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Abdelhameed RFA, Elhady SS, Sirwi A, Samir H, Ibrahim EA, Thomford AK, El Gindy A, Hadad GM, Badr JM, Nafie MS. Thonningia sanguinea Extract: Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities Supported by Chemical Composition and Molecular Docking Simulations. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:2156. [PMID: 34685963 PMCID: PMC8539418 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The current study was designed to investigate the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Thonningia sanguinea whole-plant extract. The total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and found to be 980.1 mg/g, calculated as gallic acid equivalents. The antioxidant capacity was estimated for the crude extract and the phenolic portion of T. sanguinea, whereupon both revealed a dose-dependent scavenging rate of DPPH• with EC50 values of 36.33 and 11.14 µg/mL, respectively. Chemical profiling of the plant extract was achieved by LC-ESI-TOF-MS/MS analysis, where 17 compounds were assigned, including ten compounds detected in the negative mode and seven detected in the positive mode. The phenolic portion exhibited promising cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 and HepG2 cells, with IC50 values of 16.67 and 13.51 μg/mL, respectively. Phenolic extract treatment caused apoptosis in MCF-7 cells, with total apoptotic cell death 18.45-fold higher compared to untreated controls, arresting the cell cycle at G2/M by increasing the G2 population by 39.7%, compared to 19.35% for the control. The apoptotic investigation was further validated by the upregulation of proapoptotic genes of P53, Bax, and caspases-3,8 9, and the downregulation of Bcl-2 as the anti-apoptotic gene. Bcl-2 inhibition was also virtualized by good binding interactions through a molecular docking study. Taken together, phenolic extract exhibited promising cytotoxic activity in MCF-7 cells through apoptosis induction and antioxidant activation, so further fractionation studies are recommended for the phenolic extract for specifying the most active compound to be developed as a novel anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda F. A. Abdelhameed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Sameh S. Elhady
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Alaa Sirwi
- Department of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.S.E.); (A.S.)
| | - Hanan Samir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (H.S.); (E.A.I.); (A.E.G.); (G.M.H.)
- Medical Administration, Student’s Hospital, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Elsayed A. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (H.S.); (E.A.I.); (A.E.G.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Ama Kyeraa Thomford
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast PMB TF0494, Ghana;
| | - Alaa El Gindy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (H.S.); (E.A.I.); (A.E.G.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Ghada M. Hadad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (H.S.); (E.A.I.); (A.E.G.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Jihan M. Badr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed S. Nafie
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
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Acheampong DO, Owusu-Adzorah N, Armah FA, Aninagyei E, Asiamah EA, Thomford AK, Anyan WK. Ethnopharmacological evaluation of schistosomicidal and cercaricidal activities of some selected medicinal plants from Ghana. Trop Med Health 2020; 48:19. [PMID: 32308530 PMCID: PMC7147056 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-020-00205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The adulticidal and cercaricidal activities of five Ghanaian medicinal plants, namely, Phyllanthus amarus, Vernonia amygdalina, Azadirachta indica, Morinda lucida and Nauclea latifolia against S. mansoni were evaluated in this study. Six weeks old ICR mice (n = 25) were percutaneously infected with S. mansoni cercariae. Nine weeks later, infected mice (n = 5) were anaesthetised and perfused for adult S. mansoni. Cercariae were treated with different concentrations (1000, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25 μg/mL) of methanolic extracts of the experimenting plants in triplicates. Adult S. mansoni incopula were also treated with same concentrations of each extract or 20 μg/mL praziquantel. The cercariae and adult worms were observed at time intervals for 180 min and 120 h to assess mortality and viability respectively. Additionally, 9-week cercariae-infected mice (4 groups of 5 mice) were treated with either 500 mg/kg po A. indica or V. amygdalina, 400 mg/kg po praziquantel or distilled water for 14 days. The mice were euthanized after adult worms were recovered from them. The liver was processed and histologically examined for granuloma formations. Results All the plants exhibited varying cercaricidal and adulticidal activities against S. mansoni in a time and concentration-dependent manner. A. indica (3 h IC50 = 27.62 μg/mL) and V. amygdalina (3 h IC50 = 35.84 μg/mL) exerted the highest cercaricidal activity. Worm recovery after treatment with V. amygdalina, A. indica and praziquantel in vivo was 48.8%, 85.1 % and 59.9 % respectively (p < 0.05). A. indica and V. amydalina-treated mice recorded lesser mean liver and spleen weights compared to untreated groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion A. indica demonstrated the highest cercaricidal and alduticidal activities in vitro, whereas V. amygdalina exhibited the most potent aldulticidal activity in vivo. This study could provide baseline information which can be used to develop plant-based alternative commercial drugs against S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond Omane Acheampong
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ninette Owusu-Adzorah
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Francis Ackah Armah
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Enoch Aninagyei
- 2Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Volta Region, Ghana
| | - Ernest Amponsah Asiamah
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ama Kyeraa Thomford
- 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - William Kofi Anyan
