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Taormina B, Escobar-Lux RH, Legrand E, Parsons AE, Kutti T, Husa V, Hannisdal R, Samuelsen OB, Agnalt AL. Effects of the sea lice chemotherapeutant, emamectin benzoate, on metabolism and behaviour of the sea-pen Pennatula phosphorea. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 198:115903. [PMID: 38091631 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutants used to control infestations by sea lice can be released into the marine environment surrounding aquaculture farms. Among these therapeutic agents, emamectin benzoate is extensively utilized even though its impact on non-target taxa has not been thoroughly examined. In this context, we explored the effects of emamectin benzoate on a common Norwegian habitat-forming species: the phosphorescent sea-pen Pennatula phosphorea. Specifically, we examined P. phosphorea metabolic and responses before, during and after exposure to emamectin benzoate. Results indicate that an 8-day emamectin benzoate exposure (0.8 mg/L) did not induce P. phosphorea mortality or significant behavioural or metabolic modifications. However, we highlighted the presence and persistence of emamectin benzoate in exposed P. phosphorea tissue. These results indicate that emamectin benzoate is unlikely to adversely impact P. phosphorea populations in the environment. However, persistence of emamectin benzoate in tissue constitutes a potential for bioaccumulation with repeated treatments and should be examined in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Taormina
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway.
| | - Rosa Helena Escobar-Lux
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, Storebø 5392, Norway
| | - Erwann Legrand
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway
| | | | - Tina Kutti
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway
| | - Vivian Husa
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway
| | - Rita Hannisdal
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway
| | - Ole B Samuelsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway
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Legrand E, Parsons AE, Escobar-Lux RH, Freytet F, Agnalt AL, Samuelsen OB, Husa V. Effect of sea lice chemotherapeutant hydrogen peroxide on the photosynthetic characteristics and bleaching of the coralline alga Lithothamnion soriferum. Aquat Toxicol 2022; 247:106173. [PMID: 35468411 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) represents a major challenge for the salmonid aquaculture industry in Norway. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a chemotherapeutant frequently used on Norwegian farms, however, its toxicity to non-target benthic species and habitats remains poorly understood. Maerl beds are constructed by the accumulation of non-geniculate coralline algae and provide important ecological functions. Due to the rapid expansion of aquaculture in Norway and the continued use of H2O2 as an anti-sea lice treatment, it is crucial to understand the impact of H2O2 on the physiology of maerl-forming species. The effects of a 1 h exposure to H2O2 on the photophysiology and bleaching of the coralline alga Lithothamnion soriferum were examined here through a controlled time-course experiment. PAM fluorimetry measurements showed that H2O2 concentrations ≥ 200 mg l-1 negatively affected photosystem II (PSII) in thalli immediately after exposure, which was observed through a significant decline in maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and relative electron transport rate (rETR). The negative effects on PSII induced by oxidative stress, however, appear to be reversible, and full recovery of photosynthetic characteristics was observed 48 h to 28 days after exposure to 200 mg H2O2 l-1 and 2000 mg H2O2 l-1, respectively. At 28 days after exposure, there was evidence of two- to four-times more bleaching in thalli treated with concentrations ≥ 200 mg H2O2 l-1 compared to those in the control. This indicates that despite the recovery of PSII, persistent damages can occur on the structural integrity of thalli, which may considerably increase the vulnerability of coralline algae to further exposure to H2O2 and other chemical effluents from salmonid farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwann Legrand
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway.
