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Kovacs B, Reek S, Sticherling C, Schaer B, Linka A, Ammann P, Brenner R, Krasniqi N, Müller AS, Dzemali O, Kobza R, Grebmer C, Haegeli L, Berg J, Mayer K, Schläpfer J, Domenichini G, Reichlin T, Roten L, Burri H, Eriksson U, Saguner AM, Steffel J, Duru F, Swiss Wcd Registry. Use of the wearable cardioverter-defibrillator - the Swiss experience. Swiss Med Wkly 2020; 150:w20343. [PMID: 33035354 DOI: 10.4414/smw.2020.20343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sudden cardiac death caused by malignant arrhythmia can be prevented by the use of defibrillators. Although the wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WCD) can prevent such an event, its role in clinical practice is ill defined. We investigated the use of the WCD in Switzerland with emphasis on prescription rate, therapy adherence and treatment rate. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Swiss WCD Registry is a retrospective observational registry including patients using a WCD. Patients were included from the first WCD use in Switzerland until February 2018. Baseline characteristics and data on WCD usage were examined for the total study population, and separately for each hospital. RESULTS From 1 December 2011 to 18 February 2018, a total of 456 patients (67.1% of all WCDs prescribed in Switzerland and 81.1% of all prescribed in the participating hospitals) were included in the registry. Up to 2017 there was a yearly increase in the number of prescribed WCDs to a maximum of 271 prescriptions per year. The mean age of patients was 57 years (± 14), 81 (17.8%) were female and mean left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was 32% (± 13). The most common indications for WCD use were new-onset ischaemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) with EF ≤35% (206 patients, 45.2%), new-onset nonischaemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) with EF ≤35% (115 patients, 25.2%), unknown arrhythmic risk (83 patients, 18.2%), bridging to implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation or heart transplant (37 patients, 8.1%) and congenital/inherited heart disease (15 patients, 3.3%). Median wear duration was 58 days (interquartile range [IQR] 31–94) with a median average daily wear time of 22.6 hours (IQR 20–23.2). Seventeen appropriate therapies from the WCD were delivered in the whole population (treatment rate: 3.7%) to a total of 12 patients (2.6% of all patients). The most common underlying heart disease in patients with a treatment was ICM (13/17, 76.5%). There were no inappropriate treatments. CONCLUSION The use of WCDs has increased in Switzerland over the years for a variety of indications. There is high therapy adherence to the WCD, and a treatment rate comparable to previously published registry data.  .
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Affiliation(s)
- Boldizsar Kovacs
- Division of Cardiology, University Heart Centre Zurich, Switzerland / Division of Cardiology, GZO Regional Healthcare Centre Wetzikon, Switzerland
| | - Sven Reek
- Hirslanden Klinik Aarau, Switzerland
| | | | - Beat Schaer
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Linka
- Division of Cardiology, Kantonsspital Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Peter Ammann
- Division of Cardiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Roman Brenner
- Division of Cardiology, Kantonsspital St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Nazmi Krasniqi
- Division of Cardiology, GZO Regional Healthcare Centre Wetzikon, Switzerland
| | | | - Omer Dzemali
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Triemli Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Richard Kobza
- Division of Cardiology, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Switzerland
| | | | - Laurent Haegeli
- Division of Cardiology, University Heart Centre Zurich, Switzerland / Division of Cardiology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Jan Berg
- Division of Cardiology, Kantonsspital Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Mayer
- Division of Cardiology, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Schläpfer
- Service of Cardiology, University Hospital Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Tobias Reichlin
- Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Roten
- Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Harran Burri
- Division of Cardiology, University Hospital of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Urs Eriksson
- Division of Cardiology, GZO Regional Healthcare Centre Wetzikon, Switzerland
| | - Ardan M Saguner
- Division of Cardiology, University Heart Centre Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Steffel
- Division of Cardiology, University Heart Centre Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Firat Duru
- Division of Cardiology, University Heart Centre Zurich, Switzerland
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Lennicke C, Rahn J, Wickenhauser C, Lichtenfels R, Müller AS, Wessjohann LA, Kipp AP, Seliger B. Loss of epithelium-specific GPx2 results in aberrant cell fate decisions during intestinal differentiation. Oncotarget 2017; 9:539-552. [PMID: 29416634 PMCID: PMC5787487 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPx2) is expressed in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract, where it is thought to be involved in maintaining mucosal homeostasis. To gain novel insights into the role of GPx2, proteomic profiles of colonic tissues either derived from wild type (WT) or GPx2 knockout (KO) mice, maintained under selenium (Se) deficiency or adequate Se supplementation conditions were established and analyzed. Amongst the panel of differentially expressed proteins, the calcium-activated chloride channel regulator 1 (CLCA1) was significantly down-regulated in GPx2 KO versus WT mice regardless of the given Se status. Moreover, transcript levels of the isoforms CLCA2 and CLCA3 showed a similar expression pattern. In the intestine, CLCA1 is usually restricted to mucin-producing goblet cells. However, although -SeKO mice had the highest numbers of goblet cells as confirmed by significantly enhanced mRNA expression levels of the goblet cell marker mucin-2, the observed expression pattern suggests that GPx2 KO goblet cells might be limited in synthesizing CLCA1. Furthermore, transcript levels of differentiation markers such as chromogranin-1 (Chga) for enteroendocrine cells and leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) for stem cells were also downregulated in GPx2 KO mice. Moreover, this was accompanied by a downregulation of the mRNA expression levels of the intestinal hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 (Glp1), ghrelin (Ghrl) and somatostatin (Sst). Thus, it seems that GPx2 might be important for the modulation of cell fate decisions in the murine intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lennicke
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jette Rahn
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Institute of Pathology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Rudolf Lichtenfels
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Ludger A Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anna P Kipp
- Institute of Nutrition, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Rahn J, Lennicke C, Kipp AP, Müller AS, Wessjohann LA, Lichtenfels R, Seliger B. Altered protein expression pattern in colon tissue of mice upon supplementation with distinct selenium compounds. Proteomics 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jette Rahn
- Institute of Medical Immunology; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Claudia Lennicke
- Institute of Medical Immunology; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Anna P. Kipp
- German Institute of Human Nutrition; Potsdam-Rehbrücke; Nuthetal Germany
| | - Andreas S. Müller
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
- Delacon Biotechnik GmbH; Steyregg Austria
| | | | - Rudolf Lichtenfels
- Institute of Medical Immunology; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
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Lennicke C, Rahn J, Kipp AP, Dojčinović BP, Müller AS, Wessjohann LA, Lichtenfels R, Seliger B. Individual effects of different selenocompounds on the hepatic proteome and energy metabolism of mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3323-3334. [PMID: 27565357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selenium (Se) exerts its biological activity largely via selenoproteins, which are key enzymes for maintaining the cellular redox homeostasis. However, besides these beneficial effects there is also evidence that an oversupply of Se might increase the risk towards developing metabolic disorders. To address this in more detail, we directly compared effects of feeding distinct Se compounds and concentrations on hepatic metabolism and expression profiles of mice. METHODS Male C57BL6/J mice received either a selenium-deficient diet or diets enriched with adequate or high doses of selenite, selenate or selenomethionine for 20weeks. Subsequently, metabolic parameters, enzymatic activities and expression levels of hepatic selenoproteins, Nrf2 targets, and additional redox-sensitive proteins were analyzed. Furthermore, 2D-DIGE-based proteomic profiling revealed Se compound-specific differentially expressed proteins. RESULTS Whereas heterogeneous effects between high concentrations of the Se compounds were observed with regard to body weight and metabolic activities, selenoproteins were only marginally increased by high Se concentrations in comparison to the respective adequate feeding. In particular the high-SeMet group showed a unique response compromising higher hepatic Se levels in comparison to all other groups. Accordingly, hepatic glutathione (GSH) levels, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, and GSTpi1 expression were comparably high in the high-SeMet and Se-deficient group, indicating that compound-specific effects of high doses appear to be independent of selenoproteins. CONCLUSIONS Not only the nature, but also the concentration of Se compounds differentially affect biological processes. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Thus, it is important to consider Se compound-specific effects when supplementing with selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lennicke
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jette Rahn
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anna P Kipp
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Biljana P Dojčinović
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Center of Chemistry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andreas S Müller
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany; Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, 4221 Steyregg, Austria
| | | | - Rudolf Lichtenfels
