Erythrocytes from patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction induce cardioprotection via the purinergic P2Y13 receptor and nitric oxide signalling

Background

Red blood cells (RBC) are suggested to act as important mediators in the regulation of cardiovascular function by exporting nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity and ATP under hypoxic/ischemic conditions. In addition, RBCs are known to protect from ischemia-reperfusion injury via the export of NO bioactivity in experimental settings. However, it remains unknown if such beneficial effects of RBCs are protective in patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Purpose

To investigate whether RBCs from patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) protect against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and whether such effect involves activation of purinergic and NO signalling in the RBCs.

Methods

RBCs were collected from patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention and age- and gender-matched healthy controls. The RBCs were administered into the coronary circulation of isolated Langendorff-perfused rat hearts at the onset of global ischemia for 25 min followed by reperfusion of 60 min. Recovery of left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) during reperfusion and infarct size were determined. All animal experiments and procedures were performed according to the guidelines by the U.S National Institutes of Health (NIH publication no 85–23, revised 1996). The present study was performed following The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975 and revised in 1983 for experiments that involve human subjects.

Results

Administration of RBCs from STEMI patients improved recovery of LVDP and reduced infarct size in hearts subjected to ischemia-reperfusion in comparison with RBCs from healthy controls (Figure 1A, B). Pre-incubation of the RBCs with the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NAME (Figure 1C, D) and the inhibitor of the NO receptor soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) ODQ abolished the cardioprotective effect of RBCs from STEMI patients. The cardioprotective effect was also attenuated by inhibition of cardiac cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). Further, the purinergic P2Y13 receptor antagonist MRS2211 (Figure 1E, F), but not the P1 receptor antagonist 8PT applied to RBCs, attenuated the cardioprotection induced by RBCs from STEMI patients. Moreover, administration of RBCs from healthy subjects pre-incubated with a cell permeable ATP analogue improved post-ischemic recovery of LVDP and reduced infarct size. This cardioprotective effect was abolished by co-incubation of the RBCs with ODQ (Figure 2) and MRS2211.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrate a novel function of RBCs in patients with STEMI that provides protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury via the activation of P2Y13 receptor and the NO-sGC pathway in RBCs and cardiac PKG.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation; Swedish Research Council

Red blood cells induce endothelial dysfunction in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction and elevated C-reactive protein

Background

The important role of inflammation in atherosclerotic plaque progression and instability leading to myocardial infarction has been widely demonstrated. C-reactive protein (CRP) has been shown to be of predictive value in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The red blood cell (RBC) is an important regulator of cardiovascular function through nitric oxide bioactivity and oxidative stress in ischemic heart disease. Also, arginase-1 has been shown to greatly influence nitric oxide bioactivity in RBCs and to cause endothelial dysfunction. However, the mechanisms by which RBCs regulate vascular function in patients with myocardial infarction and its relation to inflammation and arginase-1 remain unknown.

Objective

The study aimed to investigate the effect of RBCs on endothelial function in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and its possible association with systemic inflammation and arginase-1.

Material and methods

Blood samples were collected from patients with STEMI within 36 h after admission and from age-matched healthy controls. RBCs were incubated with isolated rat aortic segments for 18 h after which the aortas were assessed for endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent relaxations using wire myographs and application of acetylcholine and nitroprusside, respectively. The vascular response was evaluated in relation to the level of inflammation defined as CRP <2 and ≥2 mg/L at admission. The levels of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE; a marker of oxidative stress formed by lipid peroxidation) and the expression of arginase-1 were visualized in rat aortas following incubation with RBCs by immunohistochemistry. All handling and procedures regarding human subjects and sampling were performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki. All animal experiments and procedures were performed according to the guidelines by the U.S National Institutes of Health (NIH publication no 85–23, revised 1996).

Results

RBCs from patients with STEMI and elevated CRP (≥2 mg/L, mean of 9.6 mg/L) induced significant impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation compared to RBCs from patients with STEMI and low CRP (<2 mg/L, mean of 1.0 mg/L) and to the healthy controls (Fig. 1). Endothelium-independent relaxations did not differ between the groups. Immunohistochemical staining of the aorta revealed that incubation with RBCs from patients with STEMI and high CRP increased the expression of 4-HNE and arginase-1 compared to incubation of RBCs from healthy controls and patients with STEMI and low CRP (Fig. 2).

Conclusion

RBCs from patients with STEMI and elevated CRP induce endothelial dysfunction and increase the expression of 4-HNE and arginase-1, indicating that inflammation is involved in the mechanism by which RBCs induce endothelial dysfunction in STEMI.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Swedish Heart and Lung foundation

Overexpression of miR-210 ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetic mice

Background

MicroRNA (miR)-210 plays a protective role in many cardiometabolic diseases, and its levels are reduced in whole blood, erythrocytes, and plasma in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our recent study demonstrated that miR-210 is downregulated in carotid artery plaques from patients with T2DM compared to non-diabetic patients. However, the functional role of miR-210 in endothelial dysfunction is not fully understood.

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic value of miR-210 overexpression against T2DM-associated endothelial dysfunction.

Methods

miR-210 transgenic mice (TG) at age of 8 weeks were subjected to Western Diet (WD) for 12 weeks. During the last 10 days of the diet regime, doxycycline or vehicle dissolved in drinking water was given to switch on miR-210 (miR-210/on) expression or keep it off (miR-210/off), respectively. Age-matched wild-type (WT) control mice received normal chow through the same period. Additionally, WT and T2DM db/db mice at age of 15–20 weeks received tail vein injections of miR-210 mimic or miR-210 scramble oligonucleotides. All animals were euthanized at the end of the treatment or 72h after the i.v. injections for determination of endothelial function by acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) of isolated aortic segments from all groups of mice using wire myographs. The expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B; a miR-210 target protein) and the levels of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE; an oxidative stress marker) were measured in aortic segments by immunohistochemistry. All animal experiments and procedures were performed according to the guidelines by the U.S National Institutes of Health (NIH publication no 85–23, revised 1996).

