Protocol for isolating single species of bacteria with swarming ability from human feces

Understanding the specific movements of bacteria isolated from human feces can serve as a novel diagnostic and therapeutic tool for inflammatory bowel disease. Here, we present a protocol for a microbial swarming assay and to isolate the bacteria responsible for swarming activity. We describe steps for identifying bacteria using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and whole-genome sequencing. We then detail procedures for validating findings by observing the same swarming phenotype upon reperforming the swarming assay. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to De et al.1.

Glial Cell Adhesion Molecule (GlialCAM) Determines Proliferative versus Invasive Cell States in Glioblastoma

The malignant brain cancer glioblastoma (GBM) contains groups of highly invasive cells that drive tumor progression as well as recurrence after surgery and chemotherapy. The molecular mechanisms that enable these GBM cells to exit the primary mass and disperse throughout the brain remain largely unknown. Here we report using human tumor specimens and primary spheroids from male and female patients that glial cell adhesion molecule (GlialCAM), which has normal roles in brain astrocytes and is mutated in the developmental brain disorder megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC), is differentially expressed in subpopulations of GBM cells. High levels of GlialCAM promote cell-cell adhesion and a proliferative GBM cell state in the tumor core. In contrast, GBM cells with low levels of GlialCAM display diminished proliferation and enhanced invasion into the surrounding brain parenchyma. RNAi-mediated inhibition of GlialCAM expression leads to activation of proinvasive extracellular matrix adhesion and signaling pathways. Profiling GlialCAM-regulated genes combined with cross-referencing to single-cell transcriptomic datasets validates functional links among GlialCAM, Mlc1, and aquaporin-4 in the invasive cell state. Collectively, these results reveal an important adhesion and signaling axis comprised of GlialCAM and associated proteins including Mlc1 and aquaporin-4 that is critical for control of GBM cell proliferation and invasion status in the brain cancer microenvironment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Glioblastoma (GBM) contains heterogeneous populations of cells that coordinately drive proliferation and invasion. We have discovered that glial cell adhesion molecule (GlialCAM)/hepatocyte cell adhesion molecule (HepaCAM) is highly expressed in proliferative GBM cells within the tumor core. In contrast, GBM cells with low levels of GlialCAM robustly invade into surrounding brain tissue along blood vessels and white matter. Quantitative RNA sequencing identifies various GlialCAM-regulated genes with functions in cell-cell adhesion and signaling. These data reveal that GlialCAM and associated signaling partners, including Mlc1 and aquaporin-4, are key factors that determine proliferative and invasive cell states in GBM.

A crossbar architecture based system (CAS) as hydrogen gas sensing platform

The development of sensing technologies and miniaturization allows for the development of smart systems with elevated sensing performance. Silicon-based hydrogen sensors have received a lot of attention due to its electrical conductivity and the mechanical endurance. With this motivation, we have proposed a two-terminal silicon-based device in a crossbar architecture as a hydrogen gas sensing platform. In this work, we have adopted a multi-layer modeling approach to analyze the performance of the proposed system. Technology computer-aided design models have been used to capture device performance. A gas sensor model based on hydrogen adsorption on the Palladium surface and a crossbar model has been adopted to understand the Palladium work function variation with gas pressure and the performance of the proposed crossbar system respectively. We have shown the impact of parameters like interconnect resistance and array size on the whole system's performance. Finally, a comprehensive analysis has been provided for the design rule of this architecture. A fabrication process to spur future experimental works has also been added. This work will provide computational insight into the performance of a crossbar hydrogen sensor system, optimized against some critical parameters.

Performance analysis of DNA crossbar arrays for high-density memory storage applications

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has emerged as a promising building block for next-generation ultra-high density storage devices. Although DNA has high durability and extremely high density in nature, its potential as the basis of storage devices is currently hindered by limitations such as expensive and complex fabrication processes and time-consuming read-write operations. In this article, we propose the use of a DNA crossbar array architecture for an electrically readable read-only memory (DNA-ROM). While information can be 'written' error-free to a DNA-ROM array using appropriate sequence encodings its read accuracy can be affected by several factors such as array size, interconnect resistance, and Fermi energy deviations from HOMO levels of DNA strands employed in the crossbar. We study the impact of array size and interconnect resistance on the bit error rate of a DNA-ROM array through extensive Monte Carlo simulations. We have also analyzed the performance of our proposed DNA crossbar array for an image storage application, as a function of array size and interconnect resistance. While we expect that future advances in bioengineering and materials science will address some of the fabrication challenges associated with DNA crossbar arrays, we believe that the comprehensive body of results we present in this paper establishes the technical viability of DNA crossbar arrays as low power, high-density storage devices. Finally, our analysis of array performance vis-à-vis interconnect resistance should provide valuable insights into aspects of the fabrication process such as proper choice of interconnects necessary for ensuring high read accuracies.

The alpha7 integrin subunit in astrocytes promotes endothelial blood-brain barrier integrity

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a vascular endothelial cell boundary that partitions the circulation from the central nervous system to promote normal brain health. We have a limited understanding of how the BBB is formed during development and maintained in adulthood. We used quantitative transcriptional profiling to investigate whether specific adhesion molecules are involved in BBB functions, with an emphasis on understanding how astrocytes interact with endothelial cells. Our results reveal a striking enrichment of multiple genes encoding laminin subunits as well as the laminin receptor gene Itga7, which encodes the alpha7 integrin subunit, in astrocytes. Genetic ablation of Itga7 in mice led to aberrant BBB permeability and progressive neurological pathologies. Itga7-/- mice also showed a reduction in laminin protein expression in parenchymal basement membranes. Blood vessels in the Itga7-/- brain showed separation from surrounding astrocytes and had reduced expression of the tight junction proteins claudin 5 and ZO-1. We propose that the alpha7 integrin subunit in astrocytes via adhesion to laminins promotes endothelial cell junction integrity, all of which is required to properly form and maintain a functional BBB.

Spring and latch dynamics can act as control pathways in ultrafast systems

Ultrafast movements propelled by springs and released by latches are thought limited to energetic adjustments prior to movement, and seemingly cannot adjust once movement begins. Even so, across the tree of life, ultrafast organisms navigate dynamic environments and generate a range of movements, suggesting unrecognized capabilities for control. We develop a framework of control pathways leveraging the non-linear dynamics of spring-propelled, latch-released systems. We analytically model spring dynamics and develop reduced-parameter models of latch dynamics to quantify how they can be tuned internally or through changing external environments. Using Lagrangian mechanics, we test feedforward and feedback control implementation via spring and latch dynamics. We establish through empirically-informed modeling that ultrafast movement can be controllably varied during latch release and spring propulsion. A deeper understanding of the interconnection between multiple control pathways, and the tunability of each control pathway, in ultrafast biomechanical systems presented here has the potential to expand the capabilities of synthetic ultra-fast systems and provides a new framework to understand the behaviors of fast organisms subject to perturbations and environmental non-idealities.

The effects of systemic immunomodulatory treatments on COVID-19 outcomes in patients with atopic dermatitis: Results from the global SECURE-AD registry

BACKGROUND

Limited data are available on the effects of systemic immunomodulatory treatments on COVID-19 outcomes in patients with atopic dermatitis (AD).

OBJECTIVE

To investigate COVID-19 outcomes in patients with AD treated with or without systemic immunomodulatory treatments, using a global registry platform.

METHODS

Clinicians were encouraged to report cases of COVID-19 in their patients with AD in the Surveillance Epidemiology of Coronavirus Under Research Exclusion for Atopic Dermatitis (SECURE-AD) registry. Data entered from 1 April 2020 to 31 October 2021 were analysed using multivariable logistic regression. The primary outcome was hospitalization from COVID-19, according to AD treatment groups.

RESULTS

442 AD patients (mean age 35.9 years, 51.8% male) from 27 countries with strongly suspected or confirmed COVID-19 were included in analyses. 428 (96.8%) patients were treated with a single systemic therapy (n = 297 [67.2%]) or topical therapy only (n = 131 [29.6%]). Most patients treated with systemic therapies received dupilumab (n = 216). Fourteen patients (3.2%) received a combination of systemic therapies. Twenty-six patients (5.9%) were hospitalized. No deaths were reported. Patients treated with topical treatments had significantly higher odds of hospitalization, compared with those treated with dupilumab monotherapy (odds ratio (OR) 4.65 [95%CI 1.71-14.78]), including after adjustment for confounding variables (adjusted OR (aOR) 4.99 [95%CI 1.4-20.84]). Combination systemic therapy which did not include systemic corticosteroids was associated with increased odds of hospitalization, compared with single agent non-steroidal immunosuppressive systemic treatment (OR 8.09 [95%CI 0.4-59.96], aOR 37.57 [95%CI 1.05-871.11]). Hospitalization was most likely in patients treated with combination systemic therapy which included systemic corticosteroids (OR 40.43 [95%CI 8.16-207.49], aOR 45.75 [95%CI 4.54-616.22]).

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the risk of COVID-19 complications appears low in patients with AD, even when treated with systemic immunomodulatory agents. Dupilumab monotherapy was associated with lower hospitalization than other therapies. Combination systemic treatment, particularly combinations including systemic corticosteroids, was associated with the highest risk of severe COVID-19.

Enterobacter sp. Strain SM1_HS2B Manifests Transient Elongation and Swimming Motility in Liquid Medium

Many species of bacteria change their morphology and behavior under external stresses. In this study, we report transient elongation and swimming motility of a novel Enterobacter sp. strain, SM1_HS2B, in liquid broth under a standard growth condition. When growing in the Luria-Bertani medium, HS2B cells delay their cell division and elongate. Although transient over a few hours, the average cell length reaches over 10 times that of the stationary-state cells. The increase is also cumulative following repeated growth cycles stimulated by taking cells out of the exponential phase and adding them into fresh medium every 2 hours. The majority of the cells attain swimming motility during the exponential growth phase, and then they lose swimming motility over the course of several hours. Both daughter cells due to division of a long swimming cell retain the ability to swim. We confirm that the long HS2B cells swim with rigid-body rotation along their body axis. These findings based on microscopic observation following repeated cycles of growth establish HS2B as a prototype strain with sensitive dependence of size and motility on its physical and biochemical environment. IMPORTANCE Bacteria undergo morphological changes in order to cope with external stresses. Among the best-known examples are cell elongation and hyperflagellation in the context of swarming motility. The subject of this report, SM1_HS2B, is a hyperswarming strain of a newly identified species of enterobacteria, noted as Enterobacter sp. SM1. The key finding that SM1_HS2B transiently elongates to extreme length in fresh liquid medium offers new insights on regulation in bacterial growth and division. SM1_HS2B also manifests transient but vigorous swimming motility during the exponential phase of growth in liquid medium. These properties establish HS2B as a prototype strain with sensitive dependence of size and motility on its physical and biochemical environment. Such a dependence may be relevant to swarming behavior with a significant environmental or physiological outcome.

The β8 integrin cytoplasmic domain activates extracellular matrix adhesion to promote brain neurovascular development

In the developing mammalian brain, neuroepithelial cells interact with blood vessels to regulate angiogenesis, blood-brain barrier maturation and other key neurovascular functions. Genetic studies in mice have shown that neurovascular development is controlled, in part, by Itgb8, which encodes the neuroepithelial cell-expressed integrin β8 subunit. However, these studies have involved complete loss-of-function Itgb8 mutations, and have not discerned the relative roles for the β8 integrin extracellular matrix (ECM) binding region versus the intracellular signaling tail. Here, Cre/lox strategies have been employed to selectively delete the cytoplasmic tail of murine Itgb8 without perturbing its transmembrane and extracellular domains. We report that the β8 integrin cytoplasmic domain is essential for inside-out modulation of adhesion, including activation of latent-TGFβs in the ECM. Quantitative sequencing of the brain endothelial cell transcriptome identifies TGFβ-regulated genes with putative links to blood vessel morphogenesis, including several genes linked to Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These results reveal that the β8 integrin cytoplasmic domain is essential for the regulation of TGFβ-dependent gene expression in endothelial cells and suggest that cross-talk between TGFβs and Wnt pathways is crucial for neurovascular development.

Malaria, COVID-19 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: what does the available population data say?

The etiopathogenesis of COVID-19 and its differential geographic spread suggest some populations are apparently 'less affected' through many host-related factors that involve angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein, which is also the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. The role of ACE2 has been well studied in COVID-19 but not in the context of malaria and COVID-19. We have previously suggested how malaria might intersect with COVID-19 through ACE2 mutation and here we evaluate the currently available data that could provide a link between the two diseases. Based on the existing global and Indian data on malaria, COVID-19 and the suggested ACE2 mutation, the association could not be examined robustly, neither accepting nor refuting the suggested hypothesis. We strongly recommend targeted evaluation of this hypothesis through carefully designed robust molecular epidemiological studies.

Noise immune dielectric modulated dual trench transparent gate engineered MOSFET as a label free biosensor: proposal and investigation

We propose and investigate a biosensor based on a transparent dielectric-modulated dual-trench gate-engineered metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (DM DT GE-MOSFET) for label-free detection of biomolecules with enhanced sensitivity and efficiency. Various sensing parameters such as the I _ON/I _OFF ratio and the threshold voltage shift are evaluated as metrics to validate the proposed sensing device. Additionally, S _Vth (the V _th sensitivity) is also analyzed, considering both positively and negatively charged biomolecules. In addition, radiofrequency (RF) sensing parameters such as the transconductance gain and the cutoff frequency are taken into account to provide further insight into the sensitivity of the proposed device. Furthermore, the linearity, distortion, and noise immunity of the device are evaluated to confirm the overall performance of the biosensor at high (GHz) frequency. The results indicate that the proposed biosensor exhibits a S _Vth value of 0.68 for positively charged biomolecules at a very low drain bias of 0.2 V. The proposed device can thus be used as an alternative to conventional FET-based biosensors.

Bacterial Swarmers Enriched During Intestinal Stress Ameliorate Damage

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Bacterial swarming, a collective movement on a surface, has rarely been associated with human pathophysiology. This study aims to define a role for bacterial swarmers in amelioration of intestinal stress.

METHODS

We developed a polymicrobial plate agar assay to detect swarming and screened mice and humans with intestinal stress and inflammation. From chemically induced colitis in mice, as well as humans with inflammatory bowel disease, we developed techniques to isolate the dominant swarmers. We developed swarm-deficient but growth and swim-competent mutant bacteria as isogenic controls. We performed bacterial reinoculation studies in mice with colitis, fecal 16S, and meta-transcriptomic analyses, as well as in vitro microbial interaction studies.

RESULTS

We show that bacterial swarmers are highly predictive of intestinal stress in mice and humans. We isolated a novel Enterobacter swarming strain, SM3, from mouse feces. SM3 and other known commensal swarmers, in contrast to their mutant strains, abrogated intestinal inflammation in mice. Treatment of colitic mice with SM3, but not its mutants, enriched beneficial fecal anaerobes belonging to the family of Bacteroidales S24-7. We observed SM3 swarming associated pathways in the in vivo fecal meta-transcriptomes. In vitro growth of S24-7 was enriched in presence of SM3 or its mutants; however, because SM3, but not mutants, induced S24-7 in vivo, we concluded that swarming plays an essential role in disseminating SM3 in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, our work identified a new but counterintuitive paradigm in which intestinal stress allows for the emergence of swarming bacteria; however, these bacteria act to heal intestinal inflammation.

Insights into Oncogenesis from Circadian Timing in Cancer Stem Cells

Cancer and circadian rhythms are linked in several ways, through immunomodulatory, neuroendocrine, and metabolic pathways. The circadian timing system consists of interacting circadian clocks in organs throughout the body that contain cells endowed with self-sustaining molecular circadian oscillations. Circadian rhythms are spontaneously generated by specific transcription and translation feedback cycles. Cancer cells emerging from these rhythmic tissues are subjected to daily physiological rhythms imposed by the circadian system, and some transformed cells have their own intrinsic circadian clocks. The role of these circadian clock cells in cancer prevention and oncogenesis remains to be fully explored. Nevertheless, evidence suggests that new cancers are fostered by degradation of the circadian system's rhythmic properties. In contrast, circadian clocks within cancer cells might aid in their survival if they provide benefits such as an ability to synchronize with daily nutrient availability or circadian rhythms in immune cell activity. Here, we address new evidence challenging the simplicity of carcinogenesis models that depend solely on the importance of minimized cancer risk provided by well-aligned and robust circadian clocks in the body. The biology of cancer stem cells and the benefits they may receive from their own rhythmic and non-rhythmic expressions of core circadian clock genes are examined with a focus on gliomas and liver cancer stem cells, along with possibilities for timed medical interventions.

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts 1 (MLC1) promotes glioblastoma cell invasion in the brain microenvironment

Glioblastoma (GBM), or grade IV astrocytoma, is a malignant brain cancer that contains subpopulations of proliferative and invasive cells that coordinately drive primary tumor growth, progression, and recurrence after therapy. Here, we have analyzed functions for megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts 1 (Mlc1), an eight-transmembrane protein normally expressed in perivascular brain astrocyte end feet that is essential for neurovascular development and physiology, in the pathogenesis of GBM. We show that Mlc1 is expressed in human stem-like GBM cells (GSCs) and is linked to the development of primary and recurrent GBM. Genetically inhibiting MLC1 in GSCs using RNAi-mediated gene silencing results in diminished growth and invasion in vitro as well as impaired tumor initiation and progression in vivo. Biochemical assays identify the receptor tyrosine kinase Axl and its intracellular signaling effectors as important for MLC1 control of GSC invasive growth. Collectively, these data reveal key functions for MLC1 in promoting GSC growth and invasion, and suggest that targeting the Mlc1 protein or its associated signaling effectors may be a useful therapy for blocking tumor progression in patients with primary or recurrent GBM.

Cancer stem cell generation during epithelial-mesenchymal transition is temporally gated by intrinsic circadian clocks

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key event preceding tumor cell metastasis that increases cell invasiveness and cancer stem cell (CSC) populations. Studies suggest that genes used in generating circadian rhythms also serve in regulating EMT. To test the role of circadian clocks in cellular EMT events two cancer cell lines were compared, one that has a well-established circadian clock, C6 from rat glioma, and one that does not, MCF-7 from human breast tumor. MCF-7 tumorsphere cultures were tested for evidence of circadian rhythms because of previously reported circadian rhythm enhancement in C6 tumorspheres shown by elevated rhythm amplitude and increased expression of circadian clock gene Per2. Bioluminescence imaging of Per2 gene expression in MCF-7 tumorspheres revealed a previously unconfirmed circadian clock in this important cancer research model. Inducing CSC generation through EMT in C6 and MCF-7 monolayer cultures revealed circadian oscillations in the size of the post-EMT CSC population, confirming that circadian rhythms are additional processes controlling this stage of cancer progression. EMT was verified by distinct cellular morphological changes and expression of stem cell proteins OCT4, nestin, MSI1, and CD133 along with EMT-related proteins ZEB1, vimentin, and TWIST. Quantifying single-cell events and behaviors through time-lapse imaging indicated the post-EMT population size was determined largely by circadian rhythms in epithelial-like cancer cells undergoing EMT. We then identified a specific phase of the circadian rhythm in Per2 gene activation as a potential target for therapeutic treatments that may suppress EMT, minimize CSCs, and limit metastasis.

Efficient Ground-State Cooling of Large Trapped-Ion Chains with an Electromagnetically-Induced-Transparency Tripod Scheme

We report the electromagnetically-induced-transparency (EIT) cooling of a large trapped ^{171}Yb^{+} ion chain to the quantum ground state. Unlike conventional EIT cooling, we engage a four-level tripod structure and achieve fast sub-Doppler cooling over all motional modes. We observe simultaneous ground-state cooling across the complete transverse mode spectrum of up to 40 ions, occupying a bandwidth of over 3 MHz. The cooling time is observed to be less than 300  μs, independent of the number of ions. Such efficient cooling across the entire spectrum is essential for high-fidelity quantum operations using trapped ion crystals for quantum simulators or quantum computers.

0650 Impact of Upper Airway Stimulation Therapy on 24 Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring

Introduction

Upper airway stimulation (UAS) is recommended treatment for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in select patients. Existing data have not focused on gold standard 24 hour ambulatory blood pressure monitor (ABPM) to elucidate the impact of UAS. We hypothesize that UAS reduces ABPM indices characterized using objective sleep-wake from actigraphy data over 12-month follow-up period.

Methods

A prospective sub-study of the Inspire ® post-approval study at the Cleveland Clinic was designed to examine the effect of UAS on 24-hour ABPM measures post-implantation by examining blood pressure (BP) at baseline, and-2, 6, and 12 months follow-up. Actigraphy data was contemporaneously collected. Paired T-tests were used to evaluate BP changes over time. Repeated measure correlations measured within-patient associations between BP and actigraphy measures.

Results

Average age and BMI were 62.4 +/-12.9) years and 30.1 +/-3.3 kg/m2, 73.3% males and all Caucasian. The mean baseline systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were 119.7+/-12.9 mmHg, 74.3+/-7.4 mmHg and 89.3+/- 8.1 mmHg. There were no changes to number, type or dosage of BP medications.

At 12 months, there were non-significant overall mean reduction in systolic [-0.55mmHg, p=0.75], diastolic [-0.73mmHg, p=0.63], and MAP [-0.55mmHg, p=0.71]. Mean sleeping systolic, diastolic and MAP changed by -4.36(p=0.34), -1.45 (p=0.57), -2.18 (p=0.50), respectively. Positive correlations above 0.25 (p<0.10) were observed between all dipping percentage measures and total sleep time. Negative correlations were seen between overall systolic, diastolic and MAP with sleep latency (-0.22, p=0.19, -0.35, p=0.031 and -0.29, p=0.075 respectively). No significant changes in BMI was observed, but average hours of usage decreased over time.

Conclusion

Although consistent reduction of BP measures were observed post-UAS implantation, findings were not statistically significant. It is unclear whether this is due to insufficient sample size or true lack of effect. Larger-scale clinical and mechanistic studies are needed to enhance understanding of UAS-related vascular influences.

Support

Funded: Inspire Medical Systems

1060 Screening For Obstructive Sleep Apnea In Severe Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Patients: A Forgotten Association?

Introduction

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an emerging epidemic in the USA and remains underdiagnosed. Investigations of Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) poses a substantial burden on patient-welfare and costs to the health system. Current literature has highlighted the association between severe GERD and OSA, and other sleep disorders. We conducted a retrospective analysis of patient records undergoing Bravo pH monitoring for refractory GERD to measure the prevalence of OSA and screening.

Methods

Records of patients who underwent outpatient Bravo pH monitoring at a teaching hospital were reviewed from August 2018 to May 2019. 72 records were reviewed in our analysis. Analysis variables included age, gender, body mass index, history of hypertension and OSA. Outpatient records were reviewed for documentation for OSA or screening and demographics were obtained for calculation of a partial STOP-BANG score (a validated OSA screening tool).

Results

8 out of 72 (11%) were excluded due to incomplete documentation regarding their history. Of the remaining 64, 2 had a known diagnosis of OSA (3%) and 1 was due a sleep study for maintenance insomnia. Of the remaining 61 patients, none had documentation of a history pertaining to sleep complaints or full screening for OSA. 4 of the 8 components to the STOP-BANG criteria were documented and used to measure risk of OSA in these patients. 23 (39%) patients had a score of 3 or above characterizing them as intermediate risk. The other 4 components were not used due to a lack of clinical information. 13 of these patients had a positive Bravo test, 2 had an inconclusive result and 8 had a negative result. Of the 61 patients in total, 31 had a positive Bravo result and 9 had an inconclusive result.

Conclusion

In our study, we found that 39% of patients based on demographic data were of intermediate risk of OSA. Over half of these patients had a positive result for GERD. Despite the increased awareness of sleep disorders it is still neglected despite prevalent associated comorbid conditions. This study highlights the failure to screen for this modifiable risk factor within a teaching environment.

Support

None

Cardiological society of India document on safety measure during echo evaluation of cardiovascular disease in the time of COVID-19

An echocardiographic investigation is one of the key modalities of diagnosis in cardiology. There has been a rising presence of cardiological comorbidities in patients positive for COVID-19. Hence, it is becoming extremely essential to look into the correct safety precautions, healthcare professionals must take while conducting an echo investigation. The decision matrix formulated for conducting an echocardiographic evaluation is based on presence or absence of cardiological comorbidity vis-à-vis positive, suspected or negative for COVID-19. The safety measures have been constructed keeping in mind the current safety precautions by WHO, CDC and MoHFW, India.

Comparative proteomic analysis of Salmonella Typhimurium wild type and its isogenic fnr null mutant during anaerobiosis reveals new insight into bacterial metabolism and virulence

AIM

The aim of this study was to understand the role of anaerobic regulator FNR (Fumarate Nitrate Reduction) in Salmonella Typhimurium through proteomic approach.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We did label free quantitative proteomic analysis of Salmonella Typhimurium PM45 wild type and the fnr null mutant cultured under anaerobic conditions. The data revealed 153 significantly differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the mutant out of 1798 total proteins identified. Out of 153 DEPs, 94 proteins were up-regulated (repressed by FNR) and 59 proteins were down-regulated (activated by FNR) in the mutant. The network analysis indicated up-regulation of TCA cycle, electron transport chain and ethanolamine metabolism and down regulation of pyruvate metabolism and glycerol and glycerophospholipid metabolism.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study showed that FNR represses ethanolamine utilization. The different metabolic pathways such as pyruvate metabolism, glycerol metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism were activated by FNR. Further, FNR positively regulated the DNA binding protein Fis, one of the global regulators of virulence in Salmonella Typhimurium. Thus, our finding highlights the pivotal role of FNR in regulating bacterial metabolism and virulence during anaerobiosis for systemic infection of the host.

Anticancer Properties of Curcumin and Interactions With the Circadian Timing System

The phytochemical curcumin is a major component of turmeric. It has recognized activity against cancer cells and affects several intracellular signaling pathways. Many molecules targeted by curcumin also regulate the circadian timing system that has effects on carcinogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. Although the circadian clock within cells may be suppressed in tumors, cancer cells are subjected to daily hormonal and neural activity that should be considered when timing optimal curcumin treatments. Rapid curcumin degradation in blood and tissues provides a challenge to maintaining sustained levels suitable for inducing cancer cell death, increasing the need to identify when during the circadian cycle rhythmically expressed molecular targets are present. Curcumin is well tolerated by individuals ingesting it for possible cancer prevention or in combination with conventional cancer therapies, and it shows low toxicity toward noncancerous cells at low dosages. In contrast, curcumin is particularly effective against cancer stem cells, which are treatment-resistant, aggressive, and tumor-initiating. Although curcumin has poor bioavailability, more stable curcumin analogs retain the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimitotic, and pro-apoptotic benefits of curcumin. Anticancer properties are also present in congeners of curcumin in turmeric and after curcumin reduction by intestinal microbes. Various commercial curcuminoid products are highly popular dietary supplements, but caution is warranted. Although antioxidant properties of curcumin may prevent carcinogenesis, studies suggest curcumin interferes with certain chemotherapeutic agents. This review delves into the complex network of curcuminoid effects to identify potential anticancer strategies that may work in concert with daily physiological cycles controlled by the circadian timing system.

Abstract 1888: Circadian rhythm modulation of breast cancer gene expression depends on stem cell properties induced in culture

It is important to know whether breast cancer cells within tumors have functional circadian clocks. If so, they may benefit from the ability provided by the clock to predict when important daily events occur such as nutrient availability in blood following meals or elevated immune cell surveillance at night. If instead the circadian clock is nonfunctional, then clinical treatments could be directed towards activating the clock because evidence indicates circadian rhythm loss leads to more aggressive tumor growth. Here, we examined the role of circadian clocks in metastasis-related events, focusing on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), including cancer stem cell (CSC) generation, and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). Because of their differing circadian properties two tumor-forming cell lines were compared, MCF-7 human breast cancer and C6 rat glioma cells. C6 monolayer and tumorsphere cultures express distinct circadian rhythms in gene expression. In contrast, monolayer MCF-7 cell cultures are reported to be arrhythmic and so appear to lack a functional circadian clock. Nevertheless, MCF-7 cells may contain inducible circadian oscillators that fail to generate circadian rhythms under standard culture conditions but may function in tumor microenvironments. Tumorspheres simulate the three-dimensional tumor structure and were used here to test for favorable conditions enabling circadian rhythms in cancer cells. Circadian rhythms in EMT, MET, mitosis, migration, and cell death were evaluated through time-lapse imaging over several days. Bioluminescence imaging and quantitative RT-PCR were used to test for circadian rhythms in expression of the core circadian clock gene Per2 in MCF-7 cells. Following treatment with serum-free culture medium designed for stem cells, EMT and CSC-related protein markers of MCF-7 and C6 cells were confirmed by immunofluorescence: MSI1 and CD133 in MCF-7; OCT4, TWIST1, ZEB1, vimentin in C6. Morphometry showed distinct changes in cell shape following EMT as shown by nearly all MCF-7 cells having an average roundness of 0.815 ±0.09 SD and a C6 roundness of 0.855 ±0.029. This medium increased the number of MCF-7 tumorspheres expressing circadian rhythms by 31.5%, and average amplitude of rhythms increased 11.6-fold. MET was then induced by returning cells to serum-containing medium, which produced cells with a flattened cell morphology indicating epithelial or pseudoepithelial differentiation. A circadian clock in C6 cells appeared to gate MET events after the return to serum (95% confidence limit of period: 20.8-26.9 hrs, p<0.05). The circadian timing properties of MCF-7 tumorspheres suggest that the circadian clock may also be present in tumors and that cell-cell interactions or paracrine factors could sustain otherwise poorly performing circadian clocks in breast cancer.

Citation Format: Arpan De, Vishal Premdev Sharma, Dilshan Harshajith Beligala, Angelia Marie Lee, Michael Eric Geusz. Circadian rhythm modulation of breast cancer gene expression depends on stem cell properties induced in culture [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1888.

Deficiency of BrpA in Streptococcus mutans reduces virulence in rat caries model

Our recent studies have shown that BrpA in Streptococcus mutans plays a critical role in cell envelope biogenesis, stress responses, and biofilm formation. In this study, a 10-species consortium was used to assess how BrpA deficiency influences the establishment, persistence, and competitiveness of S. mutans during growth in a community under conditions typical of the oral cavity. Results showed that, like the wild-type, the brpA mutant was able to colonize and establish on the surfaces tested. Relative to the wild-type, however, the brpA mutant had a reduced ability to persist and grow in the 10-species consortium (P < .001). A rat caries model was also used to examine the effect of BrpA, as well as Psr, a BrpA paralog, on S. mutans cariogenicity. The results showed no major differences in infectivity between the wild-type and the brpA and psr mutants. Unlike the wild-type, however, infection with the brpA mutant, but not the psr mutant, showed no significant differences in both total numbers of carious lesions and caries severity, compared with the control group that received bacterial growth medium (P > .05). Metagenomic and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that S. mutans infection caused major alterations in the composition of the rats' plaque microbiota and that significantly less S. mutans was identified in the rats infected with the brpA mutant compared with those infected with the wild-type and the psr mutant. These results further suggest that BrpA plays a critical role in S. mutans pathophysiology and that BrpA has potential as a therapeutic target in the modulation of S. mutans virulence.

Deficiency of MecA in Streptococcus mutans Causes Major Defects in Cell Envelope Biogenesis, Cell Division, and Biofilm Formation

MecA is an adaptor protein that guides the ClpC/P-mediated proteolysis. A S. mutans MecA-deficient mutant was constructed by double-crossover allelic exchange and analyzed for the effects of such a deficiency on cell biology and biofilm formation. Unlike the wild-type, UA159, the mecA mutant, TW416, formed mucoid and smooth colonies, severely clumped in broth and had a reduced growth rate. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed that TW416 grows primarily in chains of giant “swollen” cells with multiple asymmetric septa, unlike the coccoid form of UA159. As compared to UA159, biofilm formation by TW416 was significantly reduced regardless of the carbohydrate sources used for growth (P < 0.001). Western blot analysis of TW416 whole cell lysates showed a reduced expression of the glucosyltransferase GtfC and GtfB, as well as the P1 and WapA adhesins providing an explanation for the defective biofilm formation of TW416. When analyzed by a colorimetric assay, the cell wall phosphate of the mutant murein sacculi was almost 20-fold lower than the parent strain (P < 0.001). Interestingly, however, when analyzed using immunoblotting of the murein sacculi preps with UA159 whole cell antiserum as a probe, TW416 was shown to possess significantly higher signal intensity as compared to the wild-type. There is also evidence that MecA in S. mutans is more than an adaptor protein, although how it modulates the bacterial pathophysiology, including cell envelope biogenesis, cell division, and biofilm formation awaits further investigation.

Gynaecological cancers and leptin: A focus on the endometrium and ovary

Obesity has an influence on the risk and prognosis of different types of cancers of the female reproductive tract. In the uterus, a common site for neoplasms is the endometrium, the inner lining tissue. Generally, obesity has been documented to be involved in endometrioid carcinoma of the endometrium. Obesity may influence the cancer risk by various mechanisms such as chronic inflammation, dysregulation of sex hormones and abnormal secretion of hormone-like cytokines or adipokines from adipose tissue. One of the important pro-inflammatory adipokines is leptin, which acts via its transmembrane receptors (Ob-R). In normal conditions, leptin functions in the hypothalamic anorexigenic pathway to maintain the energy homeostasis. Conversely, in obesity, leptin participates in the pro-inflammatory processes. Several clinical studies have suggested that leptin and Ob-R play a role in the pathological processes of endometrial cancer. In different endometrial cancer cell lines, laboratory findings also have demonstrated leptin's link to various neoplastic phenomena such as cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, and oestrogenic activity. Furthermore, endometrial cancer risk could be increased in ovarian pathology like polycystic ovary syndrome, which is commonly associated with obesity. It is noteworthy that leptin participates in both physiological and pathological conditions of the ovary. Leptin has shown pro-tumorigenic effects in both in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Generally, reduced serum leptin levels have been observed in ovarian cancer patients. However, overexpression of leptin and Ob-R in ovarian cancer tissue has indicated aggressive disease. Understanding the role of leptin-related intracellular signalling pathways in tumour development could be helpful in early cancer detection.

Antidiabetic "gliptins" affect biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans

Streptococcus mutans, a dental caries causing odontopathogen, produces X-prolyl dipeptidyl peptidase (Sm-XPDAP, encoded by pepX), a serine protease known to have a nutritional role. Considering the potential of proteases as therapeutic targets in pathogens, this study was primarily aimed at investigating the role of Sm-XPDAP in contributing to virulence-related traits. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP IV), an XPDAP analogous enzyme found in mammalian tissues,is a well known therapeutic target in Type II diabetes. Based on the hypothesis that gliptins, commonly used as anti-human-DPP IV drugs, may affect bacterial growth upon inhibition of Sm-XPDAP, we have determined their ex vivo antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity towards S. mutans. All three DPP IV drugs tested reduced biofilm formation as determined by crystal violet staining. To link the observed biofilm inhibition to the human-DPP IV analogue present in S. mutans UA159, a pepX isogenic mutant was generated. In addition to reduced biofilm formation, CLSM studies of the biofilm formed by the pepX isogenic mutant showed these were comparable to those formed in the presence of saxagliptin, suggesting a probable role of this enzyme in biofilm formation by S. mutans UA159. The effects of both pepX deletion and DPP IV drugs on the proteome were studied using LC-MS/MS. Overall, this study highlights the potential of Sm-XPDAP as a novel anti-biofilm target and suggests a template molecule to synthesize lead compounds effective against this enzyme.

Direct observation of slow fission from the width of K x-ray line

An atomic clock based on the measurement of the intrinsic width of K x-ray lines has been used to obtain evidence of long-lived fission of the highly excited plutonium nuclei produced in the fusion of 4He+238U at E(4He)Lab=60 MeV. The mean fission time of the long-lived fission could be obtained from the increase of the intrinsic width of plutonium K x-ray line using quantum energy-time uncertainty principle. The presence of long-lived fission (mean fission time >1×10-18 s) has been found and the fluorescence yield per fission event shows that most of the fission events are slow (~10-18 s).

Streptococcus mutans Displays Altered Stress Responses While Enhancing Biofilm Formation by Lactobacillus casei in Mixed-Species Consortium

Like Streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli are commonly isolated from carious sites, although their exact role in caries development remains unclear. This study used mixed-species models to analyze biofilm formation by major groups of oral lactobacilli, including L. casei, L. fermentum, L. rhamnosus, L. salivarius ssp. salivarius, and L. gasseri. The results showed that lactobacilli did not form good biofilms when grown alone, although differences existed between different species. When grown together with S. mutans, biofilm formation by L. gasseri and L. rhamnosus was increased by 2-log (P < 0.001), while biofilms by L. fermentum reduced by >1-log (P < 0.001). L. casei enhanced biofilm formation by ~2-log when grown with S. mutans wild-type, but no such effects were observed with S. mutans deficient of glucosyltransferase GtfB and adhesin P1. Both S. mutans and L. casei in dual-species enhanced resistance to acid killing with increases of survival rate by >1-log (P < 0.001), but drastically reduced the survival rates following exposure to hydrogen peroxide (P < 0.001), as compared to the respective mono-species cultures. When analyzed by RNA-seq, more than 134 genes were identified in S. mutans in dual-species with L. casei as either up- or down-regulated when compared to those grown alone. The up-regulated genes include those for superoxide dismutase, NADH oxidase, and members of the mutanobactin biosynthesis cluster. Among the down-regulated genes were those for GtfB and alternative sigma factor SigX. These results further suggest that interactions between S. mutans and oral lactobacilli are species-specific and may have significant impact on cariogenic potential of the community.

Analysis of the Cariogenic Potential of Various Almond Milk Beverages using a Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Model in vitro

To evaluate the cariogenic properties of almond milk beverages, 6 almond milks, along with soy and whole bovine milk, were analyzed for their abilities to support Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and acid production, and their capacity to buffer changes in pH. Biofilm formation by S. mutans was analyzed using an in vitro 96-well plate model and measured by crystal violet staining. Acid production by S. mutans was evaluated by a colorimetric L-lactate assay and pH measurement of bacterial cultures. Buffering capacity was assessed by a pH titration assay. Soy milk supported the most biofilm growth, while the least was observed with unsweetened almond milk (both p < 0.001). Among almond milks, sucrose-sweetened milk led to the highest level of biofilm formation (p < 0.001), while the least was observed with unsweetened milk (p < 0.05). