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Held PK, Lasarev M, Zhang X, Wiberley-Bradford AE, Campbell K, Horner V, Shao X, Benoy M, Dodge AM, Peterson AL. Familial Hypercholesterolemia Biomarker Distribution in Dried Blood Spots. J Pediatr 2023; 259:113469. [PMID: 37182660 PMCID: PMC10524346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate distribution profiles of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and apolipoprotein B (apoB) as candidate markers of familial hypercholesterolemia in newborns, taking into consideration potential confounding factors, such as gestational age, birth weight, sex, and race. STUDY DESIGN TC, LDL-C, and apoB were measured from 10 000 residual deidentified newborn dried blood spot cards. Concentrations for each biomarker were reported as multiples of the median, with emphasis on describing the 99th percentile values based on birth weight, gestational age, sex, and race. Seasonal variation of biomarkers was also explored. RESULTS LDL-C and apoB had distribution curves with tails showing extreme elevation, whereas the distribution of TC was less elevated and had the smallest range. Neonates born at early gestational age and low birth weight had significantly greater 99th percentile of multiples of the median values for apoB but not TC or LDL-C. Differences in biomarker concentration based on sex and race were minimal. All biomarkers showed greatest concentrations in the winter as compared with summer months. CONCLUSIONS LDL-C and apoB had distribution curves supporting candidacy for neonatal familial hypercholesterolemia screening. Future studies are needed to correlate newborn screening results with molecular testing to validate these 2 biomarkers, along with measured cholesterol levels later in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice K Held
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Oregon State Public Health Laboratory, Oregon Health Authority, Hillsboro, OR
| | - Michael Lasarev
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Amy E Wiberley-Bradford
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Kristin Campbell
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Vanessa Horner
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI; Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Xiangqiang Shao
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI; Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Megan Benoy
- Pediatric Specialty Clinics, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI
| | - Ann M Dodge
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
| | - Amy L Peterson
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI.
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Held PK, Campbell K, Wiberley-Bradford AE, Lasarev M, Horner V, Peterson A. Analytical Validation of Familial Hypercholesterolemia Biomarkers in Dried Blood Spots. Int J Neonatal Screen 2022; 8:ijns8010014. [PMID: 35225936 PMCID: PMC8883967 DOI: 10.3390/ijns8010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) is a common, treatable genetic disorder characterized by premature atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, yet the majority of affected individuals remain undiagnosed. Newborn screening could play a role in identification of at-risk individuals and provide an opportunity for early intervention, prior to the onset of symptoms. The objective of this study was to develop and validate assays for quantification of candidate HeFH biomarkers in dried blood spots (DBS). Commercially available enzyme assay kits for quantification of serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were modified for high-throughput analysis of DBS. Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) concentrations in DBS were measured using an immunoassay with modifications from published studies. All three assays were validated according to the College of American Pathologists guidelines for clinical laboratories. The performance of TC, LDL-C, and ApoB assays was assessed by precision, recovery, limit of quantification (LOQ) and linearity. Precision studies yielded coefficients of variation (CV) of less than 15%, with recovery greater than 75% for all three assays. The determined LOQ and linearity were comparable to serum-based assays. In a direct comparison between serum and DBS concentrations, positive correlations were demonstrated for TC, LDL-C, and ApoB. Additionally, the initial evaluation of the three biomarker concentrations within the unaffected population was similar to values obtained in previous published studies. This study reports on methods for quantification of TC, LDL-C, and ApoB in DBS. Assay validation results were within acceptable limits for newborn screening. This is an important first step toward the identification of newborns with HeFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice K. Held
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (K.C.); (A.E.W.-B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-265-5968
| | - Kristin Campbell
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (K.C.); (A.E.W.-B.)
| | - Amy E. Wiberley-Bradford
- Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (K.C.); (A.E.W.-B.)
| | - Michael Lasarev
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Vanessa Horner
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Amy Peterson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
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Baker MW, Mochal ST, Dawe SJ, Wiberley-Bradford AE, Cogley MF, Zeitler BR, Piro ZD, Harmelink MM, Kwon JM. Newborn screening for spinal muscular atrophy: The Wisconsin first year experience. Neuromuscul Disord 2021; 32:135-141. [PMID: 35120759 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2021.07.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy was recently added to the Wisconsin newborn screening panel. Here we report our screening methods, algorithm, and outcomes. A multiplex real-time PCR assay was used to identify newborns with homozygous SMN1 exon 7 deletion, and those newborns' specimens further underwent a droplet digital PCR assay for SMN2 copy number assessment. An independent dried blood spot specimen was collected and tested to confirm the initial screening results for SMN1 and SMN2. From October 15, 2019 to October 14, 2020, a total of 60,984 newborns were screened for spinal muscular atrophy. Six newborns screened positive for and were confirmed to have spinal muscular atrophy, making the Wisconsin spinal muscular atrophy birth prevalence 1 in 10,164. Of these six infants, two have two copies of SMN2, two have three copies of SMN2, and two have four copies of SMN2. Five newborns received Zolgensma therapy, and one newborn received Spinraza therapy. Our screening method's positive predictive value is 100%. This comprehensive approach, providing both timely SMN2 information and SMN1 and SMN2 confirmation as parts of the algorithm for spinal muscular atrophy newborn screening, facilitated timely clinical follow-up, family counseling, and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei W Baker
- Newborn Screening Laboratory, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States; Genetics and Metabolism Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States.