Results

EDR in aortic segments from miR-210/off TG mice fed WD and T2DM db/db mice injected with miR-210 scramble was significantly impaired compared to vessels from WT controls fed with regular chow (Fig. 1A, B). Of note, EDR was markedly improved or even restored in aortae from miR-210/on TG mice treated with WD and T2DM db/db mice injected with miR-210 mimic (Fig. 1A, B). Furthermore, the expression of PTP1B and the levels of 4-HNE, which is formed by lipid peroxidation, were significantly elevated in the aortae from miR-210/off TG mice treated with WD when compared to WT controls (Fig. 2A–D). The expression was attenuated in aortae of miR-210/on TG mice treated with WD compared to miR-210/off TG mice (Fig. 2A–D). There was a significant increase in the expression of PTP1B and a trend to increased 4-HNE levels in aortae of db/db mice injected with miR-210 scramble vs. control mice (Fig. 2E–H). A significant reduction in PTP1B but not 4-HNE was observed in db/db mice injected with miR-210 mimic (Fig. 2E–H).

Conclusion

Genetic and pharmacological overexpression of miR-210 ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in mice fed with WD and db/db mice. Increasing miR-210 levels may become a potential treatment strategy.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation

A single-center comparison of our initial experiences in treating penile and urethral cancer with video-endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy (VEIL) and later experiences in melanoma cases

Background

Video-endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy (VEIL) is a minimally invasive approach that is increasingly indicated in oncological settings, with mounting evidence for its long-term oncological safety.

Objectives

To present our single-center experience of treating penile and urethral cancer with VEIL, as well as its more recent application in melanoma patients.

Methods

We prospectively recorded our experiences with VEIL from September 2010 to July 2018, registering the patient primary indication, surgical details, complications, and follow-up.

Results

Twenty-nine patients were operated in one (24) or both (5) groins; 18 had penile cancer, 1 had urethral cancer, and 10 had melanoma. A mean 8.62 ± 4.45 lymph nodes were removed using VEIL and of these, an average of 1.00 ± 2.87 were metastatic; 16 patients developed lymphocele and 10 presented some degree of lymphedema; there were no skin or other major complications. The median follow-up was 19.35 months; there were 3 penile cancer patient recurrences in the VEIL-operated side. None of the melanoma patients presented a lymphatic inguinal recurrence.

Conclusions

VEIL is a minimally invasive technique which appears to be oncologically safe showing fewer complications than open surgery. However, complications such as lymphorrhea, lymphocele, or lymphedema were not diminished by using VEIL.

Erythrocytes induce vascular dysfunction in COVID-19

Background

Vascular injury has been implicated as a major cause of clinical complications in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Autopsy studies have revealed destruction of the endothelial cell lining, which might explain cardiovascular alterations arising from the infection. However, data demonstrating endothelial dysfunction during ongoing infection are sparse, and the underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. Red blood cells (RBCs) are affected by COVID-19 with alterations in their structure and function, possibly contributing to vascular injury via increased oxidative stress.

Purpose

To determine the presence of endothelial dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 and to explore the RBC as a possible mediator of such dysfunction.

Methods

The study was performed on 17 patients hospitalized for moderate COVID-19 infection and age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Inclusion criteria of the COVID-19 patients were PCR-verified SARS-CoV2 infection, pulmonary infiltrates on x-ray, oxygen demand during hospital stay and ≤ one cardiovascular co-morbidity. Microvascular endothelial function in vivo was assessed with a pulse amplitude tonometry device on each index finger at baseline and during reactive hyperemia and expressed as reactive hyperemia index (RHI). RBCs from COVID-19 patients (C19-RBCs) and healthy subjects (H-RBCs) were incubated with isolated rat aortic segments for evaluation of endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation.

Results

COVID-19 patients displayed profound impairment in endothelial function in vivo with RHI 1.56 (1.30–1.81, median and interquartile range) compared to healthy subjects 2.36 (1.97–2.79, p<0.001). C19-RBCs induced severe impairment in both endothelium-dependent (27% maximal relaxation) and -independent relaxations (54%) compared to H-RBCs (67% and 95% relaxation, respectively). Further, C19-RBCs induced upregulation of vascular arginase 1 (∼2 fold increase compared to H-RBCs) and markers of oxidative stress (∼6 fold). Consequently, inhibition of vascular arginase or superoxide attenuated the impairment in endothelial function induced by C19-RBCs. C19-RBCs were characterized by increased production of reactive oxygen species (∼1.4 fold) and reduced export of the nitric oxide metabolite nitrate. Following pre-incubation with interferon-γ, but not interleukin-6 or tumor necrosis factor-α, H-RBCs induced impairment in endothelial function.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the presence of marked endothelial dysfunction in an otherwise mainly healthy patient group hospitalized for COVID-19, and clearly implicates a central role of the RBC as a mediator of endothelial injury through enhancement of reactive oxygen species and arginase. These data shed light on a new pathological mechanism underlying vascular dysfunction in COVID-19 patients and may lay the foundation for future therapeutic developments.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Swedish Heart and Lung foundationSwedish Research Council

Does active surveillance avoid overtreatment in prostate cancer? Lessons learned from salvage radical prostatectomies

OBJECTIVE

Determine whether our institution´s active surveillance (AS) protocol is a suitable strategy to minimise prostate cancer overtreatment.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Retrospective analysis of 516 patients on AS after prostate cancer diagnosis. Population divided into "per-protocol" vs "induced" AS depending on fulfilment of protocol´s inclusion criteria. Radical prostatectomies after AS were selected and stratified based on: reclassification, progression or patient anxiety. Clinicopathological features and biochemical relapse-free survival were studied. Primary endpoint was overtreatment ratio based on the presence of insignificant prostate cancer and adverse pathological features in the surgical specimen. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate the biochemical relapse-free survival and compared with log-rank test.

RESULTS

304 patients fulfilled inclusion criteria; 100 proceeded to radical prostatectomy (31% "induced", 69% "per-protocol" AS). Surgery indications were reclassification, progression and anxiety in 66%, 18% and 16% of patients respectively. Rate of positive lymph nodes was higher in the progression group (11%) compared to reclassification and anxiety (5% and 0% respectively, P = .002). Positive surgical margins were more frequently reported in the progression cohort compared to reclassification (28% vs 20%). Median follow-up from diagnosis until last radical prostatectomy was 48.3 months (32.4-70). 3 year biochemical relapse-free survival in the salvage radical prostatectomy was 85.4% (95 CI 78.3-93.2). Insignificant cancer was noticed in 7% of patients (Epstein´s vs 24% Wolters´ criteria). Rate of patients with adverse pathological features was 36%.

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of patients who underwent salvage surgery after AS were not overtreated. Radical prostatectomy should be considered a safe rescue treatment.

