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Sijben HJ, van Oostveen WM, Hartog PBR, Stucchi L, Rossignoli A, Maresca G, Scarabottolo L, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH. Label-free high-throughput screening assay for the identification of norepinephrine transporter (NET/SLC6A2) inhibitors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12290. [PMID: 34112854 PMCID: PMC8192900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91700-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human norepinephrine transporter (NET) is an established drug target for a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Conventional methods that are used to functionally characterize NET inhibitors are based on the use of radiolabeled or fluorescent substrates. These methods are highly informative, but pose limitations to either high-throughput screening (HTS) adaptation or physiologically accurate representation of the endogenous uptake events. Recently, we developed a label-free functional assay based on the activation of G protein-coupled receptors by a transported substrate, termed the TRACT assay. In this study, the TRACT assay technology was applied to NET expressed in a doxycycline-inducible HEK 293 JumpIn cell line. Three endogenous substrates of NET-norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and epinephrine (EP)-were compared in the characterization of the reference NET inhibitor nisoxetine. The resulting assay, using NE as a substrate, was validated in a manual HTS set-up with a Z' = 0.55. The inhibitory potencies of several reported NET inhibitors from the TRACT assay showed positive correlation with those from an established fluorescent substrate uptake assay. These findings demonstrate the suitability of the TRACT assay for HTS characterization and screening of NET inhibitors and provide a basis for investigation of other solute carrier transporters with label-free biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert J Sijben
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wieke M van Oostveen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter B R Hartog
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Stucchi
- Axxam S.p.A, Openzone Science Park, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, LACDR, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Oncode Institute, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Laffitte A, Gibbs M, Hernangomez de Alvaro C, Addison J, Lonsdale ZN, Giribaldi MG, Rossignoli A, Vennegeerts T, Winnig M, Klebansky B, Skiles J, Logan DW, McGrane SJ. Kokumi taste perception is functional in a model carnivore, the domestic cat (Felis catus). Sci Rep 2021; 11:10527. [PMID: 34006911 PMCID: PMC8131363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89558-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kokumi taste is a well-accepted and characterised taste modality and is described as a sensation of enhancement of sweet, salty, and umami tastes. The Calcium Sensing Receptor (CaSR) has been designated as the putative kokumi taste receptor for humans, and a number of kokumi-active ligands of CaSR have been discovered recently with activity confirmed both in vivo and in vitro. Domestic cats (Felis catus) are obligate carnivores and accordingly, their diet is abundant in proteins, peptides, and amino acids. We hypothesised that CaSR is a key taste receptor for carnivores, due to its role in the detection of different peptides and amino acids in other species. Using in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches, here we compare human CaSR to that of a model carnivore, the domestic cat. We found broad similarities in ligand specificity, but differences in taste sensitivity between the two species. Indeed our in vivo data shows that cats are sensitive to CaCl2 as a kokumi compound, but don't show this same activity with Glutathione, whereas for humans the reverse is true. Collectively, our data suggest that kokumi is an important taste modality for carnivores that drives the palatability of meat-derived compounds such as amino acids and peptides, and that there are differences in the perception of kokumi taste between carnivores and omnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Laffitte
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - M Gibbs
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - C Hernangomez de Alvaro
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - J Addison
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - Z N Lonsdale
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - M G Giribaldi
- IMAX Discovery GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,AXXAM S.p.A., OpenZone, Via Meucci 3, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - A Rossignoli
- IMAX Discovery GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,AXXAM S.p.A., OpenZone, Via Meucci 3, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - T Vennegeerts
- IMAX Discovery GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,AXXAM S.p.A., OpenZone, Via Meucci 3, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - M Winnig
- IMAX Discovery GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,AXXAM S.p.A., OpenZone, Via Meucci 3, 20091, Bresso, Milan, Italy
| | - B Klebansky
- BioPredict, Inc., 4 Adele Avenue, Demarest, NJ, 07627, USA
| | - J Skiles
- BioPredict, Inc., 4 Adele Avenue, Demarest, NJ, 07627, USA.,Valis Pharma, Ins., 545 Bonair Way, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - D W Logan
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK
| | - S J McGrane
- WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham on the Wolds, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, LE14 4RT, UK.
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Raschetti R, Morgutti M, Menniti-Ippolito F, Belisari A, Rossignoli A, Longhini P, La Guidara C. Suspected adverse drug events requiring emergency department visits or hospital admissions. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 54:959-63. [PMID: 10192758 DOI: 10.1007/s002280050582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the contribution of adverse drug events (ADEs) to the overall number of referrals or visits at an emergency department, to determine the proportion of more severe episodes requiring hospital admission and to characterize the different causes of drug-related visits or admissions. METHODS A 1-year prospective collection of data on visits performed at an emergency department. All visits, observed during 1 week every month, were analyzed in order to identify suspected ADEs. The effects of age and sex on the frequency of ADE-related visits and admissions were evaluated. All patients hospitalized because of an ADE were followed up in order to collect information about progress and outcome of the events, which were also assessed in terms of avoidability. RESULTS Among the 5497 patients who visited the Emergency Department over 1 year, 235 (4.3%) experienced an ADE, 45 of these (19.1%) were subsequently hospitalized, among whom there were five deaths. Dose-related therapeutic failures were the main causes of drug-related admissions (55.6%), whereas adverse drug reactions caused the most frequent drug-related visits to the Emergency Department (63.8%). Although the frequency of drug-drug interactions leading to a visit to the Emergency Department was small (3.8%), this type of event was more severe, because most of these patients were hospitalized. No age/sex effect was observed in the proportion of ADE-related hospital admissions. Twenty-five (1.4% of the total admissions) of the 45 ADE-related admissions were evaluated as preventable, contributing by more than 61% of the overall length of hospital stay. CONCLUSION The high proportion of drug therapeutic failures leading to an admission highlights the need for public education, particularly to prevent non-compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Raschetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Trevisan M, Graviani E, Arnoldi A, Bassoli A, Cova D, Rossignoli A. Formation of N-Nitrosoterbuthylazine and N-Nitrosoterbutryn in a Model System of Soil Water. J Agric Food Chem 1998; 46:314-317. [PMID: 10554239 DOI: 10.1021/jf970334g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The s-triazines terbutryn and terbuthylazine are currently used in Italy for weed control. A possible reaction of these compounds in the environment is N-nitrosation. Experiments performed in 10 mM CaCl(2) as a model of soil water indicated that N-nitrosation is favored only at low pH values and that the N-nitroso derivatives are fairly stable. In the presence of soil either parent compounds or N-nitroso derivatives are strongly adsorbed. These results seem to indicate that the possibility of formation of N-nitrosoterbuthylazine and N-nitrosoterbutryn in common agricultural soil is very remote.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trevisan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari and Dipartimento di Farmacologia, Chemioterapia e Tossicologia Medica, Centro CNR Farmacologia Infrastrutture Cellulari, Università di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy, and Istituto di Chimica Agraria e Ambientale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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