| | - Sean T Mochal
- Newborn Screening Laboratory, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sandra J Dawe
- Office of Information Systems, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Amy E Wiberley-Bradford
- Newborn Screening Laboratory, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Michael F Cogley
- Newborn Screening Laboratory, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Bethany R Zeitler
- Newborn Screening Laboratory, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Zachary D Piro
- Newborn Screening Laboratory, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mathew M Harmelink
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jennifer M Kwon
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
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Busse JS, Wiberley-Bradford AE, Bethke PC. Transient heat stress during tuber development alters post-harvest carbohydrate composition and decreases processing quality of chipping potatoes. J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99:2579-2588. [PMID: 30411360 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse air and soil temperatures are abiotic stresses that occur frequently and vary widely in duration and magnitude. Heat stress limits productivity of cool-weather crops such as potato (Solanum tuberosum) and may degrade crop quality. Stem-end chip defect is a localized discoloration of potato chips that adversely affects finished chip quality. The causes of stem-end chip defects are poorly understood. RESULTS Chipping potatoes were grown under controlled environmental conditions to test the hypothesis that stem-end chip defect is caused by transient heat stress during the growing season. Heat stress periods with 35 °C days and 29 °C nights were imposed approximately 3 months after planting and lasted for 3, 7 or 14 days. At harvest and after 1, 2 and 3 months of storage at 13 °C, potato tubers were evaluated for glucose, fructose, sucrose and dry matter contents at the basal and apical ends. Chips were fried and rated for defects at the same sampling times. Differences in responses to heat stress were observed among four varieties of chipping potatoes. Heat stress periods of 7 and 14 days increased reducing sugar content in the tuber basal and apical ends, decreased dry matter content, and increased the severity of stem-end chip defects. CONCLUSION Transient heat stress during the growing season decreased post-harvest chipping potato quality. Tuber reducing sugars and stem-end chip defects increased while dry matter content decreased. Planting varieties with tolerance to transient heat stress may be an effective way to mitigate these detrimental effects on chipping potato quality. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Busse
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amy E Wiberley-Bradford
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul C Bethke
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Wiberley-Bradford AE, Bethke PC. Suppression of the vacuolar invertase gene delays senescent sweetening in chipping potatoes. J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:354-360. [PMID: 28597466 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potato chip processors require potato tubers that meet quality specifications for fried chip color, and color depends largely upon tuber sugar contents. At later times in storage, potatoes accumulate sucrose, glucose, and fructose. This developmental process, senescent sweetening, manifests as a blush of color near the center of the fried chip, becomes more severe with time, and limits the storage period. Vacuolar invertase (VInv) converts sucrose to glucose and fructose and is hypothesized to play a role in senescent sweetening. To test this hypothesis, senescent sweetening was quantified in multiple lines of potato with reduced VInv expression. RESULTS Chip darkening from senescent sweetening was delayed by about 4 weeks for tubers with reduced VInv expression. A strong positive correlation between frequency of dark chips and tuber hexose content was observed. Tubers with reduced VInv expression had lower hexose to sucrose ratios than controls. CONCLUSION VInv activity contributes to reducing sugar accumulation during senescent sweetening. Sucrose breakdown during frying may contribute to chip darkening. Suppressing VInv expression increases the storage period of the chipping potato crop, which is an important consideration, as potatoes with reduced VInv expression are entering commercial production in the USA. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul C Bethke
- Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI, USA
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Wiberley-Bradford AE, Busse JS, Jiang J, Bethke PC. Sugar metabolism, chip color, invertase activity, and gene expression during long-term cold storage of potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers from wild-type and vacuolar invertase silencing lines of Katahdin. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:801. [PMID: 25399251 PMCID: PMC4239387 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Storing potato tubers at low temperatures minimizes sprouting and disease but can cause an accumulation of reducing sugars in a process called cold-induced sweetening. Tubers with increased amounts of reducing sugars produce dark-colored, bitter-tasting fried products with elevated amounts of acrylamide, a possible carcinogen. Vacuolar invertase (VInv), which converts sucrose produced by starch breakdown to glucose and fructose, is the key determinant of reducing sugar accumulation during cold-induced sweetening. In this study, wild-type tubers and tubers in which VInv expression was reduced by RNA interference were used to investigate time- and temperature-dependent changes in sugar contents, chip color, and expression of VInv and other genes involved in starch metabolism in tubers during long-term cold storage. Results VInv activities and tuber reducing sugar contents were much lower, and tuber sucrose contents were much higher, in transgenic than in wild-type tubers stored at 3-9°C for up to eight months. Large differences in VInv mRNA accumulation were not observed at later times in storage, especially at temperatures below 9°C, so differences in invertase activity were likely established early in the storage period and maintained by stability of the invertase protein. Sugar contents, chip color, and expression of several of the studied genes, including AGPase and GBSS, were affected by storage temperature in both wild-type and transgenic tubers. Though transcript accumulation for other sugar-metabolism genes was affected by storage temperature and duration, it was essentially unaffected by invertase silencing and altered sugar contents. Differences in stem- and bud-end sugar contents in wild-type and transgenic tubers suggested different compartmentalization of sucrose at the two ends of stored tubers. Conclusions VInv silencing significantly reduced cold-induced sweetening in stored potato tubers, likely by means of differential VInv expression early in storage. Transgenic tubers retained sensitivity to storage temperature, and accumulated greater amounts of sucrose, glucose and fructose at 3°C than at 7-9°C. At each storage temperature, suppression of VInv expression and large differences in tuber sugar contents had no effect on expression of AGPase and GBSS, genes involved in starch metabolism, suggesting that transcription of these genes is not regulated by tuber sugar content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul C Bethke
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, 1575 Linden Dr,, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Zhou C, Li Z, Wiberley-Bradford AE, Weise SE, Sharkey TD. Isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate/isopentenyl diphosphate ratio measured with recombinant isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase and isoprene synthase. Anal Biochem 2013; 440:130-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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