Does active surveillance avoid overtreatment in prostate cancer? Lessons learned from salvage radical prostatectomies

OBJECTIVE

Determine whether our institution's active surveillance (AS) protocol is a suitable strategy to minimise prostate cancer overtreatment.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Retrospective analysis of 516 patients on AS after prostate cancer diagnosis. Population divided into «per-protocol» vs «induced» AS depending on fulfilment of protocol's inclusion criteria. Radical prostatectomies after AS were selected and stratified based on reclassification, progression or patient anxiety. Clinicopathological features and biochemical relapse-free survival were studied. Primary endpoint was overtreatment ratio based on the presence of insignificant prostate cancer and adverse pathological features in the surgical specimen. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate the biochemical relapse-free survival and compared with log-rank test.

RESULTS

304 patients fulfilled inclusion criteria; 100 proceeded to radical prostatectomy (31% «induced», 69% «per-protocol» AS). Surgery indications were reclassification, progression and anxiety in 66%, 18% and 16% of patients, respectively. Rate of positive lymph nodes was higher in the progression group (11%) compared to reclassification and anxiety (5% and 0%, respectively; P=.002). Positive surgical margins were more frequently reported in the progression cohort compared to reclassification (28% vs 20%). Median follow-up from diagnosis until last radical prostatectomy was 48.3months (32.4-70). Three year biochemical relapse-free survival in the salvage radical prostatectomy was 85.4% (95%CI: 78.3-93.2). Insignificant cancer was noticed in 7% of patients (Epstein's vs 24% Wolters' criteria). Rate of patients with adverse pathological features was 36%.

CONCLUSIONS

The majority of patients who underwent salvage surgery after AS were not overtreated. Radical prostatectomy should be considered a safe rescue treatment.

Initiating renal replacement therapy through incremental haemodialysis: Protocol for a randomized multicentre clinical trial

Background

Thrice-weekly haemodialysis is the usual dose when starting renal replacement therapy; however, this schedule is no longer appropriate since it does not consider residual renal function. Several reports have suggested the potential benefit of beginning haemodialysis less frequently and incrementally increasing the dose as the residual renal function decreases. However, all the data published so far are from observational studies. Thus, this clinical trial avoids any potential selection bias and will assess the possible benefits that have been observed in observational studies.

Methods/design

This report describes the study protocol of a randomized prospective multi-centre open-label clinical trial to evaluate whether starting renal replacement therapy with twice-weekly haemodialysis sessions preserves residual renal function better than the standard thrice-weekly regimen. We also explore other clinical parameters, such as concentrations of uremic toxins, dialysis doses, control of anaemia, removal of medium-weight uremic toxins, nutritional status, quality of life, hospital admissions and mortality. Only incident haemodialysis patients who can maintain a urea clearance rate KrU ≥ 2.5 mL/min/1.73 m² are eligible. Patient recruitment began on 1 January 2017 and will last for 2 years or until the required sample size has been recruited to ensure the established statistical power has been reached. The minimum follow-up period will be 1 year. Anuric patients with acute renal failure and patients who return to haemodialysis after a kidney transplant failure are excluded. It has been calculated that 44 patients should be recruited into each group to achieve a power of 80% in a two-sided comparison of means with a usual significance level of 0.05. A time-to-event analysis will estimate the probability of kidney function survival in both groups using the Kaplan–Meier method. Survival curves will be compared with log-rank tests. This survival analysis will be complemented with a proportional hazard model to estimate the hazard ratio of kidney function survival adjusted for any confounding factors. Analyses will be carried out in accordance with the intention-to-treat principle.

Discussion

The incremental initiation of dialysis may preserve residual renal function better than the conventional treatment, with similar or higher survival rates, as reported by observational studies. To our knowledge, this is the first clinical trial to evaluate whether initiating renal replacement therapy with twice-weekly haemodialysis sessions preserves residual renal function better than beginning with the standard thrice-weekly regimen.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03302546. Registered on 5 October 2017.

Long-term oncological results of treatment for high-risk prostate cancer using radical prostatectomy in a cancer hospital

OBJECTIVES

To analyse the most relevant oncologic results of treatment using radical prostatectomy (RP) for high-risk prostate cancer (HRPC) in a specialist cancer hospital.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A descriptive retrospective study of RP was conducted at our centre from 1986 to 2017 on HRPC whose primary objective was to determine overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). The study's secondary objectives were to determine biochemical progression-free survival (BPFS), metastasis-free survival (MFS), rescue therapy-free survival (RTFS), hormone therapy-free survival (HTFS) and the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer. We performed a Cox regression analysis to establish predictive models and to better understand the weight of each variable that defines high risk.

RESULTS

A total of 2093 RPs were performed, 480 (22.9%) of which were for HRPC. The median follow-up for the overall series was 79.57 months (P_25-75 37.92-135.16). Lymphadenectomy was not performed in 6.5% of the cases. The lymphadenectomy was of the obturator type in 51.2% of the cases and extended in 42.3%. Overall survival at 5, 10 and 15 years was 89.8% (95% CI 86.7-92.9%), 73.3% (95% CI 68-78.6%) and 51.4% (95% CI 43.8-59%), respectively. CSS at 5, 10 and 15 years was 94.8% (95% CI 92.4-97.2%), 84.0% (95% CI 79.3-88.7%) and 75.5% (95% CI 68.8-82.2%), respectively. MFS at 5, 10 and 15 years was 87.4% (95% CI 84.1-90.7%), 72.2% (95% CI 66.7-77.7%) and 61.7% (95% CI 54.3-69.1%), respectively. A total of 120 patients of 477 analysed (25.1%) required rescue radiation therapy, and 293/477 never required hormone therapy (61.4%). Of the 93 pN1 patients, 33 (35.5%) did not require hormone therapy. The time from RP to biochemical progression was the variable with the greatest prognostic weight for MFS, CSS and overall survival.

CONCLUSIONS

RP plus extended lymphadenectomy should be the first therapeutic manoeuvre when feasible within a multimodal strategy. A longer follow-up of the series is needed to validate the hypothesis of better oncologic results based on the earlier implementation of rescue radiation therapy, extended lymphadenectomy and drugs that prolong survival in the CRPC phase.

