1
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Cumming IA, Degorce SL, Aagaard A, Braybrooke EL, Davies NL, Diène CR, Eatherton AJ, Felstead HR, Groombridge SD, Lenz EM, Li Y, Nai Y, Pearson S, Robb GR, Scott JS, Steward OR, Wu C, Xue Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y. Identification and optimisation of a pyrimidopyridone series of IRAK4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 63:116729. [PMID: 35439688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report the discovery of a series of pyrimidopyridones as inhibitors of IRAK4 kinase. From a previously disclosed 5-azaquinazoline series, we found that switching the pyridine ring for an N-substituted pyridone gave a novel hinge binding scaffold which retained potency against IRAK4. Importantly, introduction of the carbonyl established an internal hydrogen bond with the 4-NH, establishing a conformational lock and allowing truncation of the large basic substituent to a 1-methylcyclopyl group. Subsequent optimisation, facilitated by X-ray crystal structures, allowed identification of preferred substituents at both the pyridone core and pyrazole. Subsequent combinations of optimal groups allowed control of lipophilicity and identification of potent and selective inhibitors of IRAK4 with better in vitro permeability and lower clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain A Cumming
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom.
| | - Sébastien L Degorce
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Aagaard
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erin L Braybrooke
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Nichola L Davies
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Coura R Diène
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Eatherton
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah R Felstead
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Sam D Groombridge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Eva M Lenz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Yunxia Li
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176 PR China
| | - Youfeng Nai
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176 PR China
| | - Stuart Pearson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme R Robb
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - James S Scott
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver R Steward
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Chengyan Wu
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176 PR China
| | - Yafeng Xue
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lanping Zhang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176 PR China
| | - Yanxiu Zhang
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176 PR China
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2
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Narjes F, Llinas A, von Berg S, Jirholt J, Lever S, Pehrson R, Collins M, Malmberg A, Svanberg P, Xue Y, Olsson RI, Malmberg J, Hughes G, Hossain N, Grindebacke H, Leffler A, Krutrök N, Bäck E, Ramnegård M, Lepistö M, Thunberg L, Aagaard A, McPheat J, Hansson EL, Chen R, Xiong Y, Hansson TG. AZD0284, a Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Inverse Agonist of Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor C2. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13807-13829. [PMID: 34464130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inverse agonists of the nuclear receptor RORC2 have been widely pursued as a potential treatment for a variety of autoimmune diseases. We have discovered a novel series of isoindoline-based inverse agonists of the nuclear receptor RORC2, derived from our recently disclosed RORC2 inverse agonist 2. Extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies resulted in AZD0284 (20), which combined potent inhibition of IL-17A secretion from primary human TH17 cells with excellent metabolic stability and good PK in preclinical species. In two preclinical in vivo studies, compound 20 reduced thymocyte numbers in mice and showed dose-dependent reduction of IL-17A containing γδ-T cells and of IL-17A and IL-22 RNA in the imiquimod induced inflammation model. Based on these data and a favorable safety profile, 20 was progressed to phase 1 clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yafeng Xue
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Linda Thunberg
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Anna Aagaard
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Jane McPheat
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Eva L Hansson
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Rongfeng Chen
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Yao Xiong
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
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3
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Di Fruscia P, Edfeldt F, Shamovsky I, Collie GW, Aagaard A, Barlind L, Börjesson U, Hansson EL, Lewis RJ, Nilsson MK, Öster L, Pemberton J, Ripa L, Storer RI, Käck H. Fragment-Based Discovery of Novel Allosteric MEK1 Binders. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:302-308. [PMID: 33603979 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The MEK1 kinase plays a critical role in key cellular processes, and as such, its dysfunction is strongly linked to several human diseases, particularly cancer. MEK1 has consequently received considerable attention as a drug target, and a significant number of small-molecule inhibitors of this kinase have been reported. The majority of these inhibitors target an allosteric pocket proximal to the ATP binding site which has proven to be highly druggable, with four allosteric MEK1 inhibitors approved to date. Despite the significant attention that the MEK1 allosteric site has received, chemotypes which have been shown structurally to bind to this site are limited. With the aim of discovering novel allosteric MEK1 inhibitors using a fragment-based approach, we report here a screening method which resulted in the discovery of multiple allosteric MEK1 binders, one series of which was optimized to sub-μM affinity for MEK1 with promising physicochemical and ADMET properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Di Fruscia
- Structure Biophysics & Fragments, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Fredrik Edfeldt
- Structure Biophysics & Fragments, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Igor Shamovsky
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research & Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Gavin W. Collie
- Structure Biophysics & Fragments, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Aagaard
- Structure Biophysics & Fragments, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Louise Barlind
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Ulf Börjesson
- Structure Biophysics & Fragments, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Eva L. Hansson
- Mechanistic Biology and Profiling, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Richard J. Lewis
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research & Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Magnus K. Nilsson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research & Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Linda Öster
- Structure Biophysics & Fragments, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Josefine Pemberton
- Structure Biophysics & Fragments, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - Lena Ripa
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research & Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
| | - R. Ian Storer
- Structure Biophysics & Fragments, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Käck
- Structure Biophysics & Fragments, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 431 83, Sweden
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4
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Degorce SL, Aagaard A, Anjum R, Cumming IA, Diène CR, Fallan C, Johnson T, Leuchowius KJ, Orton AL, Pearson S, Robb GR, Rosen A, Scarfe GB, Scott JS, Smith JM, Steward OR, Terstiege I, Tucker MJ, Turner P, Wilkinson SD, Wrigley GL, Xue Y. Improving metabolic stability and removing aldehyde oxidase liability in a 5-azaquinazoline series of IRAK4 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115815. [PMID: 33091850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report our efforts towards improving in vitro human clearance in a series of 5-azaquinazolines through a series of C4 truncations and C2 expansions. Extensive DMPK studies enabled us to tackle high Aldehyde Oxidase (AO) metabolism and unexpected discrepancies in human hepatocyte and liver microsomal intrinsic clearance. Our efforts culminated with the discovery of 5-azaquinazoline 35, which also displayed exquisite selectivity for IRAK4, and showed synergistic in vitro activity against MyD88/CD79 double mutant ABC-DLBCL in combination with the covalent BTK inhibitor acalabrutinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien L Degorce
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States.
| | - Anna Aagaard
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rana Anjum
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Iain A Cumming
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Coura R Diène
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Charlene Fallan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Johnson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexandra L Orton
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Pearson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme R Robb
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Rosen
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Graeme B Scarfe
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - James S Scott
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - James M Smith
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver R Steward
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Ina Terstiege
- Medicinal Chemistry, R&I, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Michael J Tucker
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Turner
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Wilkinson
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Gail L Wrigley
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge Science Park, Unit 310 Darwin Building, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Yafeng Xue
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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5
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Merk D, Sreeramulu S, Kudlinzki D, Saxena K, Linhard V, Gande SL, Hiller F, Lamers C, Nilsson E, Aagaard A, Wissler L, Dekker N, Bamberg K, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Schwalbe H. Molecular tuning of farnesoid X receptor partial agonism. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2915. [PMID: 31266946 PMCID: PMC6606567 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bile acid-sensing transcription factor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates multiple metabolic processes. Modulation of FXR is desired to overcome several metabolic pathologies but pharmacological administration of full FXR agonists has been plagued by mechanism-based side effects. We have developed a modulator that partially activates FXR in vitro and in mice. Here we report the elucidation of the molecular mechanism that drives partial FXR activation by crystallography- and NMR-based structural biology. Natural and synthetic FXR agonists stabilize formation of an extended helix α11 and the α11-α12 loop upon binding. This strengthens a network of hydrogen bonds, repositions helix α12 and enables co-activator recruitment. Partial agonism in contrast is conferred by a kink in helix α11 that destabilizes the α11-α12 loop, a critical determinant for helix α12 orientation. Thereby, the synthetic partial agonist induces conformational states, capable of recruiting both co-repressors and co-activators leading to an equilibrium of co-activator and co-repressor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60348, Germany.
| | - Sridhar Sreeramulu
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - Denis Kudlinzki
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Krishna Saxena
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Verena Linhard
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - Santosh L Gande
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Fabian Hiller
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany
| | - Christina Lamers
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60348, Germany
| | - Ewa Nilsson
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 43183, Sweden
| | - Anna Aagaard
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 43183, Sweden
| | - Lisa Wissler
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 43183, Sweden
| | - Niek Dekker
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 43183, Sweden
| | - Krister Bamberg
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, 43183, Sweden
| | | | - Harald Schwalbe
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60438, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
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6
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von Berg S, Xue Y, Collins M, Llinas A, Olsson RI, Halvarsson T, Lindskog M, Malmberg J, Jirholt J, Krutrök N, Ramnegård M, Brännström M, Lundqvist A, Lepistö M, Aagaard A, McPheat J, Hansson EL, Chen R, Xiong Y, Hansson TG, Narjes F. Discovery of Potent and Orally Bioavailable Inverse Agonists of the Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor C2. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:972-977. [PMID: 31223457 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The further optimization of a recently disclosed series of inverse agonists of the nuclear receptor RORC2 is described. Investigations into the left-hand side of compound 1, guided by X-ray crystal structures, led to the substitution of the 4-aryl-thiophenyl residue with the hexafluoro-2-phenyl-propan-2-ol moiety. This change resulted in to compound 28, which combined improved drug-like properties with good cell potency and a significantly lower dose, using an early dose to man prediction. Target engagement in vivo was demonstrated in the thymus of mice by a reduction in the number of double positive T cells after oral dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rongfeng Chen
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Yao Xiong
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
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7
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Granberg KL, Yuan ZQ, Lindmark B, Edman K, Kajanus J, Hogner A, Malmgren M, O’Mahony G, Nordqvist A, Lindberg J, Tångefjord S, Kossenjans M, Löfberg C, Brånalt J, Liu D, Selmi N, Nikitidis G, Nordberg P, Hayen A, Aagaard A, Hansson E, Hermansson M, Ivarsson I, Jansson-Löfmark R, Karlsson U, Johansson U, William-Olsson L, Hartleib-Geschwindner J, Bamberg K. Identification of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Modulators with Low Impact on Electrolyte Homeostasis but Maintained Organ Protection. J Med Chem 2018; 62:1385-1406. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dongmei Liu
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., No. 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
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8
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Narjes F, Xue Y, von Berg S, Malmberg J, Llinas A, Olsson RI, Jirholt J, Grindebacke H, Leffler A, Hossain N, Lepistö M, Thunberg L, Leek H, Aagaard A, McPheat J, Hansson EL, Bäck E, Tångefjord S, Chen R, Xiong Y, Hongbin G, Hansson TG. Potent and Orally Bioavailable Inverse Agonists of RORγt Resulting from Structure-Based Design. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7796-7813. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Linda Thunberg
- Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Hanna Leek
- Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Rongfeng Chen
- Pharmaron Beijing Company, Ltd., Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Yao Xiong
- Pharmaron Beijing Company, Ltd., Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
| | - Ge Hongbin
- Pharmaron Beijing Company, Ltd., Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, PR China
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9
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Bamberg K, Johansson U, Edman K, William-Olsson L, Myhre S, Gunnarsson A, Geschwindner S, Aagaard A, Björnson Granqvist A, Jaisser F, Huang Y, Granberg KL, Jansson-Löfmark R, Hartleib-Geschwindner J. Preclinical pharmacology of AZD9977: A novel mineralocorticoid receptor modulator separating organ protection from effects on electrolyte excretion. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193380. [PMID: 29474466 PMCID: PMC5825103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation promotes target organ dysfunction, vascular injury and fibrosis. MR antagonists like eplerenone are used for treating heart failure, but their use is limited due to the compound class-inherent hyperkalemia risk. Here we present evidence that AZD9977, a first-in-class MR modulator shows cardio-renal protection despite a mechanism-based reduced liability to cause hyperkalemia. AZD9977 in vitro potency and binding mode to MR were characterized using reporter gene, binding, cofactor recruitment assays and X-ray crystallopgraphy. Organ protection was studied in uni-nephrectomised db/db mice and uni-nephrectomised rats administered aldosterone and high salt. Acute effects of single compound doses on urinary electrolyte excretion were tested in rats on a low salt diet. AZD9977 and eplerenone showed similar human MR in vitro potencies. Unlike eplerenone, AZD9977 is a partial MR antagonist due to its unique interaction pattern with MR, which results in a distinct recruitment of co-factor peptides when compared to eplerenone. AZD9977 dose dependently reduced albuminuria and improved kidney histopathology similar to eplerenone in db/db uni-nephrectomised mice and uni-nephrectomised rats. In acute testing, AZD9977 did not affect urinary Na+/K+ ratio, while eplerenone increased the Na+/K+ ratio dose dependently. AZD9977 is a selective MR modulator, retaining organ protection without acute effect on urinary electrolyte excretion. This predicts a reduced hyperkalemia risk and AZD9977 therefore has the potential to deliver a safe, efficacious treatment to patients prone to hyperkalemia.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Aldosterone
- Animals
- Benzoates/chemistry
- Benzoates/pharmacokinetics
- Benzoates/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Eplerenone
- Humans
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/chemistry
- Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/pharmacokinetics
- Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Molecular Structure
- Oxazines/chemistry
- Oxazines/pharmacokinetics
- Oxazines/pharmacology
- Potassium/urine
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Sodium/urine
- Sodium, Dietary
- Spironolactone/analogs & derivatives
- Spironolactone/chemistry
- Spironolactone/pharmacokinetics
- Spironolactone/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Krister Bamberg
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Johansson
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karl Edman
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lena William-Olsson
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanna Myhre
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Gunnarsson
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefan Geschwindner
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Aagaard
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Björnson Granqvist
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frédéric Jaisser
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138 Team 1, Paris, France
| | - Yufeng Huang
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Kenneth L. Granberg
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Jansson-Löfmark
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Judith Hartleib-Geschwindner
- Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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Sandmark J, Dahl G, Öster L, Xu B, Johansson P, Akerud T, Aagaard A, Davidsson P, Bigalke JM, Winzell MS, Rainey GJ, Roth RG. Structure and biophysical characterization of the human full-length neurturin-GFRa2 complex: A role for heparan sulfate in signaling. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5492-5508. [PMID: 29414779 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurturin (NRTN) provides trophic support to neurons and is considered a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease. It binds to its co-receptor GFRa2, and the resulting NRTN-GFRa2 complex activates the transmembrane receptors rearranged during transfection (RET) or the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM). We report the crystal structure of NRTN, alone and in complex with GFRa2. This is the first crystal structure of a GFRa with all three domains and shows that domain 1 does not interact directly with NRTN, but it may support an interaction with RET and/or NCAM, via a highly conserved surface. In addition, biophysical results show that the relative concentration of GFRa2 on cell surfaces can affect the functional affinity of NRTN through avidity effects. We have identified a heparan sulfate-binding site on NRTN and a putative binding site in GFRa2, suggesting that heparan sulfate has a role in the assembly of the signaling complex. We further show that mutant NRTN with reduced affinity for heparan sulfate may provide a route forward for delivery of NRTN with increased exposure in preclinical in vivo models and ultimately to Parkinson's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Sandmark
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Göran Dahl
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Linda Öster
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Bingze Xu
- the Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.,Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden
| | - Patrik Johansson
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Tomas Akerud
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Anna Aagaard
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | - Pia Davidsson
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, and
| | - Janna M Bigalke
- From the Departments of Structure, Biophysics and Fragment-based Lead Generation, Discovery Sciences
| | | | - G Jonah Rainey
- the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, and
| | - Robert G Roth
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden,
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11
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Sjögren T, Wassvik CM, Snijder A, Aagaard A, Kumanomidou T, Barlind L, Kaminski TP, Kashima A, Yokota T, Fjellström O. The Structure of Murine N 1-Acetylspermine Oxidase Reveals Molecular Details of Vertebrate Polyamine Catabolism. Biochemistry 2017; 56:458-467. [PMID: 28029774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
N1-Acetylspermine oxidase (APAO) catalyzes the conversion of N1-acetylspermine or N1-acetylspermidine to spermidine or putrescine, respectively, with concomitant formation of N-acetyl-3-aminopropanal and hydrogen peroxide. Here we present the structure of murine APAO in its oxidized holo form and in complex with substrate. The structures provide a basis for understanding molecular details of substrate interaction in vertebrate APAO, highlighting a key role for an asparagine residue in coordinating the N1-acetyl group of the substrate. We applied computational methods to the crystal structures to rationalize previous observations with regard to the substrate charge state. The analysis suggests that APAO features an active site ideally suited for binding of charged polyamines. We also reveal the structure of APAO in complex with the irreversible inhibitor MDL72527. In addition to the covalent adduct, a second MDL72527 molecule is bound in the active site. Binding of MDL72527 is accompanied by altered conformations in the APAO backbone. On the basis of structures of APAO, we discuss the potential for development of specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Sjögren
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Carola M Wassvik
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Arjan Snijder
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Aagaard
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Taichi Kumanomidou
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Louise Barlind
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Tim P Kaminski
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Akiko Kashima
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yokota
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Ola Fjellström
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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12
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Nordqvist A, O'Mahony G, Fridén-Saxin M, Fredenwall M, Hogner A, Granberg KL, Aagaard A, Bäckström S, Gunnarsson A, Kaminski T, Xue Y, Dellsén A, Hansson E, Hansson P, Ivarsson I, Karlsson U, Bamberg K, Hermansson M, Georgsson J, Lindmark B, Edman K. Structure-Based Drug Design of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists to Explore Oxosteroid Receptor Selectivity. ChemMedChem 2016; 12:50-65. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Nordqvist
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 43183 Sweden
| | - Gavin O'Mahony
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 43183 Sweden
| | - Maria Fridén-Saxin
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 43183 Sweden
| | - Marlene Fredenwall
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 43183 Sweden
| | - Anders Hogner
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 43183 Sweden
| | - Kenneth L. Granberg
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 43183 Sweden
| | - Anna Aagaard
- Discovery Sciences; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Stefan Bäckström
- Discovery Sciences; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Anders Gunnarsson
- Discovery Sciences; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Tim Kaminski
- Discovery Sciences; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Yafeng Xue
- Discovery Sciences; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Anita Dellsén
- Discovery Sciences; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Eva Hansson
- Discovery Sciences; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Pia Hansson
- Discovery Sciences; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Ida Ivarsson
- Discovery Sciences; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Ulla Karlsson
- Discovery Sciences; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Krister Bamberg
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 43183 Sweden
| | - Majlis Hermansson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 43183 Sweden
| | - Jennie Georgsson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 43183 Sweden
| | - Bo Lindmark
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 Mölndal 43183 Sweden
| | - Karl Edman
- Discovery Sciences; Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
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13
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Olsson RI, Xue Y, von Berg S, Aagaard A, McPheat J, Hansson EL, Bernström J, Hansson P, Jirholt J, Grindebacke H, Leffler A, Chen R, Xiong Y, Ge H, Hansson TG, Narjes F. Back Cover: Benzoxazepines Achieve Potent Suppression of IL-17 Release in Human T-Helper 17 (T H17) Cells through an Induced-Fit Binding Mode to the Nuclear Receptor RORγ (ChemMedChem 2/2016). ChemMedChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roine I. Olsson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Yafeng Xue
- Discovery Sciences; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Stefan von Berg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Anna Aagaard
- Discovery Sciences; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Jane McPheat
- Discovery Sciences; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Eva L. Hansson
- Discovery Sciences; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Jenny Bernström
- Discovery Sciences; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Pia Hansson
- Discovery Sciences; AstraZeneca; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Johan Jirholt
- Department of Bioscience; AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Hanna Grindebacke
- Department of Bioscience; AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Agnes Leffler
- Department of Bioscience; AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Rongfeng Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Pharmaron Beijing Co.; 6 Taihe Road, BDA Beijing 10076 P. R. China
| | - Yao Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Pharmaron Beijing Co.; 6 Taihe Road, BDA Beijing 10076 P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Ge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Pharmaron Beijing Co.; 6 Taihe Road, BDA Beijing 10076 P. R. China
| | - Thomas G. Hansson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
| | - Frank Narjes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed; Pepparedsleden 1 43183 Mölndal Sweden
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14
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Edman K, Hosseini A, Bjursell MK, Aagaard A, Wissler L, Gunnarsson A, Kaminski T, Köhler C, Bäckström S, Jensen TJ, Cavallin A, Karlsson U, Nilsson E, Lecina D, Takahashi R, Grebner C, Geschwindner S, Lepistö M, Hogner AC, Guallar V. Ligand Binding Mechanism in Steroid Receptors: From Conserved Plasticity to Differential Evolutionary Constraints. Structure 2015; 23:2280-2290. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Olsson RI, Xue Y, von Berg S, Aagaard A, McPheat J, Hansson EL, Bernström J, Hansson P, Jirholt J, Grindebacke H, Leffler A, Chen R, Xiong Y, Ge H, Hansson TG, Narjes F. Benzoxazepines Achieve Potent Suppression of IL-17 Release in Human T-Helper 17 (TH 17) Cells through an Induced-Fit Binding Mode to the Nuclear Receptor RORγ. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:207-16. [PMID: 26553345 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RORγt, an isoform of the retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma (RORc, RORγ), has been identified as the master regulator of T-helper 17 (TH 17) cell function and development, making it an attractive target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Validation for this target comes from antibodies targeting interleukin-17 (IL-17), the signature cytokine produced by TH 17 cells, which have shown impressive results in clinical trials. Through focused screening of our compound collection, we identified a series of N-sulfonylated benzoxazepines, which displayed micromolar affinity for the RORγ ligand-binding domain (LBD) in a radioligand binding assay. Optimization of these initial hits resulted in potent binders, which dose-dependently decreased the ability of the RORγ-LBD to interact with a peptide derived from steroid receptor coactivator 1, and inhibited the release of IL-17 secretion from isolated and cultured human TH 17 cells with nanomolar potency. A cocrystal structure of inverse agonist 15 (2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-(4-{[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]sulfonyl}-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzoxazepin-7-yl)benzamide) bound to the RORγ-LBD illustrated that both hydrophobic interactions, leading to an induced fit around the substituted benzamide moiety of 15, as well as a hydrogen bond from the amide NH to His479 seemed to be important for the mechanism of action. This structure is compared with the structure of agonist 25 (N-(2-fluorophenyl)-4-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzoxazepin-6-amine ) and structures of other known RORγ modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roine I Olsson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Yafeng Xue
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Stefan von Berg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Aagaard
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jane McPheat
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Eva L Hansson
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jenny Bernström
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Pia Hansson
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Johan Jirholt
- Department of Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Hanna Grindebacke
- Department of Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Agnes Leffler
- Department of Bioscience, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rongfeng Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaron Beijing Co., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing, 10076, P. R. China
| | - Yao Xiong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaron Beijing Co., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing, 10076, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Ge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaron Beijing Co., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing, 10076, P. R. China
| | - Thomas G Hansson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Frank Narjes
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, AstraZeneca, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity iMed, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183, Mölndal, Sweden.
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16
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Karpefors M, Ädelroth P, Aagaard A, Smirnova IA, Brzezinski P. The Deuterium Isotope Effect as a Tool to Investigate Enzyme Catalysis: Proton-Transfer Control Mechanisms in CytochromecOxidase. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.199900048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Malmström J, Viklund J, Slivo C, Costa A, Maudet M, Sandelin C, Hiller G, Olsson LL, Aagaard A, Geschwindner S, Xue Y, Vasänge M. Synthesis and structure-activity relationship of 4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)-thiophene-2-sulfonamides as cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5)/p25 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5919-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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18
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Bodin C, Mauritzson F, Horsefield R, Aagaard A, Guo H, Öster L, Wissler L, Ek M. Solutions for the storage and handling of SPINE standard pucks. J Synchrotron Radiat 2012; 19:288-289. [PMID: 22338692 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049511054689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Currently there is no rack system for the long-term storage of SPINE pucks in spite of their commercial availability and heavy usage at the ESRF. The only way to store pucks is in transport dewar canisters which presents a number of limitations and drawbacks. Here a simple affordable rack for storing SPINE pucks is described, which we believe is accessible to not only synchrotrons but also both academic and industrial research laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Bodin
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, SE-43183 Mölndal, Sweden
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19
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Cowieson NP, Listwan P, Kurz M, Aagaard A, Ravasi T, Wells C, Huber T, Hume DA, Kobe B, Martin JL. Pilot studies on the parallel production of soluble mouse proteins in a bacterial expression system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 6:13-20. [PMID: 15965734 DOI: 10.1007/s10969-005-0462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the parallel production in medium throughput of mouse proteins, using protocols that involved recombinatorial cloning, protein expression screening and batch purification. The methods were scaled up to allow the simultaneous processing of tens or hundreds of protein samples. Scale-up was achieved in two stages. In an initial study, 30 targets were processed manually but with common protocols for all targets. In the second study, these protocols were applied to 96 target proteins that were processed in an automated manner. The success rates at each stage of the study were similar for both the manual and automated approaches. Overall, 15 of the selected 126 target mouse genes (12%) yielded soluble protein products in a bacterial expression system. This success rate compares favourably with other protein screening projects, particularly for eukaryotic proteins, and could be further improved by modifications at the cloning step.
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20
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Aagaard A, Listwan P, Cowieson N, Huber T, Ravasi T, Wells CA, Flanagan JU, Kellie S, Hume DA, Kobe B, Martin JL. An Inflammatory Role for the Mammalian Carboxypeptidase Inhibitor Latexin: Relationship to Cystatins and the Tumor Suppressor TIG1. Structure 2005; 13:309-17. [PMID: 15698574 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Revised: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Latexin, the only known mammalian carboxypeptidase inhibitor, has no detectable sequence similarity with plant and parasite inhibitors, but it is related to a human putative tumor suppressor protein, TIG1. Latexin is expressed in the developing brain, and we find that it plays a role in inflammation, as it is expressed at high levels and is inducible in macrophages in concert with other protease inhibitors and potential protease targets. The crystal structure of mouse latexin, solved at 1.83 A resolution, shows no structural relationship with other carboxypeptidase inhibitors. Furthermore, despite a lack of detectable sequence duplication, the structure incorporates two topologically analogous domains related by pseudo two-fold symmetry. Surprisingly, these domains share a cystatin fold architecture found in proteins that inhibit cysteine proteases, suggesting an evolutionary and possibly functional relationship. The structure of the tumor suppressor protein TIG1 was modeled, revealing its putative membrane binding surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aagaard
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Gilderson G, Salomonsson L, Aagaard A, Gray J, Brzezinski P, Hosler J. Subunit III of cytochrome c oxidase of Rhodobacter sphaeroides is required to maintain rapid proton uptake through the D pathway at physiologic pH. Biochemistry 2003; 42:7400-9. [PMID: 12809495 DOI: 10.1021/bi0341298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic core of cytochrome c oxidase is composed of three subunits where subunits I and II contain all of the redox-active metal centers and subunit III is a seven transmembrane helix protein that binds to subunit I. The N-terminal region of subunit III is adjacent to D132 of subunit I, the initial proton acceptor of the D pathway that transfers protons from the protein surface to the buried active site approximately 30 A distant. The absence of subunit III only slightly alters the initial steady-state activity of the oxidase at pH 6.5, but activity declines sharply with increasing pH, yielding an apparent pK(a) of 7.2 for steady-state O(2) reduction. When subunit III is present, cytochrome oxidase is more active at higher pH, and the apparent pK(a) of steady-state O(2) reduction is 8.5. Single-turnover experiments show that proton uptake through the D pathway at pH 8 slows from >10000 s(-1) in the presence of subunit III to 350 s(-1) in its absence. At low pH (5.5) the D pathway of the oxidase lacking subunit III regains its capacity for rapid proton uptake. Analysis of the F --> O transition indicates that the apparent pK(a) of the D pathway in the absence of subunit III is 6.8, similar to that of steady-state O(2) reduction (7.2). The pK(a) of D132 itself may decline in the absence of subunit III since its carboxylate group will be more exposed to solvent water. Alternatively, part of a proton antenna for the D pathway may be lost upon removal of subunit III. It is proposed that one role of subunit III in the normal oxidase is to maintain rapid proton uptake through the D pathway at physiologic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Gilderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Namslauer A, Aagaard A, Katsonouri A, Brzezinski P. Intramolecular proton-transfer reactions in a membrane-bound proton pump: the effect of pH on the peroxy to ferryl transition in cytochrome c oxidase. Biochemistry 2003; 42:1488-98. [PMID: 12578361 DOI: 10.1021/bi026524o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the membrane-bound redox-driven proton pump cytochrome c