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Stoebe S, Müller AS, Most E, Coenen M, Vervuert I. Effects of selenium supplementation on selenium status of farmed fallow deer in outdoor pens. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 29:216-21. [PMID: 25468192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the effects of selenium (Se) supplementation on Se status in farmed fallow deer. Fallow deer were housed on grass pasture and adapted to consume ∼200 g of pelleted grain daily. Animals were divided into two groups. One group received pelleted grain enriched with sodium selenate for 12 weeks (Se+ group, N = 10). Se intake for the first 7 weeks was 0.18 mg/kg dry matter (DM) and 0.32 mg/kg DM for the subsequent 5 weeks. The control group was fed pelleted grain without extra Se (Se− group, N = 9, 0.06-0.08 mg/kg DM). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and the end of the experiment. After the animals were slaughtered, tissue samples were collected for analysis of Se concentrations and Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1) activity. In addition, Se-independent α-glutathione-S-transferase (α-GST) activity was analyzed in liver tissue. Se supplementation significantly increased Se levels in plasma and in tissues as follows: liver > spleen > skeletal muscle > myocardium > kidney. Se supplementation also significantly increased GPx1 activity in tissues in the following order: liver > skeletal muscle > spleen = myocardium > kidneys. However, hepatic α-GST activity did not differ between Se+ and Se− groups. As expected, Se supplementation increased blood and tissue Se concentrations and GPx1 activity, which suggests a better antioxidant status. However, the activity of α-GST, an important Se-independent antioxidant enzyme, was not altered, presumably because GPx provided an adequate antioxidant capacity even though Se intake was low.
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Ang M, Müller AS, Wagenlehner F, Pilatz A, Linn T. Combining protein and carbohydrate increases postprandial insulin levels but does not improve glucose response in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2012; 61:1696-702. [PMID: 22705093 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A combined load of carbohydrate and protein stimulates insulin secretion. However, results on postprandial glucose responses in type 2 diabetic (T2D) subjects have been inconclusive. Therefore, we investigated the effects of co-ingestion of carbohydrate and protein on glucose and insulin responses in these subjects. METHODS After an overnight fast, 30 subjects consumed a drink containing 50 g of slowly-digested isomaltulose (ISO), combined either with a mixture of 21 g whey/soy (ISO+WS) or with 21 g casein (ISO+C) in a randomized order on separate days. In another experiment, the subjects consumed a control drink containing only 50 g ISO. RESULTS No significant differences in glucose responses were observed after ingestion of the drinks. Compared to ingestion of ISO alone, insulin response was ~190%-270% higher (P<.001), whereas insulin action was lower (P<.01) after ingestion of ISO+WS and ISO+C. Plasma insulin levels increased more significantly (P<.001) after ingestion of ISO+WS compared to ISO+C and were positively correlated with total amino acid levels (P<.001). Insulin action, however, showed a greater decrease following ingestion of ISO+WS than ISO+C (P<.01). CONCLUSIONS Combining carbohydrate with protein can elevate postprandial insulin levels, but decreases insulin action, and therefore does not improve glucose response in T2D subjects. Our results further suggest that different types of proteins (i.e., fast-absorbing whey/soy vs. slow-absorbing casein) differently modulate insulin response and insulin action. A fast-absorbing protein mixture reduces insulin action to a greater extent than a slow-absorbing protein, and therefore may not be recommended for glycemic control in T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meidjie Ang
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, Justus-Liebig-Universität, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Hanak DB, Koczwara K, Müller AS, Ziegler AG, Bonifacio E. Nutritional components and their influence on the pathogenesis of murine autoimmune diabetes in early life. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-944029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Müller AS, Most E, Pallauf J. Effects of a supranutritional dose of selenate compared with selenite on insulin sensitivity in type II diabetic dbdb mice. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2005; 89:94-104. [PMID: 15787978 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2005.00559.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to examine the mechanism by which selenate ameliorates the insulin sensitivity in type II diabetic dbdb mice. Therefore, 21-adult female dbdb mice were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (0Se, SeIV and SeVI) with seven animals per group. Mice of group 0Se were fed with a selenium-deficient diet (<0.02 mg Se/kg) based on wheat and torula yeast for 8 weeks whereas the mice of groups SeIV (selenite) and SeVI (selenate) were fed with sodium selenite and sodium selenate (up to 35% of the LD(50) for mice in eighth week), in addition to the diet by daily tube feeding. Eight weeks of selenate application led to significantly elevated insulin sensitivity in comparison with selenium deficiency and selenite application. The activity of cytosolic protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) as important