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Bisio A, Schito AM, Pedrelli F, Danton O, Reinhardt JK, Poli G, Tuccinardi T, Bürgi T, De Riccardis F, Giacomini M, Calzia D, Panfoli I, Schito GC, Hamburger M, De Tommasi N. Antibacterial and ATP Synthesis Modulating Compounds from Salvia tingitana. J Nat Prod 2020; 83:1027-1042. [PMID: 32182064 PMCID: PMC7997632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A surface extract of the aerial parts of Salvia tingitana afforded a nor-sesterterpenoid (1) and eight new sesterterpenoids (2-̵9), along with five known sesterterpenoids, five labdane and one abietane diterpenoid, one sesquiterpenoid, and four flavonoids. The structures of the new compounds were established by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, HRESIMS, and VCD data and Mosher's esters analysis. The antimicrobial activity of compounds was evaluated against 30 human pathogens including 27 clinical strains and three isolates of marine origin for their possible implications on human health. The methyl ester of salvileucolide (10), salvileucolide-6,23-lactone (11), sclareol (15), and manool (17) were the most active against Gram-positive bacteria. The compounds were also tested for the inhibition of ATP production in purified mammalian rod outer segments. Terpenoids 10, 11, 15, and 17 inhibited ATP production, while only 17 inhibited also ATP hydrolysis. Molecular modeling studies confirmed the capacity of 17 to interact with mammalian ATP synthase. A significant reduction of ATP production in the presence of 17 was observed in Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bisio
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna M. Schito
- Department
of Integrated Surgical and Diagnostical Sciences, University of Genova, Largo Rosanna Benzi 8, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Pedrelli
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Ombeline Danton
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob K. Reinhardt
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Poli
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Thomas Bürgi
- Department
of Chemical Physics, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Francesco De Riccardis
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology, University of
Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy
| | - Mauro Giacomini
- Department
of Informatics Bioengineering Robotics and System Engineering, University of Genova, Via all’Opera Pia, 13, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Calzia
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Schito
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy
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Bisio A, De Mieri M, Milella L, Schito AM, Parricchi A, Russo D, Alfei S, Lapillo M, Tuccinardi T, Hamburger M, De Tommasi N. Antibacterial and Hypoglycemic Diterpenoids from Salvia chamaedryoides. J Nat Prod 2017; 80:503-514. [PMID: 28186413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A surface extract of the aerial parts of Salvia chamaedryoides afforded 13 diterpenes (1-13), with seven compounds (1, 3, 4, 7-9, 12) described for the first time. The structures of the new compounds were established using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods, HRESIMS, and ECD data. The potential hypoglycemic effects of the crude extract, fractions, and pure compounds from S. chamaedryoides were investigated by inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes. The extract and its fractions showed a moderate dose-dependent inhibition; the pure compounds exhibited differential inhibitory activity against these two enzymes. Molecular modeling studies were also performed to suggest the interaction mode of compound 3 in the α-glucosidase enzyme active site. The antimicrobial activity of the purified compounds was investigated against 26 clinical pathogens. No activity was detected for the Gram-negative species tested nor on Candida albicans and C. glabrata, while variable susceptibilities were observed using Gram-positive staphylococcal and enterococcal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Bisio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova , Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria De Mieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Milella
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata , Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Anna M Schito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche e Diagnostiche Integrate, Sezione di Microbiologia, Università di Genova , Largo Rosanna Benzi 8, 16145 Genova, Italy
| | - Anita Parricchi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova , Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Daniela Russo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della Basilicata , Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Silvana Alfei
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Genova , Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Margherita Lapillo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa , Via Bonanno 6 and 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa , Via Bonanno 6 and 33, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Matthias Hamburger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy
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Schito AM, Piatti G, Stauder M, Bisio A, Giacomelli E, Romussi G, Pruzzo C. Effects of demethylfruticuline A and fruticuline A from Salvia corrugata Vahl. on biofilm production in vitro by multiresistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010; 37:129-34. [PMID: 21163629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, demethylfruticuline A (dfA) and fruticuline A (fA), two quinones representing the major diterpenoid components of the exudate produced by the aerial parts of Salvia corrugata, were assessed for their ability to modify surface characteristics, such as hydrophobicity, and to inhibit synthesis of biofilm in vitro by multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis. Five strains of S. aureus (three meticillin-resistant and two meticillin-susceptible), five strains of S. epidermidis (four meticillin-resistant and one meticillin-susceptible) and eight vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis, all recently isolated from clinical specimens and capable of slime production, were studied. fA decrease by at least two-fold the hydrophobic properties of the S. aureus cell membrane but did not affect S. epidermidis or E. faecalis. Biofilm formation on polystyrene plates was quantified spectrophotometrically by established methodologies. Inhibition of biofilm formation was also confirmed by the Congo red agar plate assay. dfA and fA were more effective against S. aureus strains (>70% effect at subinhibitory concentrations) than against S. epidermidis in inhibiting slime synthesis. Against E. faecalis, dfA at subinhibitory concentration induced an inhibition of biofilm production of ca. 60%; fA was less active and more strain-dependent. Moreover, the two compounds were shown to possess chelating activity on divalent and trivalent metal cations. Interactions of fA and dfA with bacteria could be very complex, possibly being species-specific, and could depend not only on inhibition of exopolysaccharide synthesis but also on their chelating activity and on changes in the microorganism's surface, including cell hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Schito
- Department of Surgical Science, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
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Saverino D, Schito AM, Mannini A, Penco S, Bassi AM, Piatti G. Quinolone/fluoroquinolone susceptibility in Escherichia coli correlates with human polymicrobial bacteriuria and with in vitro interleukine-8 suppression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 61:84-93. [PMID: 21070386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequently polymicrobial diseases mainly sustained by Escherichia coli in association with other opportunistic pathogens. Cystitis and pyelonephritis are usually accompanied by an inflammatory response, which includes neutrophil recruitment. Uropathogenic E. coli possess the ability to evade host defenses, modulating the innate immune response. The aim of this study was to determine whether particular E. coli strains correlate with polymicrobial bacteriuria and whether escape from the early host defenses and microbial synergy could lead to mixed UTIs. We evaluated 188 E. coli-positive urine samples and assessed the relationships among polymicrobism, neutrophil presence and several traits of E. coli isolates (virulence factors such as hlyA, fimA, papC and their relative products, i.e. hemolysin, type 1 and P fimbriae, and cnf1, their phylogenetic group) and their ability to suppress cytokine response in 5637 bladder epithelial cells. Escherichia coli susceptibility toward quinolones and fluoroquinolones, known to be linked to the pathogenicity of this species, was also considered. We found significant correlations among polymicrobial bacteriuria, absence of pyuria and quinolone/fluoroquinolone susceptibility of E. coli isolates and their enhanced capability to suppress interleukin-8 urothelial production when compared with the patterns induced by the resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Saverino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Anatomy, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Roveta S, Schito AM, Marchese A, Schito GC. Activity of moxifloxacin on biofilms produced in vitro by bacterial pathogens involved in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 30:415-21. [PMID: 17768034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether moxifloxacin is able to inhibit the synthesis of and to disrupt biofilms produced in vitro by bacterial pathogens involved in acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Three strains each of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli recently isolated from clinical respiratory specimens and capable of slime production were used. Biofilm formation on polystyrene plates was quantified spectrophotometrically by established methodologies. Moxifloxacin (0.5 mg/L) inhibited slime synthesis by >70% in