to a change in dietary fat intake: a collaborative twin study. J Chronic Dis 1985; 38:927-34. [PMID: 3877072 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(85)90128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The rise of plasma cholesterol in response to an increase from 8 to 22.3% in saturated fatty acid of total intake was studied by comparing the concordance of change in pairs of young English and Italian monozygotic (33 pairs) and dizygotic (22 pairs) twins. LDL and total cholesterol rose about 0.6 mmol/l. All methods of analyses showed a marked genetic component influencing total and LDL cholesterol level. However, the genetic component of the increase in LDL and total cholesterol levels was small in Italy and absent in England. These results suggest that the response of plasma cholesterol to this dietary change is largely determined by environmental factors rather than inheritance.
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Abstract
The rates of death from ischaemic heart disease in the United Kingdom in the years after 1968 were studied to establish whether any general trend had occurred. A decline in the rates began after 1973-4, was greatest in those aged 35-44 years, and occurred among both men and women and in each of the regions of England and in Wales and Scotland. Total dietary fat intake had started to fall about five years earlier, and this may provide part of the explanation. Changes in smoking habits also occurred but were more difficult to relate to the pattern of change in the death rates. If a general decline in ischaemic heart disease has begun in the United Kingdom a case may be made for close monitoring of changes in lifestyle and medical practice in different demographic groups to try to find the explanation.
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Abstract
Destratification in the York River during high spring tides is the result of the interruption of normal two-layer estuarine flow by the advection of relatively fresh water into the river mouth from the Chesapeake Bay. This advection is due to the presence of a longitudinal salinity gradient in the bay and a difference in the tidal current phase between the river and the bay. Similar behavior is seen in other subestuaries of the Chesapeake Bay and may be common in subestuary-estuary interactions.
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