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Lipoprotein profiles in Miniature Schnauzer dogs with idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia and hypercortisolism. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:205-212. [PMID: 38111301 DOI: 10.1177/10406387231217505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Miniature Schnauzer dogs (MSs) are predisposed to both idiopathic hypertriglyceridemia (iHTG) and hypercortisolism (HCort). To our knowledge, the lipoprotein profiles of MSs with iHTG have not been compared to those with HCort. We analyzed cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and lipoprotein fractions in 4 groups of MSs: normotriglyceridemia (NTG) without concurrent disease (Healthy-NTG), HCort and NTG (HCort-NTG), HCort and HTG (HCort-HTG), and iHTG. Lipoprotein fractions were assessed by lipoprotein electrophoresis and compared between groups. Fifty-one plasma samples were analyzed. Twenty-five dogs had NTG (16 Healthy-NTG, 9 HCort-NTG) and 26 dogs had HTG (7 iHTG, 19 HCort-HTG). Dogs with iHTG or HCort-HTG had significantly higher cholesterol concentrations than Healthy-NTG dogs. Dogs with HCort-HTG had higher cholesterol than HCort-NTG dogs. There was a significantly higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL) percentage in iHTG and HCort-HTG dogs than HCort-NTG dogs. HCort-HTG dogs also had lower high-density lipoproteins (HDL) than HCort-NTG dogs. It was not possible to readily distinguish MSs with iHTG from MSs with HCort-HTG or Healthy-NTG using lipoprotein electrophoresis fractions. The diagnosis of iHTG remains a diagnosis by exclusion.
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Risk of Stroke before Revascularisation in Patients with Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis: A Pooled Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. J Vasc Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Surge capacity of intensive care units in case of acute increase in demand caused by COVID-19 in Australia. Med J Aust 2020; 212:463-467. [PMID: 32306408 PMCID: PMC7264562 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To assess the capacity of intensive care units (ICUs) in Australia to respond to the expected increase in demand associated with COVID‐19. Design Analysis of Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) registry data, supplemented by an ICU surge capability survey and veterinary facilities survey (both March 2020). Settings All Australian ICUs and veterinary facilities. Main outcome measures Baseline numbers of ICU beds, ventilators, dialysis machines, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation machines, intravenous infusion pumps, and staff (senior medical staff, registered nurses); incremental capability to increase capacity (surge) by increasing ICU bed numbers; ventilator‐to‐bed ratios; number of ventilators in veterinary facilities. Results The 191 ICUs in Australia provide 2378 intensive care beds during baseline activity (9.3 ICU beds per 100 000 population). Of the 175 ICUs that responded to the surge survey (with 2228 intensive care beds), a maximal surge would add an additional 4258 intensive care beds (191% increase) and 2631 invasive ventilators (120% increase). This surge would require additional staffing of as many as 4092 senior doctors (245% increase over baseline) and 42 720 registered ICU nurses (269% increase over baseline). An additional 188 ventilators are available in veterinary facilities, including 179 human model ventilators. Conclusions The directors of Australian ICUs report that intensive care bed capacity could be near tripled in response to the expected increase in demand caused by COVID‐19. But maximal surge in bed numbers could be hampered by a shortfall in invasive ventilators and would also require a large increase in clinician and nursing staff numbers.
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Timing of procedural stroke and death in asymptomatic patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: individual patient analysis from four RCTs. Br J Surg 2020; 107:662-668. [PMID: 32162310 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.11441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effectiveness of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for stroke prevention depends on low procedural risks. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and timing of procedural complications after CEA, which may clarify underlying mechanisms and help inform safe discharge policies. METHODS Individual-patient data were obtained from four large carotid intervention trials (VACS, ACAS, ACST-1 and GALA; 1983-2007). Patients undergoing CEA for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis directly after randomization were used for the present analysis. Timing of procedural death and stroke was divided into intraoperative day 0, postoperative day 0, days 1-3 and days 4-30. RESULTS Some 3694 patients were included in the analysis. A total of 103 patients (2·8 per cent) had serious procedural complications (18 fatal strokes, 68 non-fatal strokes, 11 fatal myocardial infarctions and 6 deaths from other causes) [Correction added on 20 April, after first online publication: the percentage value has been corrected to 2·8]. Of the 86 strokes, 67 (78 per cent) were ipsilateral, 17 (20 per cent) were contralateral and two (2 per cent) were vertebrobasilar. Forty-five strokes (52 per cent) were ischaemic, nine (10 per cent) haemorrhagic, and stroke subtype was not determined in 32 patients (37 per cent). Half of the strokes happened on the day of CEA. Of all serious complications recorded, 44 (42·7 per cent) occurred on day 0 (20 intraoperative, 17 postoperative, 7 with unclear timing), 23 (22·3 per cent) on days 1-3 and 36 (35·0 per cent) on days 4-30. CONCLUSION At least half of the procedural strokes in this study were ischaemic and ipsilateral to the treated artery. Half of all procedural complications occurred on the day of surgery, but one-third after day 3 when many patients had been discharged.