S. aureus, H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, 45-70% in E. coli and 35-70% in M. catarrhalis. Disruption of pre-formed structures was also promoted by moxifloxacin both for initial (5h) and mature (48 h) biofilms. Drug concentrations reached during therapy (0.5-4 mg/L) resulted in a breakdown of initial biofilm of 60-80% in H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae, 48-86% in S. aureus, 37-69% in M. catarrhalis and 51-71% in E. coli. Mature biofilms were less susceptible to degradation. Moxifloxacin at concentrations that can be achieved in the bronchial mucosa during therapy therefore promotes a significant inhibition of biofilm synthesis and induces slime disruption, a feature that may be instrumental in reducing the exacerbations so frequently observed in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Roveta
- Sezione di Microbiologia, Di.S.C.A.T., University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Gualco L, Schito AM, Schito GC, Marchese A. In vitro activity of prulifloxacin against Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections and the biological cost of prulifloxacin resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29:679-87. [PMID: 17363225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and mutant prevention concentrations (MPCs) of prulifloxacin against 30 strains of Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections as well as the 'biological cost' related to acquisition of resistance to the same drug in 10 uropathogenic E. coli were assessed. In terms of MIC(90), prulifloxacin was more potent than ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. Prulifloxacin produced lower or equal MPC values than the other two fluoroquinolones (93.3% and 73.3% compared with levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, respectively). Compared with susceptible strains, prulifloxacin-resistant mutants showed a reduced rate of growth (ranging from 20.0% to 98.0% in different culture media and incubation conditions) and a decreased fitness index (ranging from 0.959 to 0.999). They were also impaired in their ability to adhere to uroepithelial cells and urinary catheters (11.7-66.4% and 16.3-78.3% reduction, respectively) and showed a lower surface hydrophobicity (51.2-76.0%). They were more susceptible to ultraviolet irradiation (30.6-93.8% excess mortality), showed increased resistance to colicins and diminished transfer of plasmids (<1-8.5x10(-8) vs. 3.3x10(-7)-2.4x10(-4)). Synthesis of haemolysin and type I fimbriae and production of flagella were also adversely affected. This study demonstrates a strict relationship between acquisition of prulifloxacin resistance and loss of important virulence traits. In this transition, E. coli pays a severe biological cost that entails a general reduction of fitness, thus compromising competition with susceptible wild-type strains in the absence of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gualco
- Sezione di Microbiologia del DiSCAT, University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Gualco L, Debbia EA, Bandettini R, Pescetto L, Cavallero A, Ossi MC, Schito AM, Marchese A. Antifungal resistance in Candida spp. isolated in Italy between 2002 and 2005 from children and adults. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 29:179-84. [PMID: 17175140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The activity of amphotericin B, fluconazole, flucytosine, itraconazole and voriconazole was tested in vitro against 618 clinical Candida spp. isolates, using the broth microdilution or the disk diffusion method (voriconazole). Amphotericin B and voriconazole were the most potent antifungal agents assayed (100% of susceptible strains). Resistance to fluconazole and itraconazole was detected in three (0.7%) and 11 (2.7%) isolates of Candida albicans and in four (3.7%) isolates of Candida glabrata. Flucytosine intermediate, resistant strains, or both, were observed in C. albicans (0.3% and 0.7%), C. glabrata (2.8% intermediate) and C. tropicalis (15.2% and 15.2%). C. krusei was the least susceptible species to azoles. No statistically significant differences in the rates of resistant isolates depending on site of infection and age of the patient were observed, with the exception of C. albicans and itraconazole (higher percentage of resistance in children). At present, acquired antifungal resistance represents an uncommon finding in most Candida spp. circulating in Northern Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Gualco
