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Prchalova E, Andrys R, Pejchal J, Kohoutova Z, Knittelova K, Hofmanova T, Skarka A, Dlabkova A, Psotka M, Prchal L, Musilek K, Karasova JZ, Malinak D. Brominated oxime nucleophiles are efficiently reactivating cholinesterases inhibited by nerve agents. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03791-6. [PMID: 38789714 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Six novel brominated bis-pyridinium oximes were designed and synthesized to increase their nucleophilicity and reactivation ability of phosphorylated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Their pKa was valuably found lower to parent non-halogenated oximes. Stability tests showed that novel brominated oximes were stable in water, but the stability of di-brominated oximes was decreased in buffer solution and their degradation products were prepared and characterized. The reactivation screening of brominated oximes was tested on AChE and BChE inhibited by organophosphorus surrogates. Two mono-brominated oximes reactivated AChE comparably to non-halogenated analogues, which was further confirmed by reactivation kinetics. The acute toxicity of two selected brominated oximes was similar to commercially available oxime reactivators and the most promising brominated oxime was tested in vivo on sarin- and VX-poisoned rats. This brominated oxime showed interesting CNS distribution and significant reactivation effectiveness in blood. The same oxime resulted with the best protective index for VX-poisoned rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Prchalova
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kohoutova
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Knittelova
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Hofmanova
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Skarka
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Dlabkova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Psotka
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Prchal
- University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - David Malinak
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
- University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Hrabinova M, Pejchal J, Hepnarova V, Muckova L, Junova L, Opravil J, Zdarova Karasova J, Rozsypal T, Dlabkova A, Rehulkova H, Kucera T, Vecera Z, Caisberger F, Schmidt M, Soukup O, Jun D. A-series agent A-234: initial in vitro and in vivo characterization. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1135-1149. [PMID: 38446233 PMCID: PMC10944400 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03689-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
A-series agent A-234 belongs to a new generation of nerve agents. The poisoning of a former Russian spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter in Salisbury, England, in March 2018 led to the inclusion of A-234 and other A-series agents into the Chemical Weapons Convention. Even though five years have already passed, there is still very little information on its chemical properties, biological activities, and treatment options with established antidotes. In this article, we first assessed A-234 stability in neutral pH for subsequent experiments. Then, we determined its inhibitory potential towards human recombinant acetylcholinesterase (HssAChE; EC 3.1.1.7) and butyrylcholinesterase (HssBChE; EC 3.1.1.8), the ability of HI-6, obidoxime, pralidoxime, methoxime, and trimedoxime to reactivate inhibited cholinesterases (ChEs), its toxicity in rats and therapeutic effects of different antidotal approaches. Finally, we utilized molecular dynamics to explain our findings. The results of spontaneous A-234 hydrolysis showed a slow process with a reaction rate displaying a triphasic course during the first 72 h (the residual concentration 86.2%). A-234 was found to be a potent inhibitor of both human ChEs (HssAChE IC50 = 0.101 ± 0.003 µM and HssBChE IC50 = 0.036 ± 0.002 µM), whereas the five marketed oximes have negligible reactivation ability toward A-234-inhibited HssAChE and HssBChE. The acute toxicity of A-234 is comparable to that of VX and in the context of therapy, atropine and diazepam effectively mitigate A-234 lethality. Even though oxime administration may induce minor improvements, selected oximes (HI-6 and methoxime) do not reactivate ChEs in vivo. Molecular dynamics implies that all marketed oximes are weak nucleophiles, which may explain the failure to reactivate the A-234 phosphorus-serine oxygen bond characterized by low partial charge, in particular, HI-6 and trimedoxime oxime oxygen may not be able to effectively approach the A-234 phosphorus, while pralidoxime displayed low interaction energy. This study is the first to provide essential experimental preclinical data on the A-234 compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hrabinova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Lubica Muckova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Junova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Opravil
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Rozsypal
- University of Defence, Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Defence Institute, Vita Nejedleho 1, 68203, Vyskov, Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Dlabkova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Rehulkova
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Military Medical Service Organization and Management, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Vecera
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Caisberger
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Department of Neurology, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Schmidt
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- University Hradec Kralove, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Centre, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- University of Defence, Military Faculty of Medicine, Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Valis M, Dlabkova A, Hort J, Angelucci F, Pejchal J, Kuca K, Pavelek Z, Karasova JZ, Novotny M. Corrigendum to "The measured CSF/plasma donepezil concentration ratio but not individually measured CSF and plasma concentrations significantly increase over 24 h after donepezil treatment in patients with Alzheimer's disease" [Biomed. Pharmacother. 159 (2023) 114223]. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115226. [PMID: 37516593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Dlabkova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, the University of Defense in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hort
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, the University of Defense in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zbysek Pavelek
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, the University of Defense in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Novotny