Impact of interferon-free regimens on the glomerular filtration rate during treatment of chronic hepatitis C in a real-life cohort

Little data are available on renal toxicity exerted by direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in real life. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of direct-acting antivirals against hepatitis C virus infection currently used in Spain and Portugal on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in clinical practise. From an international, prospective multicohort study, patients treated with DAAs for at least 12 weeks and with eGFR ≥30 mL/min per 1.73 m² at baseline were selected. eGFR was determined using the CKD-EPI formula. A total of 1131 patients were included; 658 (58%) were HIV/HCV-coinfected patients. Among the 901 patients treated for 12 weeks, median (interquartile range) eGFR was 100 (87-107) at baseline vs 97 (85-105) mL/min per 1.73 m² at week 12 of follow-up (FU12) post-treatment (P < .001). For HIV-coinfected subjects who received tenofovir plus a ritonavir-boosted HIV protease inhibitor (PI/r), baseline vs FU12 eGFR were 104 (86-109) vs 104 (91-110) mL/min per 1.73 m² (P = .913). Among subjects receiving ombitasvir/paritaprevir with or without dasabuvir, eGFR did not show any significant change. Of 1100 subjects with eGFR >60 mL/min per 1.73 m² at baseline, 22 (2%) had eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m² at FU12, but none presented with eGFR <30 mL/min per 1.73 m² . In conclusion, eGFR slightly declines during therapy with all-oral DAAs and this effect persists up to 12 weeks after stopping treatment in subjects with normal to moderately impaired renal function, regardless of HIV status. Concomitant use of tenofovir plus PI/r does not seem to have an impact on eGFR.

PCA3 as a second-line biomarker in a prospective controlled randomized opportunistic prostate cancer screening programme

OBJECTIVES

PCA3 performance as a single second line biomarker is compared to the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer risk calculator model 3 (ERSPC RC-3) in an opportunistic screening in prostate cancer (PCa).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

5,199 men, aged 40-75y, underwent prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening and digital rectal examination (DRE). Men with a normal DRE and PSA ≥3ng/ml had a PCA3 test done. All men with PCA3 ≥35 underwent an initial biopsy (IBx) -12 cores-. Men with PCA3 <35 were randomized 1:1 to either IBx or observation. We compared them to those obtained with ERSPC RC-3.

RESULTS

PCA3 test was performed on 838 men (16.1%). In PCA3(+) and PCA3(-) groups, global PCa detection rates were 40.9% and 14.7% with a median follow-up (FU) of 21.7 months (P<.001). In the PCA3(+) arm (n=301, 35.9%), PCa was identified in 115 men at IBx (38.2%). In the randomized arm, 256 underwent IBx and PCa was found in 46 (18.0%) (P<.001). The biopsy-sparing potential would have been 64.1% as opposed to 76.6% if we had used ERSPC RC-3. However, the estimated false negative cases for HGPCa would have been reduced by 37.1% (89 to 56 patients). Moreover, if we had applied PCA3-35 to avoid IBx, 14.7% PCa and 9.1% of clinical significant PCa patients would not have been diagnosed during this FU.

CONCLUSIONS

When PCA3-35 is used as a second-line biomarker when PSA ≥3ng/ml and DRE is normal, IBx could be avoided in 12.5% less than if ERSPC RC-3 is used and would reduce the false negative cases by 36.2%. At a FU of 21.7 months, this dual protocol would miss 9.1% of clinically significant PCa, so strict FU is mandatory with established biopsy criteria based on PSA and DRE in cases with PCA3 <35.

Impact of universal access to hepatitis C therapy on HIV-infected patients: implementation of the Spanish national hepatitis C strategy

In April 2015, the Spanish National Health System (SNHS) developed a national strategic plan for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Our aim was to analyze the impact of this on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients included in the HERACLES cohort during the first 6 months of its implementation. The HERACLES cohort (NCT02511496) was set up in March 2015 to evaluate the status and follow-up of chronic HCV infection in patients co-infected with HIV in the south of Spain. In September 2015, the data were analyzed to identify clinical events (death, liver decompensation, and liver fibrosis progression) and rate of treatment implementation in this population. The study population comprised a total of 3474 HIV/HCV co-infected patients. The distribution according to liver fibrosis stage was: 1152 F0-F1 (33.2 %); 513 F2 (14.4 %); 641 F3 (18.2 %); 761 F4 (21.9 %); and 407 whose liver fibrosis was not measured (12.3 %). During follow-up, 248 patients progressed by at least one fibrosis stage [7.1 %; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 6.3-8 %]. Among cirrhotic patients, 52 (6.8 %; 95 % CI: 5.2-8.9 %) developed hepatic decompensation. In the overall population, 50 patients died (1.4 %; 95 % CI: 1.1-1.9 %). Eight hundred and nineteen patients (23.56 %) initiated interferon (IFN)-free treatment during follow-up, of which 47.8 % were cirrhotic. In our study, during 6 months of follow-up, 23.56 % of HIV/HCV co-infected patients included in our cohort received HCV treatment. However, we observed a high incidence of negative short-term outcomes in our population.

Week 4 response predicts sustained virological response to all-oral direct-acting antiviral-based therapy in cirrhotic patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 3 infection

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to determine the predictive capacity of response at treatment week (TW) 4 for the achievement of sustained virological response 12 weeks after the scheduled end of therapy date (SVR₁₂) to treatment against hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 3 (GT3) infection with all-oral direct-acting antiviral (DAA) -based regimens.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

From a prospective multicohort study, HCV GT3-infected patients who completed a course of currently recommended DAA-based therapy at 33 Spanish hospitals and who had reached the SVR₁₂ evaluation time-point were selected. TW4 HCV-RNA levels were categorized as target-not-detected (TND), below the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ_TD) and ≥LLOQ.

RESULTS

A total of 123 patients were included, 86 (70%) received sofosbuvir/ daclatasvir±ribavirin, 27 (22%) received sofosbuvir/ ledipasvir/ ribavirin and 10 (8.1%) received sofosbuvir/ ribavirin, respectively. In all, 114 (92.7%) of the 123 patients presented SVR₁₂ in an on-treatment approach, but nine (7.3%) patients relapsed, all of them had presented cirrhosis at baseline. In those who achieved TND, LLOQ_TD and ≥LLOQ, SVR₁₂ was observed in 81/83 (98%; 95% CI 91.5%-99.7%), 24/28 (85.7%; 95% CI 67.3%-96%) and 9/12 (75%; 95% CI 42.8%-94.5%), respectively; p_{(linear association)} 0.001. Corresponding numbers for subjects with cirrhosis were: 52/54 (96.3%; 95% CI 87.3%-95.5%), 14/18 (77.8%; 95% CI 52.4%-93.6%) and 7/10 (70%; 95% CI 34.8%-93.3%); p 0.004.

CONCLUSIONS

TW4-response indicates the probability of achieving SVR₁₂ to currently used DAA-based therapy in HCV genotype 3-infected individuals with cirrhosis. This finding may be useful to tailor treatment strategy in this setting.