- 3Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Boye A, Addo JK, Acheampong DO, Thomford AK, Asante E, Amoaning RE, Kuma DN. The hydroxyl moiety on carbon one (C1) in the monoterpene nucleus of thymol is indispensable for anti-bacterial effect of thymol. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03492. [PMID: 32195386 PMCID: PMC7078539 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thymol, a natural monoterpene phenol is not only relevant clinically as an anti-microbial, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent but also holds the prospect as a natural template for pharmaceutical semi-synthesis of therapeutic agents. It is a major component of essential oils from many plants. Evidence abound linking overall bioactivity of thymol to its monoterpene nucleus, specifically, the hydroxyl (-OH) substituent on carbon number one (C1) on the monoterpene nucleus. Other studies have posited that the overall bioactivity of thymol is not substantially altered by chemical modification of - OH on the C1 of the monoterpene nucleus. In view of this, it is still unclear as to whether removal or modification of the –OH on C1 of the monoterpene nucleus relates generally or context-dependently to bioactivity of thymol. Objective The present study investigated anti-bacterial effects of ester-and-ether substituted derivatives of thymol on S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Materials and methods twelve ester-and-ether substituted derivatives of thymol (6TM1s and 6TM2s) were synthesized and characterized by using HPLC, Mass spectrometry, and IR techniques. Anti-bacterial activity of the 12 thymol derivatives was evaluated using broth macrodilution and turbidimetric methods against pure clinical isolates (S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli). Standard anti-biotics used were Thymol Streptomycin and flucloxacillin, while DMSO was used as vehicle for thymol derivatives. MIC and MBC were determined. Results Thymol produced broad-spectrum growth inhibition on all isolates. At equimolar concentrations, thymol and reference drugs produced concentration-dependent growth inhibition against the isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli) compared to DMSO. Although the growth inhibitory effects of the ester-and-ether derivatives of thymol was significant (P ≤ 0.05) compared to DMSO, it was however insignificant (P ≥ 0.05) compared to thymol and reference antibiotics. Comparatively, at equimolar concentrations, ester-substituted derivatives of thymol, particularly the branched chain derivative (TM1C) produced more effective growth inhibition on the isolates than the ether-substituted derivatives of thymol. Thymol was twice as potent (MIC and MBC, 500 μg/ml) than both ester-and-ether substituted derivatives of thymol (MIC and MBC, > 1000 μg/ml) on all the three clinical isolates. Increase in side chain bulkiness of –OH moiety on the monoterpene nucleus of thymol decreased growth inhibition on isolates. Conclusion Thymol has demonstrated broad-spectrum anti-bacterial effects attributable to the hydroxyl moiety on C1 of the monoterpene nucleus. Structural modification of the hydroxyl moiety on C1 of the monoterpene nucleus of thymol with either ether-or-ester substitutions yielded no significant anti-bacterial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Boye
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Justice Kwaku Addo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Desmond Omane Acheampong
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ama Kyeraa Thomford
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Emmanuel Asante
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Regina Elorm Amoaning
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Dominic Nkwantabisa Kuma
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Thomford AK, Ahmed Abdelhameed RF, Yamada K. Chemical studies on the parasitic plant Thonningia sanguinea Vahl. RSC Adv 2018; 8:21002-21011. [PMID: 35542344 PMCID: PMC9080861 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03913e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed first-time report on plant sterols and one flavanone characterized from Thonningia sanguinea provides significant evidence for its ethnomedicinal usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ama Kyeraa Thomford
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Nagasaki University
- Nagasaki 852-8521
- Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
| | | | - Koji Yamada
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
- Nagasaki University
- Nagasaki 852-8521
- Japan
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Asare KK, Boampong JN, Ameyaw EO, Thomford AK, Afoakwah R, Kwakye-Nuako G, Thomford KP, Quashie NB. Microscopic identification of possible Clonorchis/Opisthorchis infection in two Ghanaian women with undiagnosed abdominal discomfort: two case reports. J Med Case Rep 2014; 8:369. [PMID: 25399721 PMCID: PMC4244120 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-8-369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impact of foodborne trematode infections is gaining recognition worldwide. Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis are some of the most neglected tropical foodborne diseases that pose a significant threat to human health. Persistent or chronic infection of Clonorchis/Opisthorchis often leads to hepatobiliary diseases including cholangitis, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, hepatic fibrosis, cholangiocarcinoma and liver cancer. Two cases of Clonorchis/Opisthorchis infection in humans in the Central Region of Ghana are reported. CASE PRESENTATION Eggs suspected to be from Clonorchis sinensis or Opisthorchis species were detected in the stools of a 29-year-old Ghanaian woman and an 18-year-old Ghanaian woman in two clinics in the Central Region of Ghana. The diagnosis was based on clinical symptoms as well as detection of the eggs of the trematode in the faeces of the patients using light microscopy after staining with Giemsa or Ziehl-Neelsen stains. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge these are the first documented cases of Clonorchis sinensis or Opisthorchis species infection in Ghana. The detection of this infection in these patients in Ghana should be of concern to clinicians because the infection can be easily misdiagnosed since the accompanying clinical symptoms are malaria-like. Consideration should therefore be given to Clonorchis sinensis and Opisthorchis species when diagnosing patients presenting with malaria-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwame Kumi Asare
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | | | - Elvis Ofori Ameyaw
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ama Kyeraa Thomford
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Richmond Afoakwah
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Godwin Kwakye-Nuako
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Kwesi Prah Thomford
- Centre for Scientific Research into Plant Medicine, P.O. Box 73, Mampong-Akwapim, Ghana
| | - Neils Ben Quashie
- Centre for Tropical Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, P.O. Box, GP4236, Accra, Ghana
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