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CENTRALIZED COGNITIVE ASSESSMENT IN A MULTICENTER TRIAL OF TREATMENT MODES FOR ASYMPTOMATIC CAROTID ARTERY DISEASE. Innov Aging 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igy023.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Cells respond to deletion of CAV1 by increasing synthesis of extracellular matrix. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205306. [PMID: 30346954 PMCID: PMC6197626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of cellular functions have been attributed to caveolae, flask-like invaginations of the plasma membrane. Here, we have used RNA-seq to achieve quantitative transcriptional profiling of primary embryonic fibroblasts from caveolin 1 knockout mice (CAV1-/- MEFs), and thereby to gain hypothesis-free insight into how these cells respond to the absence of caveolae. Components of the extracellular matrix were decisively over-represented within the set of genes displaying altered expression in CAV1-/- MEFs when compared to congenic wild-type controls. This was confirmed biochemically and by imaging for selected examples. Up-regulation of components of the extracellular matrix was also observed in a second cell line, NIH-3T3 cells genome edited to delete CAV1. Up-regulation of components of the extracellular matrix was detected in vivo by assessing collagen deposition and compliance of CAV1-/- lungs. We discuss the implications of these findings in terms of the cellular function of caveolae.
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Mechanisms and mitigating factors for venous thromboembolism in chronic kidney disease: the REGARDS study. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:1743-1752. [PMID: 29984467 PMCID: PMC6123283 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with procoagulant and inflammatory biomarkers. We studied the association of CKD and venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a case-cohort study. Factor VIII, D-dimer and C-reactive protein appeared to explain the association of CKD and VTE. Statin use was protective against VTE in those with and without CKD. SUMMARY Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk via unknown mechanisms. Whether factors associated with reduced VTE risk in the general population might also be associated with reduced VTE risk in CKD patients is unknown. Objectives To determine whether thrombosis biomarkers attenuate VTE risk, and whether factors associated with reduced VTE risk are similarly effective in CKD patients. Methods Baseline biomarkers were measured in a cohort (294 VTE cases; 939 non-cases) from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, a nationwide prospective cohort study of 30 239 persons aged ≥45 years with 4.3 years of follow-up. The hazard ratio (HR) of VTE per 10 mL min-1 1.73 m-2 decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and the percentage attenuation of this HR by each biomarker, were calculated. Associations of protective factors (physical activity, lower body mass index [BMI], and aspirin, warfarin and statin use) with VTE were estimated in those with and without CKD. Results The HR for VTE with lower eGFR was 1.13 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-1.25), and VTE risk was attenuated by 23% (95% CI 5-100) by D-dimer, by 100% (95% CI 50-100) by factor VIII, and by 15% (95% CI 2-84) by C-reactive protein. Normal BMI was associated with lower VTE risk in those without CKD (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.32-0.70), but not in those with CKD (HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.51-2.22). Statin use, physical activity and warfarin use were associated with lower VTE risk in both groups. Conclusions Procoagulant and inflammatory biomarkers mediated the association of eGFR with VTE. Higher physical activity, statin use and warfarin use mitigated VTE risk in those with CKD and those without CKD, but normal BMI did not mitigate VTE risk in CKD patients.