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Valis M, Dlabkova A, Hort J, Angelucci F, Pejchal J, Kuca K, Pavelek Z, Karasova JZ, Novotny M. The measured CSF/plasma donepezil concentration ratio but not individually measured CSF and plasma concentrations significantly increase over 24 h after donepezil treatment in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114223. [PMID: 36630846 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil is administered as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the appropriate donepezil dosage is still a matter of debate. METHODS Forty AD patients receiving 10 mg/day of donepezil were randomly divided into four groups based on the time of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling: 6 h (n = 5), 12 h (n = 12), 18 h (n = 6) and 24 h (n = 17) after donepezil administration. High-performance liquid chromatography measured the donepezil concentration in plasma samples and CSF samples collected at 4-time points. RESULTS Plasma and CSF levels among the groups were not significantly different. Conversely, the CSF/plasma donepezil concentration ratio considerably increased in the 24 h group compared to the 6 h (p < 0.005) and 12 h (p < 0.05) groups. CONCLUSION The measurement of the CSF/plasma donepezil concentration ratio could be used to better evaluate the optimal dose of donepezil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Alzbeta Dlabkova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, the University of Defense in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Hort
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, the University of Defense in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Zbysek Pavelek
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, the University of Defense in Brno, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Neurology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Novotny
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Dlabkova A, Herman D, Cechova L, Hroch M, Vanova N, Zdarova Karasova J. 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate (agent BZ) toxicokinetics in rats. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 129:246-255. [PMID: 34145973 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate (BZ) ranks among incapacitating military warfare agents. It acts as a competitive inhibitor on muscarinic receptors leading to non-lethal mental impairment. The present study aimed to investigate toxicokinetics of BZ in rats. Moreover, BZ can be exploited to produce a pharmacological model of Alzheimer's disease; thus, this paper focuses mainly on the BZ distribution to the brain. Wistar rats were administered i.p. with BZ (2 and 10 mg/kg). The BZ concentration was determined using LC-MS/MS in plasma, urine, bile, brain, kidney and liver. The sample preparation was based on a solid phase extraction (liquids) or protein precipitation (organ homogenates). The plasma concentration peaked at 3 min (204.5 ± 55.4 and 2185.5 ± 465.4 ng/ml). The maximal concentration in the brain was reached several minutes later. Plasma elimination half-life was 67.9 ± 3.4 in the 2 mg/kg group and 96.6 ± 27.9 in the 10 mg/kg group. BZ concentrations remained steady in the brain, with slow elimination (t1/2 506.9 ± 359.5 min). Agent BZ is excreted mainly via the urine. Steady BZ concentration in the brain could explain the previously published duration of the significant impairment in passive avoidance tasks in rats after an injection of BZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Dlabkova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defence, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Herman
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defence, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Cechova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defence, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milos Hroch
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nela Vanova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defence, Brno, Czech Republic
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Herman D, Dlabkova A, Cechova L, Vanova N, Misik J, Jun D, Zdarova Karasova J. Simple validated method of LC–MS/MS determination of BZ agent in rat plasma samples. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:431-438. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Herman
- Department of Toxicology and Military PharmacyUniversity of Defense Faculty of Military Health Sciences Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Dlabkova
- Department of Toxicology and Military PharmacyUniversity of Defense Faculty of Military Health Sciences Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Cechova
- Department of Toxicology and Military PharmacyUniversity of Defense Faculty of Military Health Sciences Czech Republic
| | - Nela Vanova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical AnalysisCharles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Jan Misik
- Department of Toxicology and Military PharmacyUniversity of Defense Faculty of Military Health Sciences Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military PharmacyUniversity of Defense Faculty of Military Health Sciences Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zdarova Karasova
- Department of Toxicology and Military PharmacyUniversity of Defense Faculty of Military Health Sciences Czech Republic
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Vanova N, Muckova L, Schmidt M, Herman D, Dlabkova A, Pejchal J, Jun D. Simultaneous determination of malondialdehyde and 3-nitrotyrosine in cultured human hepatoma cells by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4349. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nela Vanova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences; University of Defence; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences; University of Defence; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Monika Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; University of Hradec Kralove; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - David Herman
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences; University of Defence; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Dlabkova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences; University of Defence; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences; University of Defence; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences; University of Defence; Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
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Vanova N, Pejchal J, Herman D, Dlabkova A, Jun D. Oxidative stress in organophosphate poisoning: role of standard antidotal therapy. J Appl Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nela Vanova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences; University of Defence; Trebesska 1575 500 01 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences; University of Defence; Trebesska 1575 500 01 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - David Herman
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences; University of Defence; Trebesska 1575 500 01 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Alzbeta Dlabkova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences; University of Defence; Trebesska 1575 500 01 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences; University of Defence; Trebesska 1575 500 01 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
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