Reliability and Accuracy of MRI Laminar Angle Measurements to Determine Intra-Procedural Contralateral Oblique View Angle for Cervical or Thoracic Interlaminar Epidural Steroid Injections

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Contralateral oblique (CLO) angle view has been a useful addition to standard views in fluoroscopically guided interlaminar epidural injections. Determination of the appropriate CLO angle is paramount in the usefulness of this technique. Using MRI laminar angle measurements as a pre-procedural guide for the intra-procedural fluoroscopic CLO angle has been proposed. The purpose of this study was to help determine if using axial MRI laminar measurements prior to a cervical or thoracic epidural steroid injection would be useful in predicting the appropriate fluoroscopic CLO angle.

STUDY DESIGN

A retrospective review was performed for patients who underwent cervical or thoracic interlaminar injections. In the performance of interlaminar injections, the authors had routinely determined the true fluoroscopic contra-lateral oblique angle after epidural access was confirmed, for use during any potential future injections. The fluoroscopic CLO angle measurements were obtained from a chart review and compared blindly to each patient's MRI axial laminar angle measurements.

RESULTS

34 injections were included. Inter-rater reliability comparing the two authors' MRI angle measurements was considered fair, ICC = 0.395. Accuracy was only 57% comparing MRI laminar angle measurements to within five degrees of the true fluoroscopic CLO angle as determined during the injection procedure. Accuracy by ICC showed only fair agreement, 0.47 and 0.22, for the two authors.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings of this study indicate fair inter-rater reliability in manual measurements of laminar angle on axial MRI images. MRI laminar angle measurements do not appear to be highly accurate in determining the appropriate fluoroscopic CLO angle.

Dimension of chronic hepatitis C virus in HIV-infected patients in the interferon-free era: an overview from south Spain

The implementation of hepatitis C (HCV) direct-acting antiviral drugs is prioritized in several populations in which its application provides the most immediate and impactful benefit. In this scenario, a precise knowledge of the situation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV chronic co-infection is required to adequately address this disease. This cross-sectional study was performed in 21 hospitals in Andalusia (Spain). The study population consisted of HIV-infected patients with an active HCV chronic infection who were not receiving HCV treatment at the time of inclusion. A total of 13,506 HIV-infected patients were included in the study. Of them, 2561 (18.9 %) presented chronic HCV infection. The majority of the patients included were on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART; 96.2 %), showed plasma levels with an undetectable HIV viral load (92.5 %), and had a good immunological status (median CD4+ cell count of 486 cells/mL). The HCV genotype distribution was as follows: 58.1 % were genotype 1, 1.1 % were genotype 2, 16.1 % were genotype 3, and 22.1 % were genotype 4 (2.6 % were missing data). In total, 24.8 % of the patients showed liver fibrosis stage F0-F1, 27.9 % showed stage F2, 16.7 % showed stage F3, and 21 % showed stage F4 (9.6 % were missing data). With regards to previous HCV treatment experiences, 68.05 % of the patients were naïve and 31.95 % had failed to respond to a previous treatment. The burden of HCV/HIV co-infected patients in our population was reported as one in five HIV-infected patients requiring HCV treatment. The implementation of extra resources to face this important health challenge is mandatory.

Efficacy of and risk of bleeding during pegylated interferon plus ribavirin treatment in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with pretreatment thrombocytopenia

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of and the risk of major bleeding during pegylated interferon (peg-IFN)/ribavirin (RBV) treatment among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients according to the pretreatment platelet count. Two hundred and seventy-four HCV/HIV-coinfected, previously naïve individuals with compensated cirrhosis enrolled in one Spanish prospective cohort who received peg-IFN/RBV were included in this study. The frequency of severe bleeding and sustained virological response (SVR) rate were compared between patients with a pretreatment platelet count ≤70,000/mm(3) and >70,000/mm(3), respectively. Sixty-one (22 %) patients had a baseline platelet count ≤70,000/mm(3). The median (Q1-Q3) pretreatment platelet count was 58,000 (49,000-65,000) cells/mm(3) in the platelet ≤70,000 group and 129,000 (102,500-166,000) cells/mm(3) in the platelet >70,000 group (p < 0.0001). Seventeen (28 %) subjects of the platelet ≤70,000 group and 71 (33 %) patients of the platelet >70,000 group achieved SVR (p = 0.4). Only 2 (3.2 %) patients in the platelet ≤70,000 group developed a severe hemorrhagic event, specifically esophageal variceal bleeding. The efficacy of therapy with peg-IFN/RBV in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients with low pretreatment platelet counts is comparable to that found in the overall subset of subjects with compensated cirrhosis. The frequency of severe hemorrhagic events related with this therapy is low in this population.

Obligatory information that a patient diagnosed of prostate cancer and candidate for an active surveillance protocol must know

OBJECTIVES

To know the necessary information to reproduce the results found in the literature on active surveillance (AS) in prostate cancer (PCa) in our own center so that the information would be objective and correctly given to the patients. We have aimed to study the percentage of candidates for AS chosen in our setting, and the data on infrastaging, subgrading and prediction of insignificant PCa, debugging the predictive value of clinical variables to improve our selection criteria and finally to analyze the results of our patients enrolled in AS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retro- and prospective review of our data bases was performed. A one-year period was analyzed to know AS candidates. Analysis of our radical prostatectomy specimens for infrastaging, subgrading and prediction of insignificant PCa (Epstein's criteria) was made as well as a uni/multivariate analysis of clinical variables in patients with insignificant PCa in the specimen. A prospective validation was performed with overall survival and survival free of active treatment (SFAT) as endpoints in patients enrolled in AS.

RESULTS

Between October-2010/October-2011, 44.7% of our PCa were candidates for AS, but only 11.2% choose it. The percentages found for infrastaging, subgrading and prediction of insignificant PCa were 14%, 31.4% and 55.7%, respectively. However, only just 6 patients (6.97%) had≥pT3a+Gleason≥7+volume>0.5cc PCa. The multivariate analysis showed that PSA density and number of affected cores were independent predictors of insignificant PCa. With a mean follow-up of 36±39months, 63 out of 232 patients enrolled in AS went on to active treatment (27.1%), with only 13 due to anxiety without pathologic progression. Median time of SFAT was 72.7 months (CI 95% 30.9-114.4). SFAT at 24 months was 76.4% (69.7-83.1%) and at 48 months 58.1% (48.8-67.4%). Only 10 patients died (4.3%), 9 due to causes different of PCa. Estimated overall survival at 5 years was 92.8% (CI 95% 86.7-98.9%).