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P5086Associations between very low concentrations of LDL-Cholesterol, hsCRP and health outcomes in the Reasons for Geographical and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy566.p5086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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P5417Consumption of dairy product and its association with total and cause specific mortality - A population-based cohort study and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy566.p5417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Carotid Endarterectomy and Carotid Artery Stenting in the US Medicare Population, 1999-2014. J Vasc Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Early Endarterectomy Carries a Lower Procedural Risk Than Early Stenting in Patients With Symptomatic Stenosis of the Internal Carotid Artery. J Vasc Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3104Associations between cardiovascular disease, cancer and very low hdl cholesterol in the reasons for geographical and racial differences in stroke (REGARDS) study. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx504.3104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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3100Effects of morning versus evening statin therapy on lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx504.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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P627Associations between very low concentrations of LDL-cholesterol and health outcomes in the reasons for geographical and racial differences in stroke (REGARDS) Study. Eur Heart J 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx501.p627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Associations of coagulation factors IX and XI levels with incident coronary heart disease and ischemic stroke: the REGARDS study. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1086-1094. [PMID: 28393470 PMCID: PMC9797027 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Coagulation factors (F) IX and XI have been implicated in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We studied associations of FIX and FXI with incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. Higher FIX antigen was associated with incident CHD risk in blacks but not whites. Higher levels of FIX antigen may be a CHD risk factor among blacks. SUMMARY Background Recent studies have suggested the importance of coagulation factor IX and FXI in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Objectives To determine whether basal levels of FIX or FXI antigen were associated with the risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD) or ischemic stroke. Patients/Methods The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study recruited 30 239 participants across the contiguous USA between 2003 and 2007. In a case-cohort study within REGARDS, FIX and FXI antigen were measured in participants with incident CHD (n = 609), in participants with incident ischemic stroke (n = 538), and in a cohort random sample (n = 1038). Hazard ratios (HRs) for CHD and ischemic stroke risk were estimated with Cox models per standard deviation higher FIX or FXI level, adjusted for CVD risk factors. Results In models adjusting for CHD risk factors, higher FIX levels were associated with incident CHD risk (HR 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.40) and the relationship of higher FXI levels was slightly weaker (HR 1.15; 95% CI 0.97-1.36). When stratified by race, the HR of FIX was higher in blacks (HR 1.39; 95% CI 1.10-1.75) than in whites (HR 1.06; 95% CI 0.86-1.31). After adjustment for stroke risk factors, there was no longer an association of FIX levels with ischemic stroke, whereas the association of FXI levels with ischemic stroke was slightly attenuated. Conclusions Higher FIX antigen levels were associated with incident CHD in blacks but not in whites. FIX levels may increase CHD risk among blacks.
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0830 SLEEP DURATION BY SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC, SOCIOECONOMIC, AND GEOGRAPHICAL STATUS: THE REGARDS STUDY. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Association of stroke risk biomarkers with stroke symptoms: the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke cohort. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:21-27. [PMID: 27813265 PMCID: PMC5280457 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Stroke symptom history predicts future stroke and may indicate prior unrecognized stroke. We studied associations of stroke symptoms with stroke risk biomarkers. Several stroke risk biomarkers were independently associated with stroke symptom history. Findings support a hypothesis that stroke symptoms may represent unrecognized stroke. SUMMARY Background History of stroke symptoms in the absence of prior diagnosed stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) is associated with future stroke risk, as are biomarkers of inflammation, cardiac function and hemostasis. Objective To better elucidate the pathobiology of stroke symptoms, we studied associations of these biomarkers with history of stroke symptoms. Methods The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) cohort enrolled 30 239 black and white Americans age 45 years and older in 2003-7. In cross-sectional analyses in a random sample of 960 participants without prior stroke or TIA, levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), fibrinogen, factor VIII (FVIII), factor XI (FXI), C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer were studied in relation to self-reported history of six sudden onset stroke symptoms. Results There were 190 participants with at least one stroke symptom and 770 without. Adjusting for age, race, sex and stroke risk factors, NT-proBNP, FXI, CRP and D-dimer in the top vs. bottom quartile were associated with prevalent stroke symptoms with odds ratios 2.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.45-4.98), 1.65 (95% CI, 1.00-2.73), 2.21 (95% CI, 1.32-3.71) and 2.14 (95% CI, 1.22-3.75), respectively. Conclusions Strong associations of stroke risk biomarkers with stroke symptoms in persons without a clinical history of cerebrovascular disease support a hypothesis that some of these stroke symptoms represent unrecognized cerebrovascular disease. Future work is needed to determine whether these biomarkers identify persons with stroke symptoms who have a particularly high stroke risk.