- Sezione di Microbiologia del Di.S.C.A.T. University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The in vitro activity of ertapenem was evaluated in comparison to 21 selected agents against a large collection of recently isolated respiratory tract pathogens including: 180 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 100 Streptococcus pyogenes, 70 Haemophilus influenzae, 70 Moraxella catarrhalis, 100 methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and 30 Klebsiella pneumoniae. Additional in vitro tests (time-kill curves with ertapenem alone and in combination with four other agents) for S. pneumoniae were carried out. METHODS MIC determinations and time-kill curves were carried out following the procedures suggested by the NCCLS. RESULTS According to NCCLS susceptibility breakpoints, ertapenem was comparable to the most potent compounds tested for all pathogens studied. Ertapenem was 100% active against penicillin-susceptible and -intermediate S. pneumoniae and against 60% of penicillin-resistant strains. Time-kill tests at 4x MIC confirmed a pronounced bactericidal potency of ertapenem against these organisms. Interactions of ertapenem with several other agents against pneumococci resulted in clear synergic interactions (98.4%). Indifference was extremely rare and antagonism was not observed. All S. pyogenes strains tested were inhibited by ertapenem, irrespective of their macrolide resistance phenotypes. Ertapenem was also fully active against H. influenzae (100% susceptible) and M. catarrhalis (MIC90 0.015-0.03 mg/L) even when capable of synthesizing beta-lactamases. Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and K. pneumoniae, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing strains, were 100% susceptible to ertapenem. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that ertapenem has a suitable spectrum of activity against organisms encountered in community-acquired bacterial respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marchese
- Sezione di Microbiologia del Di.S.C.A.T., University of Genoa, Largo R.Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Schito
- Institute of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
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Duprè I, Zanetti S, Schito AM, Fadda G, Sechi LA. Incidence of virulence determinants in clinical Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis isolates collected in Sardinia (Italy). J Med Microbiol 2003; 52:491-498. [PMID: 12748268 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are widely distributed in the environment; within the human body, they are normal commensals of the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract and vagina. In recent years, enterococci have become one of the most frequent causes of acquired nosocomial infections worldwide. The molecular mechanism of virulence of these bacteria is still not completely understood. The aims of this work were to characterize phenotypically 47 isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium collected in Sardinia (Italy) by their abilities to adhere to different epithelial cell lines (Vero and Caco-2 cells) and to associate their phenotypes with the presence of known virulence genes detected within their genomes by PCR. The following genes were amplified: AS (aggregation substance), esp (surface protein gene), ace (accessory colonization factor), efaA (E. faecalis endocarditis antigen) and gelE (gelatinase). The virulence genes were detected in E. faecalis isolates only, with the exception of esp, which was found in both species. The phenotypic and genotypic results were also compared with the susceptibility of isolates to various antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Duprè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, Università degli studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy 2Istituto di Microbiologia C. A. Romanzi, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy 3Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy#dReceived 29 July 2002 Accepted 4 March 2003
| | - S Zanetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, Università degli studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy 2Istituto di Microbiologia C. A. Romanzi, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy 3Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy#dReceived 29 July 2002 Accepted 4 March 2003
| | - A M Schito
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, Università degli studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy 2Istituto di Microbiologia C. A. Romanzi, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy 3Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy#dReceived 29 July 2002 Accepted 4 March 2003
| | - G Fadda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, Università degli studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy 2Istituto di Microbiologia C. A. Romanzi, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy 3Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy#dReceived 29 July 2002 Accepted 4 March 2003
| | - L A Sechi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Viale S. Pietro 43/B, Università degli studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy 2Istituto di Microbiologia C. A. Romanzi, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy 3Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy#dReceived 29 July 2002 Accepted 4 March 2003