CONCLUSIONS

It should be mandatory to have the exact knowledge of the local data of each Center in order to objectively inform patients about prostate biopsy efficiency, and if percentages of infrastaging, subgrading and prediction of insignificant PCa are in accordance with the literature. At 3 years, we reproduced the results of the longest series of AS, so we have ascertained that our AS protocol can be implemented with increasingly more patients.

Optimizing prostate cancer screening; prospective randomized controlled study of the role of PSA and PCA3 testing in a sequential manner in an opportunistic screening program

OBJECTIVES

To reduce unnecessary biopsies (Bx) in an opportunistic screening programme of prostate cancer.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We perform a prospective evaluation of PCA3 as a second line biomarker in an opportunistic screening for prostate cancer (PCa). From September-2010 until September-2012, 2,366 men, aged 40-74 years and with >10 years life expectancy, were initially screened with PSA/digital rectal examination (DRE). Men with previous Bx or with recent urine infections were excluded. Men with abnormal DRE and/or PSA >3 ng/ml were submitted for PCA3. All men with PCA3 ≥ 35 underwent an initial biopsy (IBx) -12cores-. Men with PCA3 < 35 were randomized 1:1 to either IBx or observation. Re-biopsy(16-18 cores) criteria were PSA increase >.5 ng/ml at 4-6 months or PSAv > .75 ng/ml/year.

RESULTS

With median follow-up (FU) of 10.1 months, PCA3 was performed in 321/2366 men (13.57%), 289 at first visit and 32 during FU. All 110 PCA3+ men (34.3%) were biopsied and PCa was identified in 43 men in IBx (39.1%). In the randomized arm, 110 were observed and 101 underwent biopsy, finding 12 PCa (11.9%), showing a statistically significant reduction of PCa detection rate in this cohort (P<.001). Global PCa detection rates were 40.9% and 9.5% for the PCA3+ and PCA3- branches, respectively (P<.001). Area under the curve for PSA and PCA3 were .601 and .74, respectively. This is an ongoing prospective study limited by its short follow-up period and still limited enrolment.

CONCLUSIONS

PCA3 as a second line biomarker within an opportunistic dual screening protocol, can potentially avoid 65.7% and 50.1% biopsies at first round and at median FU of 10.1 months, respectively, just missing around 3.2% of high grade PCa.

Radical prostatectomy is a reasonable treatment for patients over 70 years of age

OBJECTIVE

To compare the tumor nature and oncological course of patients operated on by radical prostatectomy in three age groups.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

From the prospective completion of the data base of our department, we analyzed 1012 patients operated on between 1986 and December 2009. Patients with neo- or adjuvant treatment and those with pre-operative PSA over 50 were excluded. The sample was divided into three groups: younger than 60, 60 to 69 and over 70. The clinical, pathological variables, biochemical course and need for rescue treatment were analyzed. We consider biochemical relapse as when the PSA values reached values greater than 0.4 in two consecutive measurements. Rescue was defined as the need for hormone treatment or radiotherapy. We then made a comparative study, a univariate survival analysis by Kaplan and Meyer Curves and multivariate by Cox's regression.

RESULTS

The median follow-up was 55.1 months. Of the 1012 patients included in the study, 317 patients (31.3%) had biochemical progression and 259 (25.6%) required rescue treatment. We observed that the groups with the older age had a significantly higher PSA and higher stages than the rest. No differences were observed in the Gleason score of the surgical specimen or in the state of the surgical margins. Biochemical relapse free survival at 5 years was 72.3% (CI 66.4-78.2) in patients under 60 years, 65.3% (CI 60.6-70.0) for patients under 70 and 62.2% (CI 53.2-71.1) for patients of 70 years or older; P<.05. In the univariate study, age was a factor that was significantly associated to biochemical relapse. However, it loses interest in the multivariate study and PSA, pathological state and Gleason score regain interest. Rescue treatment free survival did not differ by age groups.

CONCLUSIONS

In the current study, worse biochemical evolution of patients over 70 was observed. However, this worse biochemical course was conditioned by clinically more aggressive tumors that, in our opinion, justifies the decision made in regards to the surgical approach taken with these patients.

Margin status is a very important prognostic factor for patients with pT3b prostate cancer

OBJECTIVE

Despite early diagnosis of prostate cancer, seminal vesicle invasion is still a common clinical scenario nowadays. The objective of this study is to evaluate clinical and pathological prognostic factors in that subgroup of patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

After approval of our Ethical Committee, we selected all pT3b prostate cancer patients operated between 1987 and 2010. Neoadjuvant treatment patients were excluded. The biochemical free survival periods BFS and the period free of complementary treatment were calculated with the Kaplan Meier method. Cox regression model was used to select those variables associated with biochemical failure and the need for complementary treatment. We considered complementary treatment when radiotherapy or hormone therapy in an adjuvant or salvage scheme was required.

RESULTS

101 patients were selected from 1470 procedures. Among these, 28 patients died (27,7%), 18 due to tumor, and 74 showed biochemical relapse (73,3%). The median follow up was of 4 years and 4 months. The five years BFS was 30.2% (IC 95%: 20.2-40.1), whereas the 5 year period free of complementary treatment was 16.9% (IC 95%: 8.1-25.8%). In the multivariate analysis, margin status (R) was independently and significantly associated with biochemical relapse and the need for complementary treatment. Likewise, the preoperative PSA was associated to biochemical relapse and N1 tumours were clearly associated to complementary treatment.

CONCLUSION

pT3b prostate cancer patients with R1 disease have a worse biochemical prognosis and higher probability of complementary treatment.

Comparison of fluid compartments and fluid responsiveness in septic and non-septic patients

Our objective was to study the response to a fluid load in patients with and without septic shock, the relationship between the response and baseline fluid distributions and the ratios of the various compartments. A total of 18 patients with septic shock and 14 control patients without pathologies that increase capillary permeability were evaluated prospectively. We used transpulmonary thermodilution to measure the extravascular lung water index, intrathoracic blood volume index and pulmonary blood volume. For the measurement of the initial distribution volume of glucose, plasma volume and extracellular water we used dilutions of glucose, indocyanine green and sinistrin respectively. Transpulmonary thermodilution and dilutions of glucose were repeated 75 minutes after the beginning of the fluid load. The patients in the septic group had higher volumes of extracellular water (median 295 vs. 234 ml/kg, P < 0.001), lower intrathoracic blood volume index (median 894 vs. 1157 ml/m2, P < 0.003), higher pulmonary permeability ratios (extravascular lung water/pulmonary blood volume) (P < 0.003) and higher systemic permeability ratios (interstitial/plasma volume) (P < 0.04). The intrathoracic blood volume index increase after fluid loading was lower in the septic group (10 vs. 145 ml/m2). The pulmonary permeability ratios did not correlate with the systemic permeability ratios, and in the septic group, the percentage volume retained in the intrathoracic blood volumes after fluid loading did not correlate with the systemic permeability ratios. Septic shock can cause a redistribution of fluids. Fluid administration in these patients produced a minimal increase in intrathoracic blood volume, and the percentage of volume retained in this space was not correlated with the interstitial/plasma volume ratio.

[Reconstruction of the glans with free-skin graft applying the Bracka technique]

INTRODUCTION

We analyse our experience in the conservative surgical management of penile cancer and/or penile skin pathologies at our institution.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We have retrospectively reviewed all the skin grafting procedures performed in penile surgery in the last eight years. We show the indications and results of these surgical procedures and the detailed surgical technique originally described by Bracka.

RESULTS

Ten patients had several types of partial penile removal surgery followed by free-skin graft resurfacing, creating a neoglans. There were no relevant or major complications; two patients suffered partial necrosis of the skin graft. There was no local recurrence. 6 Patients returned to normal sexual activity after complete healing.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a significant number of patients with penile cancer and/or other penile skin pathologies who can undergo definitive and non-mutilating surgery with excellent oncologic, cosmetic and functional results with skin grafting.

[Metastatic progression, cancer-specific mortality and need for secondary treatments in patients with clinically high-risk prostate cancer treated initially with radical prostatectomy]

PURPOSE

To determine our results in high risk (HR) prostate cancer (PCa) patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) and to establish preoperative prognosis factors.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Retrospective study of 925 RP. Mean follow-up for the HR group was 89.8+/-53.6 months. Following NCCN criteria, we operated 210 (22.7%) HR and 715 (77.3%) low/intermediate risk patients. End point was metastatic progression. Kaplan-Meier method for survival comparison among groups and Cox regression model for multivariate analysis of preoperative prognostic factors were used.

RESULTS

Revised period; 1986-2007. Fifty-four patients (25.7%) were free of disease and 8 patients (3.8%) died for other causes free of disease. Disease progressed in 148 patients (70.5%); death due to tumour progression occurred in 42 cases (20%) and due to other causes in 25 patients (11.9%). Seventy-nine patients in HR group (38%) vs 549 low/intermediate risk group (78.5%) did not deserve further treatments (p<0.001). The uni and multivariate analysis for metastatic progression showed both Gleason score at biopsy (RR=1.922; 95% CI 1.106-3.341, p=0.020) and clinical stage (RR=2.290; 95% CI 1.269-4.133, p=0.006) showed independent prognostic value for metastatic progression, but not PSA.

CONCLUSIONS

A HR patient can be cured in a third of the cases and will need multimodal treatments in more than half of the times. We prompt surgery in a young healthy patient with a resectable tumour, mainly if just one bad prognostic factor is present and defiantly if this is just PSA elevation.

A sensitive and reliable restriction enzyme assay to distinguish between the mosquitoes Culex torrentium and Culex pipiens

Culex pipiens pipiens Linnaeus and Culex torrentium Martini (Diptera: Culicidae) are closely related vector species that exist sympatrically in Europe. The two species are morphologically almost identical and can only be distinguished with certainty by characters of the male genitalia. Hence, correct species identification and conclusions on distribution and vector status are very difficult and often neglected. Therefore, we developed a reliable and simple mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene restriction enzyme assay to discriminate between Cx. pipiens and Cx. torrentium, based on the analysis of morphologically identified male specimens. We sequenced approximately 830 bp in the 3' region of the mitochondrial COI gene of 18 morphologically identified males of Cx. pipiens and Cx. torrentium. Two restriction enzymes (FspBI and SspI) that could distinguish between the two species according to species-specific differences in these sequences were chosen. The restriction enzymes were tested on 227 samples from Sweden and verified by sequencing 44 of them. The enzyme FspBI correctly identified all investigated samples; the enzyme SspI identified all samples except one Cx. torrentium. We hope the method and the findings presented here will help to shed light on the true distribution and relative proportions of the two species in Europe.

Analysis of HLA class I alterations in tumors: choosing a strategy based on known patterns of underlying molecular mechanisms

The application of peptide-based immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer has known limitations in patients with loss or downregulation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression on tumor cells. These alterations diminish the ability of cancer cells to present tumor peptides to T cells and therefore lead to failure of peptide-based cancer vaccination. Abnormal expression of HLA class I molecules in malignant cells is a frequent event that ranges from total loss of class I molecules to partial loss of HLA-specific haplotypes or alleles. Different mechanisms underlie these alterations and might require different therapeutic approaches. A complete characterization of molecular defects may suggest strategies for the selection and follow-up of patients undergoing T-cell based immunotherapy. Moreover, a precise identification of the mechanism leading to HLA class I defects in patients with cancer will help develop new, personalized patient-tailored treatment protocols. Here, we describe several examples showing the necessity and feasibility of making detailed individual analysis of HLA alteration mechanisms based on previously described molecular patterns in different types of malignancy. We recommend using this approach, at least in some patients, to enhance the therapeutic benefit of cancer immunotherapy.

Gefitinib plus concomitant boost accelerated radiation (AFX-CB) and concurrent weekly cisplatin for locally advanced unresectable squamous cell head and neck carcinomas (SCCHN): A phase II study