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Association Between Age and Risk of Stroke or Death From Carotid Endarterectomy and Carotid Stenting: A Meta-Analysis of Pooled Patient Data From Four Randomised Trials. J Vasc Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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High-resolution B-Mode Ultrasound Scanning Methods in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC). J Neuroimaging 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jon19911268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Healthcare professional requirements for the care of adult diabetes patients managed with insulin pumps in Australia. Intern Med J 2015; 45:86-93. [PMID: 25370368 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare professional (HCP) time supporting insulin pump therapy (IPT) has not been documented, yet it is important in planning and allocating resources for effective care. AIM This study aims to determine HCP time spent in IPT patient care to inform resource planning for optimal IPT delivery. METHODS Twenty-four Australian adult IPT-experienced institutions (14 government funded, seven private, three both) collected data between April 2012 and January 2013 prospectively, including: patient demographics, HCP classification, purpose of HCP-patient interaction, interaction mode and HCP time with the patient. A subset of patients was tracked from pre-pump education until stable on IPT. RESULTS Data on 2577 HCP-adult patient interactions (62% face-to-face, 29% remote, 9% administrative) were collected over 12.2 ± 6.4 weeks for 895 patients; age 35.4 ± 14.2 years; 67% female; 99% type 1 diabetes, representing 25% of all IPT patients of the institutions. Time (hours) spent on IPT interactions per centre per week were: nurses 5.4 ± 2.8, dietitians 0.4 ± 0.2 and doctors 1.0 ± 0.5. IPT starts accounted for 48% of IPT interaction time. The percentage of available diabetes clinic time spent on outpatient IPT interactions was 20.4%, 4.6% and 2.7% for nurses, dietitians and doctors respectively. Fifteen patients tracked from pre-pump to stabilisation over 11.8 ± 4.5 weeks, required a median (range) of 9.2 (3.0-20.9), 2.4 (0.5-6.0) and 1.8 (0.5-5.4) hours per patient from nurses, dietitians and doctors respectively. CONCLUSIONS IPT patient care represents a substantial investment in HCP time, particularly for nurses. Funding models for IPT care need urgent review to ensure this now mainstream therapy integrates well into healthcare resources.
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Low Risk of Stroke or Death among Patients with Recently Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis Awaiting Revascularization—A Pooled Analysis of Recent Randomized Trials. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1564535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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NeuroThera® Efficacy and Safety Trial-3 (NEST-3): a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled, parallel group, multicenter, pivotal study to assess the safety and efficacy of transcranial laser therapy with the NeuroThera® Laser System for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke within 24 h of stroke onset. Int J Stroke 2014. [PMID: 23013107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Transcranial laser therapy is undergoing clinical trials in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The NeuroThera® Efficacy and Safety Trial-1 was strongly positive for 90-day functional benefit with transcranial laser therapy, and post hoc analyses of the subsequent NeuroThera® Efficacy and Safety Trial-2 trial suggested a meaningful beneficial effect in patients with moderate to moderately severe ischemic stroke within 24 h of onset. These served as the basis for the NeuroThera® Efficacy and Safety Trial-3 randomized controlled trial. AIM The purpose of this pivotal study was to demonstrate safety and efficacy of transcranial laser therapy with the NeuroThera® Laser System in the treatment of subjects diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke. DESIGN NeuroThera® Efficacy and Safety Trial-3 is a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled, parallel group, multicenter, pivotal study that will enroll 1000 subjects at up to 50 sites. All subjects will receive standard medical management based on the American Stroke Association and European Stroke Organization Guidelines. In addition to standard medical management, both groups will undergo the transcranial laser therapy procedure between 4·5 and 24 h of stroke onset. The study population will be randomized into two arms: the sham control group will receive a sham transcranial laser therapy procedure and the transcranial laser therapy group will receive an active transcranial laser therapy procedure. The randomization ratio will be 1:1 and will be stratified to ensure a balanced subject distribution between study arms. STUDY OUTCOMES The primary efficacy end point is disability at 90 days (or the last rating), as assessed on the modified Rankin Scale, dichotomized as a success (a score of 0-2) or a failure (a score of 3 to 6).