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Schito AM, Schito GC, Debbia E, Russo G, Liñares J, Cercenado E, Bouza E. Antibacterial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae from Italy and Spain: data from the PROTEKT surveillance study, 1999-2000. J Chemother 2003; 15:226-34. [PMID: 12868547 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2003.15.3.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial resistance was evaluated among Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=252) and Haemophilus influenzae (n=202) from two centres in Spain (Barcelona and Madrid) and two centres in Italy (Genoa and Catania) collected during 1999-2000 as part of the ongoing PROTEKT (Prospective Resistant Organism Tracking and Epidemiology for the Ketolide Telithromycin) international surveillance program. Pneumococcal nonsusceptibility to penicillin G was found to be considerably higher in Spain (53.4%) than in Italy (15.1%), whereas erythromycin A resistance was higher in Italy (42.9%) than in Spain (28.6%). Among macrolide-resistant isolates investigated for resistance genes, the prevalence of mefA was higher among isolates from Italy (20/51, 39.2%) than among Spanish isolates (2/38, 5.3%). All other macrolide-resistant isolates possessed ermB. Telithromycin possessed good anti-pneumococcal activity against isolates from both countries (MIC90 0.03 mg/L [Spain]; 0.25 mg/L [Italy]), irrespective of resistance to other antibacterials. Beta-lactamase production among H. influenzae was low: Spain, 10.9%; Italy, 1.8%. With the exception of ampicillin and co-trimoxazole, all H. influenzae isolates were highly susceptible to the antibacterials tested, and all were inhibited by telithromycin at a concentration of < or = 2 mg/L. The findings of PROTEKT 1999-2000 highlight the importance of local resistance patterns in guiding the choice of empirical antibacterials for community-acquired respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Schito
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Facoltà di Medicina, Università di Genova, Italy
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12
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Graffeo R, Ranno S, Marchetti S, Capodicasa N, Schito AM, Fuga L, Amico R, Cattani P, Fadda G. HHV 8 seroprevalence and transmission within Albanian family groups. New Microbiol 2003; 26:1-6. [PMID: 12578305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
The recently discovered Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV 8) is associated with all clinical forms of Kaposi's sarcoma. While early research suggested that the virus was transmitted sexually and that it was present only in KS patients, more recent studies seem to show that infection with the virus is more common than once thought, presenting differing distribution patterns in different geographical areas. In this study we analyze seroprevalence and transmission of HHV 8 in a sample of 86 family groups from Albania. Participants were selected among families requesting routine pre-expatriation medical examinations at the Poliambulatorio Padre "L. Monti" in Tirana. Specimens were collected from 180 healthy individuals and tested for the presence of a specific antibody. Antibody anti-HHV-8 detection was performed by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The study found an overall rate of HHV 8 seroprevalence of 20.0%. In 4.5% of couples the male and female were both positive, in 30.2% at least one partner was positive; (in 17.4% only the male was positive; in 12.8% only the female). These results support the hypothesis that HHV 8 spreads via multiple transmission routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Graffeo
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Marchese A, Debbia EA, Tonoli E, Gualco L, Schito AM. In vitro activity of thiamphenicol against multiresistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus in Italy. J Chemother 2002; 14:554-61. [PMID: 12583545 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2002.14.6.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Thiamphenicol is a derivative of chloramphenicol characterized by a spectrum comparable to that of the parent compound against multiresistant pathogens but showing satisfactory tolerability. The in vitro activity of thiamphenicol and of 11 comparative drugs against 397 recently isolated antibiotic-resistant and/or invasive pneumococci and 52 multiply-resistant MRSA including 2 VISA strains was determined. Bactericidal activity against Haemophilus influenzae and the post-antibiotic effect on Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were also assessed. Against invasive pneumococci, thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol were the most potent non-beta-lactam molecules together with vancomycin and rifampin. Against high-level penicillin-resistant strains phenicol activities were superior to those of cefotaxime, ceftriaxone and imipenem. Against MRSA thiamphenicol and chloramphenicol were second only to the glycopetides and also inhibited the VISA strains. Thiamphenicol showed a significant PAE (0.33 to 2.9h) on all pathogens studied and a powerful bactericidal effect against beta-lactamase-positive and -negative H. influenzae. These results indicate a good in vitro activity of thiamphenicol against difficult-to-treat multiply resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marchese
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Genoa, Italy.