negative regulators of insulin signalling was reduced from 53.8% to 22.5% in the liver and skeletal muscle of selenate-treated mice in comparison with the selenium deficient and selenite-treated controls, suggesting an inhibition of PTPs by intermediary selenate metabolites. In an additional in vitro inhibition study, selenate (oxidation state +VI) did not inhibit PTP activity. Selenium metabolites in the oxidation state +IV were found to be the actual inhibitors of PTP activity. In conclusion, the results of the present study show that one possible mechanism by which supranutritional selenate doses enhance insulin sensitivity in type II diabetic dbdb mice is based on the inhibition of PTPS as negative regulators of insulin signalling. Moreover the cellular metabolism of selenate including its intermediary reduction to the oxidation state +IV seems to play a crucial role during this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Müller
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Müller AS, Pallauf J. Effect of increasing selenite concentrations, vitamin E supplementation and different fetal calf serum content on GPx1 activity in primary cultured rabbit hepatocytes. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2003; 17:183-92. [PMID: 14968931 DOI: 10.1016/s0946-672x(03)80024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary rabbit hepatocytes from 6 week old female New Zealand White rabbits (3.0 x 10(6) viable hepatocytes per treatment) were incubated for 24 h or 48 h with two basic variants of the selenium and vitamin E free DMEM/F12-HAM nutrition medium containing 2.5% or 10% fetal calf serum (FCS). Selenium and vitamin E concentrations of the media were varied by the addition of 0, 10, 50 and 100 ng Se/mL medium as sodium selenite and 100 microg alpha-tocopheryl acetate/mL. Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage of the hepatocytes was not influenced by the various selenium concentrations of the media, whereas vitamin E addition significantly inhibited LDH release. The activity of cellular glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) was markedly induced by increasing the selenium supplementation of the culture media. Vitamin E supply further enhanced GPx1 induction. In hepatocytes cultivated at the lower serum concentration (2.5% FCS), increasing the selenite concentration of the media raised GPx1 and reduced the intracellular levels of the reduced tripeptide glutathione (GSH). No vectored relation between the selenium concentration of the media and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) could be observed. After both incubation periods (24 h and 48 h) SOD activity was significantly higher in the cytosol of hepatocytes grown in media containing 10% FCS as compared to cells incubated at the 2.5% FCS level. Furthermore, SOD activity was reduced by the addition of vitamin E to the media. In conclusion the results indicate an effective metabolism of rabbit hepatocytes for selenite even in amounts as low as nanograms. A general cytoprotective role for vitamin E can be shown by its ability to decrease LDH leakage and by the reduction of SOD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Müller
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Furlanetto TW, Peccin S, de O Schneider MA, dos S Zimmer A, dos Reis PS, Genro SK, Ferreira EV, Bittelbrum F, Müller AS, Silva RW, Siqueira II, da Silveira MF. [Prevalence of thyroid nodules in 40 years-old or old women]. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2000; 46:331-4. [PMID: 11175568 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-42302000000400032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Thyroid nodules constitute a very common clinical problem and the differential diagnosis includes thyroid cancer. As thyroid cancer is rare, it is important to know the prevalence of thyroid nodules in cohorts strongly predisposed to this problem to be able to measure its impact on the health care system, and to devise appropriate diagnostic strategies. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of thyroid nodules in women 40 year-old or older by echography. METHODS Between August 1996 and December 1997, 207 women, 40 year-old or older, were consecutively evaluated by thyroid echography in the Radiology Division of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Patients who came to the Division to be submitted to thyroid echography were excluded. The mean age of patients studied was 54.7 years (median: 53, range: 40-86 years). One hundred and twenty three patients (54.9%) had a normal thyroid and eighty-two had an abnormal gland (39.6%). Thyroid nodules were detected in seventy-three women (35.3%) and these were larger than 1 cm in 35 women (16.9%). Women without thyroid nodules were younger (53.1 +/-10.7 years) than women with thyroid nodules (58.2 +/-10.6 years) p=0.001; and the prevalence of any thyroid nodule (p=0.001) or nodules larger than 1 cm (p=0.007) increased with age. CONCLUSIONS Thyroid nodules are very common in women 40 year-old or older, their prevalence increases with age in this cohort and these nodules are potentially palpable (larger than one cm) in one of six women in this age group It is important to have these data in mind when ordering thyroid echographic studies in women 40 year-old or older.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Furlanetto
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio Grando Sul, Porto Alegre, RS
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