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Estimating insulin demand for protein-containing foods using the food insulin index. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:1055-9. [PMID: 25005674 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The Food Insulin Index (FII) is a novel algorithm for ranking foods on the basis of insulin responses in healthy subjects relative to an isoenergetic reference food. Our aim was to compare postprandial glycemic responses in adults with type 1 diabetes who used both carbohydrate counting and the FII algorithm to estimate the insulin dosage for a variety of protein-containing foods. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 11 adults on insulin pump therapy consumed six individual foods (steak, battered fish, poached eggs, low-fat yoghurt, baked beans and peanuts) on two occasions in random order, with the insulin dose determined once by the FII algorithm and once with carbohydrate counting. Postprandial glycemia was measured in capillary blood glucose samples at 15-30 min intervals over 3 h. Researchers and participants were blinded to treatment. RESULTS Compared with carbohydrate counting, the FII algorithm significantly reduced the mean blood glucose level (5.7±0.2 vs 6.5±0.2 mmol/l, P=0.003) and the mean change in blood glucose level (-0.7±0.2 vs 0.1±0.2 mmol/l, P=0.001). Peak blood glucose was reached earlier using the FII algorithm than using carbohydrate counting (34±5 vs 56±7 min, P=0.007). The risk of hypoglycemia was similar in both treatments (48% vs 33% for FII vs carbohydrate counting, respectively, P=0.155). CONCLUSIONS In adults with type 1 diabetes, compared with carbohydrate counting, the novel FII algorithm improved postprandial hyperglycemia after consumption of protein-containing foods.
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S138 Blood outgrowth endothelial cells isolated from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension possess less caveolae and reduced cavin-2 expression. Thorax 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204457.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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NeuroThera® Efficacy and Safety Trial-3 (NEST-3): a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled, parallel group, multicenter, pivotal study to assess the safety and efficacy of transcranial laser therapy with the NeuroThera® Laser System for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke within 24 h of stroke onset. Int J Stroke 2012; 9:950-5. [PMID: 23013107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Transcranial laser therapy is undergoing clinical trials in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The NeuroThera® Efficacy and Safety Trial-1 was strongly positive for 90-day functional benefit with transcranial laser therapy, and post hoc analyses of the subsequent NeuroThera® Efficacy and Safety Trial-2 trial suggested a meaningful beneficial effect in patients with moderate to moderately severe ischemic stroke within 24 h of onset. These served as the basis for the NeuroThera® Efficacy and Safety Trial-3 randomized controlled trial. AIM The purpose of this pivotal study was to demonstrate safety and efficacy of transcranial laser therapy with the NeuroThera® Laser System in the treatment of subjects diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke. DESIGN NeuroThera® Efficacy and Safety Trial-3 is a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled, parallel group, multicenter, pivotal study that will enroll 1000 subjects at up to 50 sites. All subjects will receive standard medical management based on the American Stroke Association and European Stroke Organization Guidelines. In addition to standard medical management, both groups will undergo the transcranial laser therapy procedure between 4·5 and 24 h of stroke onset. The study population will be randomized into two arms: the sham control group will receive a sham transcranial laser therapy procedure and the transcranial laser therapy group will receive an active transcranial laser therapy procedure. The randomization ratio will be 1:1 and will be stratified to ensure a balanced subject distribution between study arms. STUDY OUTCOMES The primary efficacy end point is disability at 90 days (or the last rating), as assessed on the modified Rankin Scale, dichotomized as a success (a score of 0-2) or a failure (a score of 3 to 6).
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Breaking the Paradigm of Clinic-Based Cohort Studies: the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (Regards) Study. Ann Epidemiol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Age and Outcomes After Carotid Stenting and Endarterectomy: The Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial. J Vasc Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Validation of the NINDS-CSN 5-Minute Battery for Vascular Cognitive Impairment (P04.200). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p04.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Restenosis Following Carotid Artery Stenting and Endarterectomy in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial (S09.003). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.s09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Did Carotid Stenting and Endarterectomy Outcomes Change over Time in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial? (S09.005). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.s09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Do Demographic Disparities in Neuroimaging Utilization Exist in Stroke? The REGARDS Experience (S13.002). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.s13.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Restenosis Following Carotid Artery Stenting and Endarterectomy in the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial (IN2-1.001). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.in2-1.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine vascular risk factors, as measured by the Framingham Stroke Risk Profile (FSRP), to predict incident cognitive impairment in a large, national sample of black and white adults age 45 years and older. METHODS Participants included subjects without stroke at baseline from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study with at least 2 cognitive function assessments during the follow-up (n = 23,752). Incident cognitive impairment was defined as decline from a baseline score of 5 or 6 (of possible 6 points) to the most recent follow-up score of 4 or less on the Six-item Screener (SIS). Subjects with suspected stroke during follow-up were censored. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 4.1 years, 1,907 participants met criteria for incident cognitive impairment. Baseline FSRP score was associated with incident cognitive impairment. An adjusted model revealed that male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43-1.77), black race (OR = 2.09, 95% CI 1.88-2.35), less education (less than high school graduate vs college graduate, OR = 2.21, 95% CI 1.88-2.60), older age (10-year increments, OR = 2.11, per 10-year increase in age, 95% CI 2.05-2.18), and presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH, OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.06-1.58) were related to development of cognitive impairment. When LVH was excluded from the model, elevated systolic blood pressure was related to incident cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS Total FSRP score, elevated blood pressure, and LVH predict development of clinically significant cognitive dysfunction. Prevention and treatment of high blood pressure may be effective in preserving cognitive health.
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Demethylation of a LINE-1 antisense promoter in the cMet locus impairs Met signalling through induction of illegitimate transcription. Oncogene 2010; 29:5775-84. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the cross-sectional relationship of blood pressure (BP) components with cognitive impairment after adjusting for potential confounders. METHODS Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) is a national, longitudinal population cohort evaluating stroke risk in 30,228 black and white men and women >or=45 years old. During the in-home visit, BP measurements were taken as the average of 2 measurements using a standard aneroid sphygmomanometer. Excluding participants with prior stroke or TIA, the present analysis included 19,836 participants (enrolled from December 2003 to March 2007) with complete baseline physical and cognitive evaluations. Incremental logistic models examined baseline relationships between BP components (systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP], and pulse pressure [PP]) and impaired cognitive status (score of <or=4 on 6-Item Screener) after adjusting for demographic and environmental characteristics, cardiovascular risk factors, depressive symptoms, and current use of any antihypertensive medication. RESULTS Higher DBP levels were associated with impaired cognitive status after adjusting for demographic and environmental characteristics, risk factors, depressive symptoms, and antihypertensive medications. An increment of 10 mm Hg in DBP was associated with a 7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1%-14%, p = 0.0275) higher odds of cognitive impairment. No independent association was identified between impaired cognitive status and SBP (odds ratio [OR] 1.02, 95% CI 0.99-1.06) or PP (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.95-1.04). There was no evidence of nonlinear relationships between any of the BP components and impaired cognitive status. There was no interaction between age and the relationship of impaired cognitive status with SBP (p = 0.827), DBP (p = 0.133), or PP (p = 0.827) levels. CONCLUSIONS Higher diastolic blood pressure was cross-sectionally and independently associated with impaired cognitive status in this large, geographically dispersed, race- and sex-balanced sample of stroke-free individuals.
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Cigarette smoking, disease severity and autoantibody expression in African Americans with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 67:1529-34. [PMID: 18198196 PMCID: PMC2731992 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2007.082669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association of smoking with clinical and serological features in African Americans with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to explore whether this association is dependent on the presence of the HLA-DRB1 shared epitope (SE). METHODS In African Americans with recent-onset RA (n = 300), we examined the association of cigarette smoking (current versus past versus never and pack-years of exposure) with anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, rheumatoid factor (RF) (IgM and IgA), rheumatoid nodules and baseline radiographic erosions using logistic and cumulative logistic regression (adjusting for SE status). We also examined for evidence of interaction between smoking status and SE for all outcomes. RESULTS Although there was no association with RF-IgA seropositivity, current smokers were approximately twice as likely as never smokers to have higher IgA-RF concentrations (based on tertiles; OR = 1.74; 95% CI 1.05 to 2.88) and nodules (OR = 2.43; 95% CI 1.13 to 5.22). These associations were most pronounced in those with more than 20 pack-years of exposure. There was no association of smoking status or cumulative tobacco exposure with anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody, IgM-RF or radiographic erosions. There was also no evidence of a biological or statistical SE-smoking interaction for any of the outcomes examined. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to systematically examine the association of cigarette smoking with RA-related features in African Americans. Cigarette smoking is associated with both subcutaneous nodules and higher serum concentrations of IgA-RF in African Americans with RA, associations that may have important implications for long-term outcomes in this population.
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Stage-specific survival differences associated with postoperative radiotherapy for gastrointestinal cancers. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.26.15_suppl.15504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Activation and transposition of endogenous retroviral elements in hypomethylation induced tumors in mice. Oncogene 2007; 27:404-8. [PMID: 17621273 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genomewide DNA hypomethylation is a consistent finding in human tumors, but the importance of this change for human tumorigenesis remains an open question. We have previously reported that mice carrying a hypomorphic allele for the maintenance DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt1(chip/-)) are hypomethylated and develop thymic lymphomas, demonstrating that genomewide DNA hypomethylation can induce tumors. Hypomethylated cells exhibit inherent chromosomal instability, which is revealed in the lymphomas as a consistent trisomy of chromosome 15. We now report another aspect of the molecular basis for tumor development upon DNA hypomethylation. Seven out of 16 hypomethylation-induced lymphomas were found to contain an intracisternal A particle (IAP) somatic insertion in the middle of the Notch1 genomic locus, leading to generation of an oncogenic form of Notch1 in the tumors. This finding suggests that the molecular basis for hypomethylation-induced tumors in this model involves chromosomal instability events accompanied by activation of endogenous retroviral elements. Our findings validate the proposed role of DNA methylation in suppression of transposable elements in mammalian cells and demonstrate the importance of DNA methylation for normal cell function as well as the potential consequences of spontaneously occurring or chemically induced DNA hypomethylation.
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Abstract
7663 Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women, killing more women than breast, ovarian, and uterine cancers combined. Recent evidence suggests differences in lung cancer between the sexes. Women have better rates of survival, different histology, genetic, and molecular factors as compared to men. Metabolic characteristics of lung cancer have prognostic value. The use of F-18 FDG Positron Emission Tomography (PET) has been demonstrated in multiple studies to better determine outcome, improve diagnostic and staging techniques. Methods: 251 (M:F=101:150) patients with newly diagnosed biopsy proven NSCLC and evaluated by F-18 FDG PET(CT), without other malignancies, prior radiation or chemotherapy, were analyzed retrospectively from our institution. PET scans were obtained 1 hour after injection of 370 MBq F-18 FDG using a dedicated whole body PET-CT or PET scanner. The PET images were reconstructed with attenuation correction by either radioisotope or CT transmission scan. The SUV, defined as tumor activity divided by dose injected per lean body mass, from the PET cameras had been cross validated to produce the same value in a given phantom and patient. The maximum SUV was measured by searching the maximum value within a volume of known primary cancer. Results: The two groups were matched for age. Females had significantly less squamous cell carcinomas (18% vs. 29%, p=0.025) and more adenocarcinomas (41% vs. 30%, p=0.041) than males. Although there were no significant differences stage by stage between males and females, there was gradual transition or increment of SUV by stage in all female NSCLC with the SUV of stage I NSCLC being lower than that of cancers in stages II, III or IV (p=0.00022, 0.0088, and 0.0026 respectively). However, there were no such distinctions among male patients. There were no differences in SUV among various histological types of NSCLC between the sexes. Conclusions: The study suggests there are gender differences in the metabolic properties of NSCLC with distinctively more metabolically aggressive NSCLCs upon advancing stage in women but not in men. This gender specific metabolic difference is another discriminator besides other known gender factors and is potentially useful in the management of early stage NSCLC in women. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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American Heart Association; American Stroke Association Stroke Council. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: co-sponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group. Am J Ophthalmol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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The effectiveness of low dose droperidol in controlling nausea and vomiting during epidural anesthesia for cesarean section. Int J Obstet Anesth 2006; 1:65-8. [PMID: 15636801 DOI: 10.1016/0959-289x(92)90003-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The antiemetic efficacy of 0.5 mg of droperidol was evaluated in 128 term parturients undergoing elective and non-urgent cesarean section with epidural anesthesia. Following delivery, parturients received intravenously either 0.5 mg of droperidol or normal saline in a double-blinded fashion. Droperidol decreased nausea after delivery from 41 to 13% (P=0.001). There was no significant decrease in the incidence of vomiting. Analysis of the data using logistic regression analysis showed that increasing age (P = 0.002), hypotension after delivery (P = 0.040), and vomiting prior to delivery (P = 0.017) were associated with increased nausea after delivery. No extrapyramidal symptoms or significant changes in pulse rate or blood pressure were associated with droperidol administration. We conclude that 0.5 mg of intravenous droperidol decreases nausea in term parturients undergoing non-urgent cesarean section with epidural anesthesia without producing unwanted side-effects.
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290 BREAST MILK FEEDING IN LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS: INFLUENCES AND BARRIERS. J Investig Med 2006. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.x0008.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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A shocking admission: patient exclusion from intensive care therapy. CRIT CARE RESUSC 2005; 7:97-101. [PMID: 16548800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2004] [Accepted: 04/13/2005] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quantitative description of intensive care unit (ICU) triage practice. METHODS Prospective audit of patients refused access to the Waikato ICU over a one year period. RESULTS For the period August 2003 to September 2004, 280 referrals to the ICU were refused. Ninety five referrals (34%) were refused on the grounds that the patient would be too sick to benefit from ICU treatment, and 124 (44%) were considered too well. Sixty one referrals were declined on the basis that there was insufficient resource (beds or nurses). CONCLUSIONS In our hospital a significant number of patients referred for intensive care therapy are refused access. Triage occurs as a result of resource limitation and/or because the patient is seen as too sick or too well to benefit. Despite this being part of our daily practice, it has been, to date, poorly quantified. Until the process is demystified it cannot be understood or debated by doctors, the public and political figures.
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361 HLA DRB1 ALLELES IN AFRICAN-AMERICANS WITH EARLY RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM 207 SUBJECTS IN THE CLEAR STUDY. J Investig Med 2005. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.00006.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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184 HIGH LEVELS OF PaCO 2AND INTRAVENTRICULAR HEMORRHAGE IN VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANTS. J Investig Med 2005. [DOI: 10.2310/6650.2005.00006.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Early rheumatoid arthritis in African-Americans: the CLEAR Registry. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003; 21:S138-45. [PMID: 14969066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
African-Americans have been under-represented in genetic studies of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) susceptibility and severity. Genetic and non-genetic factors influencing the radiographic severity of RA and its response to treatment are poorly understood, particularly in African-Americans. The Consortium for the Longitudinal Evaluation of African-Americans with early RA (CLEAR) Registry, a collaborative effort among four institutions in the southeast USA, will hopefully provide a useful resource to study these issues.
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Water safety plans for small systems: a model for applying HACCP concepts for cost-effective monitoring in developing countries. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2003; 47:215-220. [PMID: 12639032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of water safety plans (WSPs) for small systems should be based on a thorough understanding of the relationships between risk factors and contamination events. This can be achieved through the use of well-designed assessments of water quality that provide better evidence to support the identification of control measures, performance limits, monitoring parameters and verification procedures. Training of community operators is critical to the success of the WSP and the understanding gained from the assessments provides a sound basis for addressing these needs. The WSP approach provides for more effective control of water quality and the use of targeted assessments is cost-effective in improving the design of WSPs.
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Ethnic disparities in stroke: the scope of the problem. Ethn Dis 2002; 11:761-8. [PMID: 11763299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
An excess stroke mortality rate among African Americans is well known and should be considered a national crisis. This excess persists today despite dramatic declines in stroke mortality between 1970 and 1990 for both White and African-American men and women. Only a portion of this excess stroke mortality among African Americans can be explained by the higher prevalence of hypertension and diabetes in African Americans, and by the lower average socioeconomic status (SES) among African Americans. The majority of the excess burden of stroke mortality is borne by relatively young (ages 35-64) African Americans and by African Americans living in the Southeastern United States. While overall stroke mortality rates have been rapidly declining for both African Americans and Whites, the magnitude of the relative increased risk of dying from a stroke among African Americans, as compared to Whites, has remained largely unchanged. As such, efforts to reduce ethnic disparities in stroke mortality have been unsuccessful.
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