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14
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Nicoletti G, Blandino G, Caccamo F, Friscia O, Schito AM, Speciale A. The Italian Epidemiological Survey 1997-1999. Antimicrobial susceptibility data of Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis in Italy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 20:263-9. [PMID: 12385682 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The Italian Epidemiological Survey began a surveillance study with the aim of monitoring the antimicrobial resistance of respiratory pathogens. From 1997 to 1999, 2028 strains of Haemophilus influenzae and 523 strains of Haemophilus parainfluenzae were collected from 59 Clinical Microbiology Laboratories distributed throughout Italy. In 1998, the study was extended to include Moraxella catarrhalis and a total of 360 isolates were collected. There was a significant increase in the beta-lactamase production both for H. influenzae (from 5% in 1997 to 16% in 1999) and for H. parainfluenzae (from 5% in 1997 to 22% in 1999). Beta-lactamase production in M. catarrhalis was 84% in 1998 and 87% in 1999. Beta-lactamase production affected the susceptibility to unprotected penicillins (87% in H. influenzae, 85% in H. parainfluenzae and 34% in M. catarrhalis), and in part the susceptibility to cefaclor (about 98%). Amoxycillin/clavulanate, cefixime, ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin were active against all strains of H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae and M. catarrhalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Nicoletti
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, Institute of Microbiology, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124, Catania, Italy.
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15
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Abstract
Persisters are a small proportion of a bacterial population that exists in a physiological state permitting survival despite the lethal activity of antibiotics. To explain this phenomenon, it has been suggested that persisters are bacteria repairing spontaneous errors of DNA synthesis. To verify this assumption, Escherichia coli AB1157 and its lexA3 derivative were exposed to a dose 6x MIC of various antibiotics representative of different molecular mechanisms of action (ampicillin, ceftriaxone, meropenem, amikacin, ciprofloxacin). Bacterial cell counts, after 24 hr of exposure to the antimicrobials, revealed a reduction of about 90% of viable organisms in the lexA3 strains in comparison to the lexA+. In several cases, the number of colony-forming units decreased below the limit of assay. This behavior was noted with all antibiotics used, alone or in combination (amikacin plus ceftriaxone and amikacin plus ciprofloxacin). The same experiments were repeated using E. coli AB1157 cultured in the presence of mitomycin C (0.25x MIC), and the number of survivors exceeded by about 90% the values found in the nonexposed control. In contrast, in the sulA background, mitomycin C reacted synergically with all the antibiotics tested causing a strong reduction of the survivors in comparison with the control. The addition of chloramphenicol (0.125x MIC), on the contrary, caused a reduction of the number of survivors of about 90%. These findings indicate that, when DNA repair is active (a mechanism known to block cell division), the number of survivors is greater than that observed with lexA3. Thus, in addition to other possible explanations, persisters might be a fraction of bacteria that during antibiotic treatment are not growing because they are repairing spontaneous errors of DNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Debbia
- Institute of Microbiology C.A. Romanzi, University of Genoa, Italy.
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16
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Stefani S, Mezzatesta ML, Tempera G, Debbra E, Schito AM, Nicoletti G, Marchére A. Comparative activity of linezolid against staphylococci and enterococci isolated in Italy. Clin Microbiol Infect 2002; 8:368-72. [PMID: 12084106 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The activity of linezolid, a new oxazolidinone, was tested against 862 Gram-positive cocci isolated in Italy and compared with the activities of 12 antibiotics. Overall, MIC90s for linezolid (2-4 mg/L) indicated an in vitro activity comparable to that of vancomycin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (4 mg/L), S. epidermidis (2 mg/L) and methicillin-susceptible strains. Enterococcus faecalis strains were susceptible to linezolid (MIC90 2-4 mg/L), glycopeptides and beta-lactams. In E. faecium, only glycopeptides (MIC90 2 mg/L) and linezolid (MIC90 2 mg/L) were active. Linezolid was the only drug active against two strains of Enterococcus showing a VanA phenotype. Owing to its antibacterial profile, linezolid represents a promising drug for the treatment of Gram-positive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stefani
- Department of Microbiological and Gynecologic Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy.
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17
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Mazzaglia G, Arcoraci V, Blandino G, Miragliotta G, Schito AM, Pasquantonio G, Nicoletti G, Caputi AP. Antibiotic prescribing for dental conditions: a community-based study in southern Italy. J Chemother 2002; 14:65-70. [PMID: 11892902 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2002.14.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate for which conditions antibiotics are being used in community dental practice, and which clinical features represent the most common reason for an antibacterial approach to the treatment of dental conditions. The study was carried out from November 1998 to June 1999. Dentists were selected according to the different areas of southern Italy, from a list provided by the Italian Society of Dentists. Out of 87 selected dentists, 33 agreed to participate and filled in 1615 questionnaires for each therapeutic intervention ending with antibiotic treatment. Analysis of data indicated that alveolar-gingival abscesses were the most commonly treated infection, accounting for 23.6% of total treatments, followed by acute periodontitis (20.6%) and disodontiasis of the 3rd molar (18.5%). Parenteral antibiotics were chosen in 7.8% of cases. Penicillins were the most commonly used group, 40.1% of total treatments, followed by macrolides (30.2%) and cephalosporins (13.4%). Moreover, penicillins were widely used for post-surgery therapy (52.1%) and disodontiasis of the 3rd molar (50.8%), while macrolides were the most commonly used group for gingivitis (44.1%) and parodontal diseases (55.0%). The choice of parenteral antibiotics was related to severe general symptoms (odds ratios [OR], 4.4; 95% CI: 2.2-9.0), pain (OR, 2.7; 95% CI: 1.2-6.1) and lymphonodal involvement (OR, 6.4; 95% CI: 2.7-15.1). In conclusion, our study demonstrates that antibiotic treatment is often based on the eradication of as many microorganisms as possible, and on the clinical assessment of the patients, rather than on any knowledge of the pathogens involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mazzaglia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Messina, Italy
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18
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Klitz W, Brautbar C, Schito AM, Barcellos LF, Oksenberg JR. Evolution of the CCR5 Delta32 mutation based on haplotype variation in Jewish and Northern European population samples. Hum Immunol 2001; 62:530-8. [PMID: 11334678 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(01)00239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) serves as a fusion cofactor for macrophage-tropic strains of HIV-1. In addition, CCR5 has been shown to mediate the entry of poxviruses into target cells. Individuals homozygous for the Delta32 deletion-mutation have no surface expression of CCR5 and are highly protected against HIV-1 infection. To gain insights into the evolution of the mutation in modern populations, the relatively high frequency of the Delta32-ccr5 allele in some European and Jewish populations is explored here by examining haplotypes of 3p21.3 constructed of five polymorphic marker loci surrounding CCR5. By sampling Ashkenazi, non-Ashkenazi and non-Jewish populations, we utilize the natural experiment that occurred as a consequence of the Jewish Diaspora, and demonstrate that a single mutation was responsible for all copies of Delta32. This mutation must have moved from Northern European populations to the Ashkenazi Jews where evidence suggests that Delta32 carriers of both groups were favored by repeated occurrence of epidemic small pox beginning in the 8th century AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Klitz
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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19
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Schito AM, Vittinghoff E, Hecht FM, Elkins MK, Kahn JO, Levy JA, Oksenberg JR. Longitudinal analysis of T-cell receptor gene use by CD8(+) T cells in early human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Blood 2001; 97:214-20. [PMID: 11133763 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.1.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of early antiretroviral therapy on the peripheral CD8(+) T-cell population were assessed by sequentially determining the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire complexity in a cohort of 15 individuals recently diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Analysis was based on quantitative TCR variable B gene (TCRBV) usage and complementary-determining region 3 length assessment. Repertories were assessed at baseline and at weeks 2, 4, 12, 24, and 72 after initiation of therapy. Early administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy has a positive effect on the preservation and homeostasis of the CD8(+) cell repertoire. Nevertheless, differences from average baseline and control TCR profiles and initial development of repertoire perturbations were observed. The findings suggest that additional therapeutic protocols will be required during primary infection to significantly prevent long-term erosion of the T-cell-mediated immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage
- Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cohort Studies