| | - Aoife E Parsons
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway
| | - Rosa H Escobar-Lux
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø 5392, Norway
| | - Florian Freytet
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø 5392, Norway
| | | | - Ole B Samuelsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway
| | - Vivian Husa
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, Bergen 5005, Norway
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Hjelset AM, Danielsen HEH, Westgaard JI, Agnalt AL. Taxonomic and genetic confirmed findings of snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) larvae in the Barents Sea. Polar Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-021-02946-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) is an Arctic cold-water species native to the northwestern Atlantic Ocean and the northern Pacific Ocean. During the recent decades, a population has established in the Barents Sea. Several aspects of the snow crabs’ biology in this area have not been described, including time of hatching, intermoult duration of the different larval stages and larval distribution. Insight into the early-life stages might increase the understanding of the population's dynamics and further spreading in the Barents Sea as well as inform basis for making monitoring and management decisions. The present study investigated the presence and developmental stage of snow crab larva in plankton samples obtained in the central Barents Sea during a research survey in June and July 2019. Presence of snow crab larvae was confirmed through taxonomic and genetic identification. All larvae were identified as zoea I, which gives an indication of the timing of the hatching period. Morphological measurements coincide well with those reported in studies from the species native distribution range. No larvae of native Hyas spp. were found and overlap in temporal and spatial distribution is discussed. The study provides important information for development of further research into the biology of the snow crab in the Barents Sea.
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Escobar-Lux RH, Parsons AE, Samuelsen OB, Agnalt AL. Short-term exposure to hydrogen peroxide induces mortality and alters exploratory behaviour of European lobster (Homarus gammarus). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 204:111111. [PMID: 32795703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bath treatment chemotherapeutants, used to control sea lice infestations in the salmonid aquaculture industry, are released directly into the marine environment around fish farms and pose a serious risk to non-target species, particularly crustaceans. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the most frequently used bath treatment chemotherapeutant on Norwegian fish farms, however, limited information is available on its toxicity to European lobsters (Homarus gammarus), a commercially important species at risk of exposure due to its distribution overlapping with salmon farm locations. The aim of this study was to investigate the lethal effects of H2O2 on pelagic (stage I-IV) larvae/post-larvae and its sub-lethal effects on the benthic stage V H. gammarus. To assess the lethal effects of H2O2, we carried out a series of 1 h toxicity tests and assessed mortality after a 24 h post-exposure period. Exposure to H2O2 was toxic to all pelagic larval stages tested, with estimated median lethal concentrations (LC50) of 177, 404, 665 and 737 mg/L for stage I, II, III and IV, respectively. These concentrations represent approximately 10, 23, 40 and 43%, of the recommended H2O2 concentrations used for delousing salmon on Norwegian fish farms, respectively. To assess the sub-lethal effects of H2O2 on H. gammarus, stage V juveniles were exposed to H2O2 at concentrations of 85, 170 and 510 mg/L for 1 h and shelter-seeking behaviour and mobility endpoints were assessed. Numerous behavioural parameters including distance travelled to shelter, time to locate shelter and the number of shelter inspections, were negatively affected in lobsters exposed to H2O2 when assessed immediately after the exposure period. However, no differences between control and exposed lobsters were detected after a 24 h post-exposure period. Our results demonstrate that short term exposures to H2O2 are lethal to pelagic H. gammarus life stages and can negatively affect the shelter seeking behaviour of benthic life stages, though these behavioural changes may be short-lived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa H Escobar-Lux
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392, Storebø, Norway.
| | - Aoife E Parsons
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole B Samuelsen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
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Parsons AE, Escobar-Lux RH, Sævik PN, Samuelsen OB, Agnalt AL. The impact of anti-sea lice pesticides, azamethiphos and deltamethrin, on European lobster (Homarus gammarus) larvae in the Norwegian marine environment. Environ Pollut 2020; 264:114725. [PMID: 32388310 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Anti-sea lice pesticides, used in the salmonid aquaculture industry, are a growing environmental concern due to their potential to adversely affect non-target crustaceans. Azamethiphos and deltamethrin are two bath treatment pesticides used on salmon farms in Norway, however, limited information is available on their impact on European lobster (Homarus gammarus) larvae in the Norwegian marine environment. Here, we firstly report the lethal (LC50) and effective (EC50) concentrations of azamethiphos and deltamethrin for stage I and stage II larvae, following 1-h exposures. Using a hydrodynamic model, we also modelled the dispersal of both compounds into the marine environment around selected Norwegian farms and mapped the potential impact zones (areas that experience LC50 and EC50 concentrations) around each farm. Our data shows that azamethiphos and deltamethrin are acutely toxic to both larval stages, with LC50 and EC50 values below the recommended treatment concentrations. We also show that the azamethiphos impact zones around farms were relatively small (mean area of 0.04-0.2 km2), however deltamethrin impact zones covered much larger areas (mean area of 21.1-39.0 km2). These findings suggest that deltamethrin poses a significant risk to European lobster in the Norwegian marine environment while the impact of azamethiphos may be less severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife E Parsons
- Institute of Marine Research/ Havforskningsinstituttet, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rosa H Escobar-Lux
- Institute of Marine Research/ Havforskningsinstituttet, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway; Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen High-Technology Centre, PO Box 7803, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål Næverlid Sævik
- Institute of Marine Research/ Havforskningsinstituttet, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole B Samuelsen
- Institute of Marine Research/ Havforskningsinstituttet, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt
- Institute of Marine Research/ Havforskningsinstituttet, PO Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
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Taormina B, Di Poi C, Agnalt AL, Carlier A, Desroy N, Escobar-Lux RH, D'eu JF, Freytet F, Durif CMF. Impact of magnetic fields generated by AC/DC submarine power cables on the behavior of juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus). Aquat Toxicol 2020; 220:105401. [PMID: 31924586 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The number of submarine power cables using either direct or alternating current is expected to increase drastically in coming decades. Data concerning the impact of magnetic fields generated by these cables on marine invertebrates are scarce. In this context, the aim of this study was to explore the potential impact of anthropogenic static and time-varying magnetic fields on the behavior of recently settled juvenile European lobsters (Homarus gammarus) using two different behavioral assays. Day-light conditions were used to stimulate the sheltering behavior and facilitate the video tracking. We showed that juvenile lobsters did not exhibit any change of behavior when submitted to an artificial magnetic field gradient (maximum intensity of 200 μT) compared to non-exposed lobsters in the ambient magnetic field. Additionally, no influence was noted on either the lobsters' ability to find shelter or modified their exploratory behavior after one week of exposure to anthropogenic magnetic fields (225 ± 5 μT) which remained similar to those observed in control individuals. It appears that static and time-varying anthropogenic magnetic fields, at these intensities, do not significantly impact the behavior of juvenile European lobsters in daylight conditions. Nevertheless, to form a complete picture for this biological model, further studies are needed on the other life stages as they may respond differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Taormina
- France Energies Marines, 525 avenue Alexis de Rochon, 29280, Plouzané, France; Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, DYNECO - Laboratoire d'écologie benthique côtière, ZI de la Pointe du Diable - CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France.
| | - Carole Di Poi
- Ifremer, Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Environnement Marin (LEMAR) UMR 6539 UBO/CNRS/IRD/Ifremer, CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Antoine Carlier
- Ifremer, Centre de Bretagne, DYNECO - Laboratoire d'écologie benthique côtière, ZI de la Pointe du Diable - CS 10070, 29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Nicolas Desroy
- Ifremer, Laboratoire Environnement Ressources Bretagne Nord, 38 rue du Port Blanc, 35801, Dinard, France
| | - Rosa Helena Escobar-Lux
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392, Storebø, Norway
| | - Jean-François D'eu
- Mappem Geophysics, Batiment Tech-Iroise, 1 rue des Ateliers, Zone de Mespaol, 29290, Saint-Renan, France
| | - Florian Freytet
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392, Storebø, Norway
| | - Caroline M F Durif
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392, Storebø, Norway
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Escobar-Lux RH, Fields DM, Browman HI, Shema SD, Bjelland RM, Agnalt AL, Skiftesvik AB, Samuelsen OB, Durif CM. The effects of hydrogen peroxide on mortality, escape response, and oxygen consumption of Calanus spp. Facets (Ott) 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2019-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a pesticide used in salmonid aquaculture, is released directly into the environment where nontarget organisms are at risk of exposure. We determined threshold concentrations for mortality of Calanus spp., the dominant zooplankton species in the North Atlantic, and assessed sublethal effects, focusing on the escape response and oxygen consumption rates (OCRs) as behavioral and physiological assays. One-hour exposure to 170 mg·L−1 (i.e., 10% of the recommended H2O2 treatment) was lethal to copepodite stage V (92% mortality) and adult females (100% mortality). The acute median lethal concentration (1h-LC50) was 214.1 (150.67–277.4) and 48.6 (44.9–52.2) mg·L−1 for copepodite V and adults, respectively. The 25-h LC50 was 77.1 (57.9–96.2) and 30.63 (25.4–35.8) mg·L−1 for copepodite V and adults, respectively. At concentrations of 0.5% and 1% of the recommended treatment level, Calanus spp. showed a decrease in escape performance and lower OCRs with increased concentration. At H2O2 concentrations of 5% of the recommended treatment levels (85 mg·L−1), exposed copepods showed no escape reaction response. These results suggest that sublethal concentrations of H2O2 will increase the risk of predation for Calanus spp. Furthermore, this study provides supporting evidence that theoretical “safe” values, traditionally used for predicting toxicity thresholds, underestimate the impact of H2O2 on the physiological condition of nontarget crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa H. Escobar-Lux
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - David M. Fields
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Howard I. Browman
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Steven D. Shema
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Reidun M. Bjelland
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Berit Skiftesvik
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Ole B. Samuelsen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Caroline M.F. Durif
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
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Olsvik PA, Aulin M, Samuelsen OB, Hannisdal R, Agnalt AL, Lunestad BT. Whole-animal accumulation, oxidative stress, transcriptomic and metabolomic responses in the pink shrimp (Pandalus montagui) exposed to teflubenzuron. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:485-497. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pål A. Olsvik
- Institute of Marine Research; Nordnes 5817 Bergen Norway
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture; Nord University; N-8049 Bodø Norway
| | - Marte Aulin
- Institute of Marine Research; Nordnes 5817 Bergen Norway
| | | | - Rita Hannisdal
- Institute of Marine Research; Nordnes 5817 Bergen Norway
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Cresci A, Samuelsen OB, Durif CMF, Bjelland RM, Skiftesvik AB, Browman HI, Agnalt AL. Exposure to teflubenzuron negatively impacts exploratory behavior, learning and activity of juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 160:216-221. [PMID: 29807294 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Infestations with salmon lice, a parasitic copepod, is a major problem in the salmon farming industry. Teflubenzuron is an in-feed pharmaceutical applied to control lice outbreaks; the standard medication is 10 mg per kg fish per day for seven days. Surveys reveal that teflubenzuron accumulates and persists in the sediment around fish farms and causes deformities and mortality in juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus), a species commonly found in the vicinity of salmon farms in Norway. To date, there is no information on sub-lethal effects of teflubenzuron on, for example, behavior. We conducted an experiment to assess possible difference in the shelter seeking behavior of teflubenzuron-exposed (N = 19) vs. not exposed (N = 19) H. gammarus juveniles. The teflubenzuron-exposed juveniles had been given very low concentrations, 1.7 µg per pellet twice per week for 113 days prior to this experiment. The concentration of teflubenzuron was estimated to be less than 1 ng/g lobster when they were tested in the behavior experiment. Animals were placed in a lane with a shelter at one end. Once a lobster had found and entered the shelter, they were repeatedly displaced back to the opposite end of the lane, for a total of 3 repeated runs per animal. Three of the exposed juveniles failed to settle in the shelter, and the remaining teflubenzuron-exposed animals took significantly more time to explore the environment and to find and recognize shelter. Furthermore, exposed lobsters also exhibited slower walking speed compared to the controls. These results demonstrate that teflubenzuron significantly reduces exploratory behavior, learning and activity of juvenile H. gammarus. Thus, exposure to teflubenzuron could increase predation mortality of juvenile lobsters in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cresci
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, FL 33149-1098, USA; Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Ole B Samuelsen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Caroline M F Durif
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Reidun M Bjelland
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Anne Berit Skiftesvik
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Howard I Browman
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
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Olsvik PA, Lunestad BT, Agnalt AL, Samuelsen OB. Impact of teflubenzuron on the rockpool shrimp (Palaemon elegans). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 201:35-43. [PMID: 28939506 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised over the environmental impacts of antiparasitic drugs used to delouse farmed salmon. Released into the marine environment, some of these drugs can have negative impact on non-targeted crustaceans in the vicinity of farming facilities. In this study, we examined the molecular effect of the insecticide teflubenzuron on a shrimp species inhabiting the littoral zone, the rockpool shrimp (Palaemon elegans). Rockpool shrimp was exposed for 98days to a dose representing 2% of a regular teflubenzuron medication applied to Atlantic salmon. Accumulation of teflubenzuron was studied in whole body samples, except abdominal segments 5 and 6, which were used for gene expression analysis. Insight into sublethal mode of action was sought by examining the transcriptional responses of 38 genes encoding proteins linked to molting and exoskeleton change, stress and detoxification. The accumulated levels of teflubenzuron in exposed animals varied between 1.7 and 33.0ng/g. Significant transcriptional effects of exposure were seen for markers linked to molting and exoskeleton change (chh, ctbs, gap65), stress and apoptosis (hsp40, hsp70, casp3), as well for detoxification (cyp6a18). In conclusion, this study shows that teflubenzuron can bioaccumulate in shrimps living in the littoral zone and at sublethal concentrations affects molecular mechanisms in non-hepatopancreatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål A Olsvik
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnesboder 1-2, N-5005 Bergen, Norway; Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, N-8049 Bodø, Norway.
| | - Bjørn T Lunestad
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnesboder 1-2, N-5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt
- Institute of Marine Research, Fish Disease Group, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole B Samuelsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Fish Disease Group, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
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Aspaas S, Grefsrud ES, Fernö A, Jensen KH, Trengereid H, Agnalt AL. An Enriched Environment Promotes Shelter-Seeking Behaviour and Survival of Hatchery-Produced Juvenile European Lobster (Homarus gammarus). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159807. [PMID: 27560932 PMCID: PMC4999228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The high loss of newly released hatchery-reared European lobster (Homarus gammarus) juveniles for stock enhancement is believed to be the result of maladaptive anti-predator behaviour connected to deprived stimuli in the hatchery environment. Our objective was to learn if an enriched hatchery environment enhances shelter-seeking behaviour and survival. In the "naïve" treatment, the juveniles were raised in single compartments without substrate and shelter whereas juveniles in the "exposed" treatment experienced substrate, shelter and interactions with conspecifics. Three experiments with increasing complexity were conducted. Few differences in shelter-seeking behaviour were found between treatments when one naïve or one exposed juvenile were observed alone. When observing interactions between one naïve and one exposed juvenile competing for shelter, naïve juveniles more often initiated the first aggressive encounter. The third experiment was set up to simulate a release for stock enhancement. Naïve and exposed juveniles were introduced to a semi-natural environment including substrate, a limited number of shelters and interactions with conspecifics. Shelter occupancy was recorded three times during a period of 35 days. Exposed juveniles occupied more shelters, grew larger and had higher survival compared with naïve juveniles. Our results demonstrate that experience of environmental complexity and social interactions increase shelter-seeking ability and survival in hatchery reared lobster juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anders Fernö
- Institute of Marine Research, P. O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
- University of Bergen, Department of Biology, P. O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Knut Helge Jensen
- University of Bergen, Department of Biology, P. O. Box 7803, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt
- Institute of Marine Research, P. O. Box 1870 Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
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Olsvik PA, Samuelsen OB, Agnalt AL, Lunestad BT. Transcriptional responses to teflubenzuron exposure in European lobster (Homarus gammarus). Aquat Toxicol 2015; 167:143-156. [PMID: 26318677 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Increasing use of pharmaceutical drugs to delouse farmed salmon raises environmental concerns. This study describes an experiment carried out to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the antiparasitic drug teflubenzuron on a non-target species, the European lobster. Juvenile lobsters (10.3±0.9 mm carapace length) were fed two environmentally relevant doses of teflubenzuron, corresponding to 5 and 20% of a standard salmon medication (10 mg/kg day), termed low and high dose in this study. After 114 days of dietary exposure, whole-animal accumulation of teflubenzuron was determined. One claw from each animal was collected for transcriptional analysis. Overall, exposed animals showed low cumulative mortality. Six animals, two from the low dose treatment and four from the high dose, showed exoskeletal abnormalities (claw deformities or stiff walking legs). Residual levels of teflubenzuron in juvenile lobster were 2.7-fold higher in the high dose (282 ng/g) compared to the low dose treatment (103 ng/g). The transcriptional examination showed significant effects of teflubenzuron on 21 out of 39 studied genes. At the transcriptional level, environmentally relevant levels of the anti-salmon lice drug impacted genes linked to drug detoxification (cyp3a, cyp6a2, cyp302a, sult1b1, abcc4), cellular stress (hsp70, hsp90, chh), oxidative stress (cat, gpx3) and DNA damage (p53), as well as molting and exoskeleton regulation (chi3l1, ecr, jhl1, chs1, ctbs, gap65, jhel-ces1) in claw tissue (muscle and exoskeleton). In conclusion, teflubenzuron at sub-lethal levels can affect many molecular mechanisms in European lobster claws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål A Olsvik
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnesboder 1-2, N-5005 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ole B Samuelsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Fish Disease Group, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt
- Institute of Marine Research, Fish Disease Group, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn T Lunestad
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnesboder 1-2, N-5005 Bergen, Norway
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Samuelsen OB, Lunestad BT, Farestveit E, Grefsrud ES, Hannisdal R, Holmelid B, Tjensvoll T, Agnalt AL. Mortality and deformities in European lobster (Homarus gammarus) juveniles exposed to the anti-parasitic drug teflubenzuron. Aquat Toxicol 2014; 149:8-15. [PMID: 24555954 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study describes experiments carried out to examine effects of the antiparasitic drug teflubenzuron, used in delousing farmed salmon, on a non-target species, the European lobster (Homarus gammarus). Juvenile lobsters were fed two doses of teflubenzuron, 10 and 20mg/kg successively for 7 days corresponding to a standard medication of the fish (10mg/kg day) and twice the standard dose (20mg/kg day). Monitoring lasted 3 months to include at least one moulting period for all individuals. Cumulative mortality was higher in all replicates given medicated feed compared with the control group. Mean cumulative mortality for each dosing was 41 ± 13% for 10mg/kg and 38 ± 8% for 20mg/kg, i.e. no difference. Drug residue was analysed in all juveniles that died, in addition to 12 juveniles at day 8 and the first 12 surviving lobsters. A decline in concentration of teflubenzuron from over 8,000 ng/g (day 5) to 14 ng/g (day 70) was observed in the juveniles that died during the experiment. Twelve individuals that died contained 82 ng/g or less whereas the mean concentration in the first 12 lobsters that survived moulting was 152 ng/g. Following a single oral administration, the half-life of teflubenzuron in lobster was estimated to 3.4 days and the initial concentration (C0) to 515 ng/g at time t0. At the end of the study a considerable number of juvenile lobsters were observed with deformities in various organs; carapace, walking legs, cheliped, tail fan, abdomen and antenna. The occurrence of observed deformities varied from 0 to 15% in treated replicates and will most likely affect ability to locate and consume food (antenna, claw and walking legs), respiration (carapace) and ability to move/swim (walking legs, tail fan and abdomen). In total, the mortality and senescent damages were close to 50% in all replicates. Juveniles that survived medication without deformities however, moulted and increased in size at each moult equally well as the unmedicated controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole B Samuelsen
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Bjørn T Lunestad
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Eva Farestveit
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ellen S Grefsrud
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rita Hannisdal
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjarte Holmelid
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Tore Tjensvoll
- National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, P.O. Box 2029 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, N-5817 Bergen, Norway
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