6031

Background: Molecular inhibition of EGFR signaling represents one of the most promising current advances for the treatment of SCCHN. This study assesses the feasibility, toxicity and efficacy of gefitinib along with AFX-CB regimen and weekly cisplatin in treatment- naïve patients (pts) with locally advanced unresectable SCCHN. Methods: Eligible pts had stage III-IV SCCHN, exclusive of nasopharyngeal cancer. Tumors had to be considered unresectable by a multidisciplinary head/neck tumor board. AFX-CB dose was 72 Gy in 42 fractions over 6 weeks, delivered in 1 daily fraction of 1.8 Gy during the first 3.5 weeks and 2 fractions per day, 1.8 Gy and 1.5 Gy separated by a 6-hour interval, during the last 2.5 weeks. Cisplatin (40 mg/m2) was given weekly for the first 4 weeks. Gefitinib (250 mg PO OD) was started 1 day before radiochemotherapy (RCT) and continued 3 months after the end of AFX-CB. Response was evaluated 3 months after radiotherapy using RECIST criteria. Mucosal and skin toxicities were evaluated using the RTOG scale. Results: From Dec 2002 to Dec 2004, 46 pts with SCCHN, ECOG PS 0–1 and adequate hematologic and renal functions were included. Median age was 55 years (range, 39 to 75); T4, 73%; N2/3, 61%; stage IV disease, 93%. Four pts did not complete the concomitant treatment (1 PD/3 toxicity) and 8 pts did not complete the gefitinib monotherapy phase due to PD. Grade 3 and 4 toxicity was consistent with previous RCT or single agent gefitinib trials, and included mucositis (40% and 7%, respectively), radiation dermatitis (14% and 0%), skin rash (5% and 0%), and diarrhea (2% and 0%). Chemotherapy-associated toxicity was mild with only 2 cases of grade 3 neutropenia and 3 cases of grade 3 anaemia. Three months after AFX- CB, 24 pts (52%) achieved a complete remission, 5 pts (11%) a partial remission, and 17 pts (37%) were non-responders (SD, PD, and not evaluable). With a median follow-up of 23 months (range 1–43) 2-year PFS and OS are 47% and 56% respectively. Conclusions: The addition of gefitinib to radiochemotherapy appears tolerable and feasible. Efficacy is encouraging for this poor prognosis population, and further development of this targeted combined-modality paradigm is warranted.

No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 antigen, cox-2 and Bax/Bcl-2 in prostate cancer; prognostic value in biopsies and radical prostatectomy specimens

PURPOSES

To elucidate the prognostic value of the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of Bcl-2, Bax, Cox-2 and Ki-67 antigen in biopsy cores (C) and surgical specimens (SP) of prostate cancer (PC) and to determine the C to SP reproducibility.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The IHC study was carried out in 91 patients operated by means of radical prostatectomy (RP) with available formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded material from both C and SP.

RESULTS

The IHC expression of Bcl-2 in C and SP was very low (5%). Bax was expressed in almost all the patients and did not show any prognostic value. We observed a good reproducibility between C and SP for all molecules except with Bax. In prostate C, Ki-67 and Cox-2 were considered positive in 42.9% and 67% of the patients respectively, and were related to disease-free survival in the univariate analysis. The expression of these two markers in SP was observed in 51.6% and 79.1% of the patients and the expression of Ki-67 in SP maintained its independence as prognostic factor in the multivariate analysis related to disease-free survival.

CONCLUSIONS

The IHC expression of Ki-67 and Cox-2 proteins in our study do offer valuable prognostic information, mostly the first one. Thus, we think these markers might be studied in larger series of patients for its further validation as prognostic factors in prostate biopsies.

Bladder Blood Flow and De-Obstructive Open Prostatectomy: Correlation with Clinical and Urodynamic Parameters

PURPOSE

To assess the relation between tissue blood flow changes during surgery with clinical and urodynamic parameters in obstructed patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A prospective study was conducted in 18 symptomatic patients with bladder outlet obstruction undergoing retropubic prostatectomy. A symptom assessment and a preoperative urodynamic study were performed. To measure bladder blood flow a BLF-10 laser Doppler flowmeter and a blunt-tipped probe were used intraoperatively. Tissue flow was measured in TPU units (1 TPU unit=1 ml per minute per 100 mg of tissue). Six measurements were taken: two control in the rectus abdominis muscle and four in the detrusor, two before the incision of the prostatic capsule and two after closure. For the statistical analysis, Wilcoxon test and a regression analysis were performed.

RESULTS

Mean age was 70 years (range: 56-84). Six patients had an episode of acute urinary retention (AUR). No differences were found in the initial and final values of bladder blood flow of the rectus muscle and the bladder dome. A decrease of bladder blood flow in the anterior bladder wall was observed after prostate enucleation. AUR patients showed no differences in bladder blood flow values. Bladder blood flow (BBF) changes showed no correlation with any urodynamic or clinical parameter.

CONCLUSIONS

Laser Doppler flowmetry is useful to study BBF with low morbidity, ease of use and reproducibility. Following de-obstructive surgery, a decrease in BBF occurs, probably associated with surgery. These changes are similar in patients with and without AUR and show no correlation with other parameters studied.

Tumour immunology, vaccination and escape strategies

Our increasing knowledge of the mechanisms by which tumour cells escape immune effector cells is helping to establish new approaches to therapeutic vaccination against tumour development. One of the escape mechanisms used by tumour cells is the generation of multiple variants with different HLA phenotypes. These MHC class I phenotypic alterations play a key role in the tumour-host scenario, as they are crucial molecules for antigen presentation to T cells and modulation of natural killer (NK) cell activity. This review presents evidence indicating that tumours develop sophisticated MHC phenotypes that allow them to escape immune surveillance. We evaluate the importance of these alterations in terms of the potential development of therapeutic approaches to immune vaccination.

Usefulness of sputum culture for diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected patients

The use of sputum culture in immunocompetent patients with community-acquired pneumonia is controversial. The usefulness of this technique in HIV-infected patients has not been evaluated. A prospective, observational, multicenter, hospital-based study of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia was carried out to analyze the value of sputum culture in HIV-infected patients. Only good-quality sputum samples were cultured. Altogether, 355 cases of bacterial community-acquired pneumonia were included. An etiological diagnosis was obtained in 190 (53.5%) cases. Sputum was cultured in 313 (88.1%) cases, being diagnostic in 108 (34.5%). The microorganism identified in sputum culture was the same as that identified in sterile samples in 26 of 27 (96.3%) cases in which both cultures were diagnostic. The microbiologic findings in sputum and bronchoscopic cultures were concordant in seven of eight (87.5%) cases in which both were positive. These results suggest that sputum culture is a useful technique, given its availability and ease of performance and its good correlation with culture of sterile samples.

Cavernositis following intracavernous injection of vasoactive drugs

Intracavernous injection is one of the most common treatments of erectile dysfunction. Infectious complications are rare, but hazardous. We report the case of a 44-year-old to stress the importance of patient supervision and drug prescription.

Prostatic abscess due to Candida with no systemic manifestations

Prostatic abscess due to fungi is a rare condition. It is generally secondary to systemic disease in immunosuppressed patients. It usually occurs with affection of other organs in a septic patient. Only in exceptional cases does it occur isolatedly. We present the case of a prostatic abscess due to Candida albicans with no systemic manifestations. The diagnosis is helped by transrectal ultrasound, which allows to differentiate this condition from nonabscessed acute prostatitis. The treatment of choice is ultrasound-guided transrectal needle aspiration after antibiotic therapy has been started. As with abscesses of bacterial origin, an ultrasonographic follow-up is required due to the possibility of persistence or recurrence.