- Complementarity Determining Regions/analysis
- Complementarity Determining Regions/drug effects
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/drug effects
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor/drug effects
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor/immunology
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV-1
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Count
- Male
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- Racial Groups
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/drug effects
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Time Factors
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Schito
- Departments of Neurology, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Medicine, and the Positive Health Program HIV Section, University of California at San Francisco, CA 94143-0435, USA
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20
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Barcellos LF, Schito AM, Rimmler JB, Vittinghoff E, Shih A, Lincoln R, Callier S, Elkins MK, Goodkin DE, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA, Hauser SL, Oksenberg JR. CC-chemokine receptor 5 polymorphism and age of onset in familial multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Group. Immunogenetics 2000; 51:281-8. [PMID: 10803840 DOI: 10.1007/s002510050621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common disease of the central nervous system characterized by myelin loss and progressive neurological dysfunction. An underlying genetic susceptibility plays a clear role in the etiology of MS, likely acting in concert with an undefined environmental exposure. Full-genome screenings in multiplex MS families have identified several susceptibility regions, supporting a polygenic model for MS. Among these regions, evidence for weak linkage was observed at 3p/3cen suggesting the presence of an MS gene(s) of modest effect. Encoded here are two chemokine receptors, CCR5 and CCR2B. We examined the chromosome 3p21-24 region in 125 MS families (322 total affecteds and 200 affected sib-pairs), and performed genetic analyses of CCR5 and CCR2B loci and two nearby markers (D3S1289 and D3S1300) using both linkage- and association-based tests. No evidence of linkage to MS was observed for any of the tested markers. Affected relative-pair (SimIBD) and sib-pair analyses (ASPEX), and association testing (sib-TDT) for each locus were also not significant. However, age of onset was approximately 3 years later in patients carrying the CCR5delta32 deletion (P=0.018 after controlling for gender effects). Thus, chemokine receptor expression may be associated with differential disease onset in a subset of patients, and may provide a therapeutic target to modulate inflammatory demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Barcellos
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco 94143-0435, USA
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21
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Schito AM, Pizzuti A, Di Maria E, Schenone A, Ratti A, Defferrari R, Bellone E, Mancardi GL, Ajmar F, Mandich P. mRNA distribution in adult human brain of GRIN2B, a N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit. Neurosci Lett 1997; 239:49-53. [PMID: 9547169 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00853-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit NR2B/epsilon2 (GRIN2B) in the human adult brain was assayed by in situ hybridisation, by using a specific cRNA probe. The full length GRIN2B cDNA was cloned and sequenced. It showed a 90% nucleotide conservation when compared to the rodent homologue. GRIN2B gene is expressed at high levels in the fronto-parieto-temporal cortex and hippocampus pyramidal cells and, at a lower extent, in the basal ganglia (amygdala and striatum). The cerebellar granule cells does not show any mRNA expression. The non-ubiquitous anatomical distribution of the GRIN2B mRNA in the central nervous system suggests that the gene could be involved in specific functions pertaining to the expressing cell groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Schito
- Institute of Biology and Genetics, University of Genoa, Italy
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Mandich P, Schito AM, Bellone E, Antonacci R, Finelli P, Rocchi M, Ajmar F. Mapping of the human NMDAR2B receptor subunit gene (GRIN2B) to chromosome 12p12. Genomics 1994; 22:216-8. [PMID: 7959773 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1994.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor channel is essential for synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity underlying memory, learning, and development. Three subunits of the NMDA receptor channel, NMDAR2A, NMDAR2B, and NMDAR2C (NR2A, NR2B, and NR2C), previously identified in mouse by cDNA cloning and expression, share a high level of homology, although their patterns of expression within the brain may differ. In the present work we report the localization of the gene encoding the human NMDAR2B receptor subunit (called GRIN2B for glutamate receptor, ionotropic, N-methyl-D-aspartate 2B) to chromosome 12p12 by in situ hybridization and somatic cell hybrids.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mandich
- Institute of Biology and Genetics (IBiG), University of Genoa, Italy
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