oxidase, electron- and proton-transfer reactions must be coupled, which requires controlled modulation of the kinetic and/or thermodynamic properties of proton-transfer reactions through the membrane-spanning part of the protein. In this study we have investigated proton-transfer reactions through a pathway that is used for the transfer of both substrate and pumped protons in cytochrome c oxidase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Specifically, we focus on the formation of the so-called F intermediate, which is rate limited by an internal proton-transfer reaction from a possible branching point in the pathway, at a glutamic-acid residue (E(I-286)), to the binuclear center. We have also studied the reprotonation of E(I-286) from the bulk solution. Evaluation of the data in terms of a model presented in this work gives a rate of internal proton transfer from E(I-286) to the proton acceptor at the catalytic site of 1.1 x 10(4) s(-1). The apparent pK(a) of the donor (E(I-286)), determined from the pH dependence of the F-formation kinetics, was found to be 9.4, while the pK(a) of the proton acceptor at the catalytic site is likely to be > or = 2.5 pH units higher. In the pH range up to pH 10 the proton equilibrium between the bulk solution and E(I-286) was much faster than 10(4) s(-1), while in the pH range above pH 10 the proton uptake from solution is rate limiting for the overall reaction. The apparent second-order rate constant for proton transfer from the bulk solution to E(I-286) is >10(13) M(-1) s(-1), which indicates that the proton uptake is assisted by a local buffer consisting of protonatable residues at the protein surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Namslauer
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Aagaard A, Namslauer A, Brzezinski P. Inhibition of proton transfer in cytochrome c oxidase by zinc ions: delayed proton uptake during oxygen reduction. Biochim Biophys Acta 2002; 1555:133-9. [PMID: 12206905 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(02)00268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of Zn ions on proton-transfer reactions in cytochrome c oxidase. In the absence of Zn(2+) the transition from the "peroxy" (P(R)) to the "ferryl" (F) intermediate has a time constant of approximately 100 micros and it is associated with proton transfer from the bulk solution with an intrinsic time constant of <<100 micros, but rate limited by the P(R)-->F transition. While in the presence of 100 microM Zn(2+) the P(R)-->F transition was slowed by a factor of approximately 2, proton uptake from the bulk solution was impaired to a much greater extent. Instead, about two protons (one proton in the absence of Zn(2+)) were taken up during the next reaction step, i.e. the decay of F to the oxidized (O) enzyme with a time constant of approximately 2.5 ms. Thus, the results show that there is one proton available within the enzyme that can be used for oxygen reduction and confirm our previous observation that F can be formed without proton uptake from the bulk solution. No effect of Zn(2+) was observed with a mutant enzyme in which Asp(I-132), at the entry point of the D-pathway, was replaced by its non-protonatable analogue Asn. In addition, no effect of Zn(2+) was observed on the F-->O transition rate when measured in D(2)O, because in D(2)O, the transition is internally slowed to approximately 10 ms, which is already slower than with bound Zn(2+). Together with earlier results showing that both the P(R)-->F and F-->O transitions are associated with proton uptake through the D-pathway, the results from this study indicate that Zn(2+) binds to and blocks the entrance of the D-pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aagaard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Gilderson G, Aagaard A, Brzezinski P. Relocation of an internal proton donor in cytochrome c oxidase results in an altered pK(a) and a non-integer pumping stoichiometry. Biophys Chem 2002; 98:105-14. [PMID: 12128193 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-4622(02)00088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides has two proton-input pathways leading from the protein surface towards the catalytic site, located within the membrane-spanning part of the enzyme. One of these pathways, the D-pathway, contains a highly conserved Glu residue [E(I-286)], which plays an important role in proton transfer through the pathway. In a recent study, we showed that a mutant enzyme in which E(I-286) was re-located to the opposite side of the D-pathway [EA(I-286)/IE(I-112) double mutant enzyme] was able to pump protons, although with a stoichiometry that was lower than that of the wild-type enzyme (approximately 0.6 H(+)/e(-)) (Aagaard et al. (2000) Biochemistry 39, 15847-15850). These results showed that the residue must not necessarily be located at a specific place in the amino-acid sequence, but rather at a specific location in space. In this study, we have investigated the effect of moving E(I-286) on the kinetics of specific reaction steps of the catalytic cycle in the pH range 6-11. Our results show that during the reaction of the four-electron reduced enzyme with O(2), the rates of the two first transitions (up to formation of the 'peroxy' intermediate, P(r)) are the same for the double mutant as for the wild-type enzyme, but formation of the oxo-ferryl (F) and fully oxidized (O) states, associated with proton uptake from the bulk solution, are slowed by factors of approximately 30 and approximately 400, respectively. Thus, in spite of the dramatically reduced transition rates, the proton-pumping stoichiometry is reduced only by approximately 40%. The apparent pK(a) values in the pH-dependencies of the rates of the P(R)-->F and F-->O transitions were >3 and approximately 2 units lower than those of the corresponding transitions in the wild-type enzyme, respectively. The relation between the modified pK(a)s, the transition rates between oxygen intermediates and the pumping stoichiometry is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen Gilderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase is a membrane-bound enzyme that catalyses the reduction of O2 to H2O and uses part of the energy released in this reaction to pump protons across the membrane. We have investigated the effect of addition of Zn2+ on the kinetics of two reaction steps in cytochrome c oxidase that are associated with proton pumping; the peroxy to oxo-ferryl (P(r)-->F) and the oxo-ferryl to oxidised (F-->O) transitions. The Zn2+ binding resulted in a decrease of the F-->O rate from 820 s(-1) (no Zn2+) to a saturating value of approximately 360 s(-1) with an apparent K(D) of approximately 2.6 microM. The P(r)-->F rate (approximately 10[(4) s(-1)] before addition of Zn2+) decreased more slowly with increasing Zn2+ concentration and a K(D) of approximately 120 microM was observed. The effects on both kinetic phases were fully reversible upon addition of EDTA. Since both the P(r)-->F and F-->O transitions are associated with proton uptake through the D-pathway, a Zn2+-binding site is likely to be located at the entry point of this pathway, where several carboxylates and histidine residues are found that may co-ordinate Zn2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aagaard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Gilderson G, Aagaard A, Gomes CM, Adelroth P, Teixeira M, Brzezinski P. Kinetics of electron and proton transfer during O(2) reduction in cytochrome aa(3) from A. ambivalens: an enzyme lacking Glu(I-286). Biochim Biophys Acta 2001; 1503:261-70. [PMID: 11115638 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(00)00195-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acidianus ambivalens is a hyperthermoacidophilic archaeon which grows optimally at approximately 80 degrees C and pH 2.5. The terminal oxidase of its respiratory system is a membrane-bound quinol oxidase (cytochrome aa(3)) which belongs to the heme-copper oxidase superfamily. One difference between this quinol oxidase and a majority of the other members of this family is that it lacks the highly-conserved glutamate (Glu(I-286), E. coli ubiquinol oxidase numbering) which has been shown to play a central role in controlling the proton transfer during reaction of reduced oxidases with oxygen. In this study we have investigated the dynamics of the reaction of the reduced A. ambivalens quinol oxidase with O(2). With the purified enzyme, two kinetic phases were observed with rate constants of 1.8&z.ccirf;10(4) s(-1) (at 1 mM O(2), pH 7.8) and 3. 7x10(3) s(-1), respectively. The first phase is attributed to binding of O(2) to heme a(3) and oxidation of both hemes forming the 'peroxy' intermediate. The second phase was associated with proton uptake from solution and it is attributed to formation of the 'oxo-ferryl' state, the final state in the absence of quinol. In the presence of bound caldariella quinol (QH(2)), heme a was re-reduced by QH(2) with a rate of 670 s(-1), followed by transfer of the fourth electron to the binuclear center with a rate of 50 s(-1). Thus, the results indicate that the quinol donates electrons to heme a, followed by intramolecular transfer to the binuclear center. Moreover, the overall electron and proton-transfer kinetics in the A. ambivalens quinol oxidase are the same as those in the E. coli ubiquinol oxidase, which indicates that in the A. ambivalens enzyme a different pathway is used for proton transfer to the binuclear center and/or other protonatable groups in an equivalent pathway are involved. Potential candidates in that pathway are two glutamates at positions (I-80) and (I-83) in the A. ambivalens enzyme (corresponding to Met(I-116) and Val(I-119), respectively, in E. coli cytochrome bo(3)).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gilderson
- Department of Biochemistry, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden
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Aagaard A, Gilderson G, Mills DA, Ferguson-Miller S, Brzezinski P. Redesign of the proton-pumping machinery of cytochrome c oxidase: proton pumping does not require Glu(I-286). Biochemistry 2000; 39:15847-50. [PMID: 11123910 DOI: 10.1021/bi0012641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the putative proton-transfer pathways leading from solution toward the binuclear center in many cytochrome c oxidases is the D-pathway, so-called because it starts with a highly conserved aspartate [D(I-132)] residue. Another highly conserved amino acid residue in this pathway, glutamate(I-286), has been indicated to play a central role in the proton-pumping machinery of mitochondrial-type enzymes, a role that requires a movement of the side chain between two distinct positions. In the present work we have relocated the glutamate to the opposite side of the proton-transfer pathway by constructing the double mutant EA(I-286)/IE(I-112). This places the side chain in about the same position in space as in the original enzyme, but does not allow for the same type of movement. The results show that the introduction of the second-site mutation, IE(I-112), in the EA(I-286) mutant enzyme results in an increase of the enzyme activity by a factor of >10. In addition, the double mutant enzyme pumps approximately 0.4 proton per electron. This observation restricts the number of possible mechanisms for the operation of the redox-driven proton pump. The proton-pumping machinery evidently does require the presence of a protonatable/polar residue at a specific location in space, presumably to stabilize an intact water chain. However, this residue does not necessarily have to be at a strictly conserved location in the amino acid sequence. In addition, the results indicate that E(I-286) is not the "proton gate" of cytochrome c oxidase controlling the flow of pumped protons from one to the other side of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aagaard
- Department of Biochemistry, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Aagaard A, Gilderson G, Gomes CM, Teixeira M, Brzezinski P. Dynamics of the binuclear center of the quinol oxidase from Acidianus ambivalens. Biochemistry 1999; 38:10032-41. [PMID: 10433710 DOI: 10.1021/bi990473m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of carbon monoxide binding to the fully reduced quinol oxidase (cytochrome aa(3)) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Acidianus ambivalens. After flash photolysis of CO from heme a(3), the complex recombines with an apparent rate constant of approximately 3 s(-1), which is much slower than with the bovine cytochrome c oxidase (approximately 80 s(-1)). Investigation of the CO-recombination rate as a function of the CO concentration shows that the rate saturates at high CO concentrations, which indicates that CO must bind transiently to Cu(B) before binding to heme a(3). With the A. ambivalens enzyme the rate reached 50% of its maximum level (which reflects the dissociation constant of the Cu(B)(CO) complex) at approximately 13 microM CO, which is a concentration approximately 10(3) times smaller than for the bovine enzyme (approximately 11 mM). After CO dissociation we observed a rapid absorbance relaxation with a rate constant of approximately 1.4 x 10(4) s(-1), tentatively ascribed to a heme-pocket relaxation associated with release of CO after transient binding to Cu(B). The equilibrium constant for CO transfer from Cu(B) to heme a(3) was approximately 10(4) times smaller for the A. ambivalens than for the bovine enzyme. The approximately 10(3) times smaller Cu(B)(CO) dissociation constant, in combination with the approximately 10(4) times smaller equilibrium constant for the internal CO transfer, results in an apparent dissociation constant of the heme a(3)(CO) complex which is "only" about 10 times larger for the A. ambivalens ( approximately 4 x 10(-3) mM) than for the bovine (0.3 x 10(-3) mM) enzyme. In summary, the results show that while the basic mechanism of CO binding to the binuclear center is similar in the A. ambivalens and bovine (and R. sphaeroides) enzymes, the heme-pocket dynamics of the two enzymes are dramatically different, which is discussed in terms of the different structural details of the A. ambivalens quinol oxidase and adaptation to different living conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aagaard
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Göteborg University, Sweden
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Marantz Y, Nachliel E, Aagaard A, Brzezinski P, Gutman M. The proton collecting function of the inner surface of cytochrome c oxidase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:8590-5. [PMID: 9671722 PMCID: PMC21120 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.15.8590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The experiments presented in this study address the problem of how the cytoplasmic surface (proton-input side) of cytochrome c oxidase interacts with protons in the bulk. For this purpose, the cytoplasmic surface of the enzyme was labeled with a fluorescein (Flu) molecule covalently bound to Cys223 of subunit III. Using the Flu as a proton-sensitive marker on the surface and phiOH as a soluble excited-state proton emitter, the dynamics of the acid-base equilibration between the surface and the bulk was measured in the time-resolved domain. The results were analyzed by using a rigorous kinetic analysis that is based on numeric integration of coupled nonliner differential rate equations in which the rate constants are used as adjustable parameters. The analysis of 11 independent measurements, carried out under various initial conditions, indicated that the protonation of the Flu proceeds through multiple pathways involving diffusion-controlled reactions and proton exchange among surface groups. The surface of the protein carries an efficient system made of carboxylate and histidine moieties that are sufficiently close to each other as to form a proton-collecting antenna. It is the passage of protons among these sites that endows cytochrome c oxidase with the capacity to pick up protons from the buffered cytoplasmic matrix within a time frame compatible with the physiological turnover of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Marantz
- Laser Laboratory for Fast Reactions in Biology, Department of Biology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Israel
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Karpefors M, Adelroth P, Aagaard A, Sigurdson H, Svensson Ek M, Brzezinski P. Electron-proton interactions in terminal oxidases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998; 1365:159-69. [PMID: 9693734 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(98)00058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome c and ubiquinol oxidases discussed in this article are membrane-bound redox-driven proton pumps which couple an electron current to a proton current across the membrane. This coupling requires a control of the thermodynamics and/or rates of internal electron- and proton-transfer reactions (termed 'gating'). Therefore, to understand the structure-function relation of these proton pumps, individual electron- and proton-transfer reactions must be investigated. We have undertaken such studies by using a combination of site-directed mutagenesis and spectroscopic techniques. The results show that proton uptake/release upon reduction/oxidation of heme a3 takes place on a ms-time scale through the K-pathway (including Thr(I-359) and Lys(I-362)), but not through the D-pathway (including Asp(I-132) and Glu(I-286)). During reaction of the reduced enzyme with O2, both substrate and pumped protons are taken up through the D-pathway (but not through the K-pathway) in a biphasic process with time constants of 100 microseconds and 1 ms. Thus, the original assignment of the role of the D-pathway (used only for pumped protons) must be revised. Dynamic studies of proton uptake to the enzyme surface show that on the proton-input side, the surface carries a proton-collecting antenna made of carboxylate and histidine residues which enable the enzyme to pick up protons with a rate compatible to the enzyme turnover rate. These results are consistent with the three-dimensional cytochrome c oxidase structure which shows that the entry point to the D-pathway (but not to the K-pathway) is surrounded by a network of histidine residues within a negative electrostatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karpefors
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Göteborg University, Sweden
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Aagaard A, Godiksen S, Teglers PT, Schiødt M, Glenert U. Comparison between new saliva stimulants in patients with dry mouth: a placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. J Oral Pathol Med 1992; 21:376-80. [PMID: 1403845 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1992.tb01369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Two new saliva stimulants: V6 and a mucin containing chewing gum were tested in this placebo-controlled double-blind crossover study. Forty-three patients (mean age 63 yr) complaining of dry mouth participated. The products were administered in a randomized order, and used for 2 wk each. The effect was evaluated by interviews and by determining changes in stimulated and unstimulated saliva flow rates. A positive effect was reported by 64%, 44%, and 26% of the patients using the mucin chewing gum, V6, and the placebo, respectively. More than 2/3 of the patients found the mucin chewing gum efficient at various times and situations. Sixty-one percent of the patients preferred the mucin chewing gum, 21% V6, and 5% the placebo product. Fifty percent of the patients had an increase in unstimulated salivary secretion rate from all products after 14 days regular use indicating a long-term effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aagaard
- Division of Auxilliary Training and Education, Royal Dental College, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Aagaard A, Sewerin I. Reduction of body doses in rotational panoramic radiography by means of reduced beam width in combination with rare earth intensifying screens. Scand J Dent Res 1986; 94:530-5. [PMID: 3468601 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1986.tb01796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The absorbed doses in the body of a Rando-Alderson phantom were measured in rotational panoramic radiography (OP-5) with LiF-700 crystals using conventional intensifying screens and standard collimator, as well as rare earth intensifying screens and a collimator slit of reduced width. The reduction of the absorbed doses obtained by using the latter combination was calculated. The reduction range in different regions was 0-50%. The greatest reduction was obtained in the cranial part of the phantom. In the caudal part little or no reduction was observed, probably because leakage radiation contributes substantially to the absorbed doses in this area. The average dose equivalent was calculated for organs in which measurements were made in several locations. The reduction was about 50% for these organs except for the gonads (8%). Compared to the estimated average annual dose equivalent originating from the natural background radiation sources, the dose equivalent resulting from this X-ray examination was very small except in the thyroid gland. In this organ the dose equivalent from one exposure corresponded to 36 days of natural background radiation, but it could be reduced to 18 days by using rare earth intensifying screens in combination with reduced beam width.
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Lissau I, Aagaard A. [A socio-etiologic study of 432 Danish mandibular fractures]. Tandlaegebladet 1983; 87:345-349. [PMID: 6577627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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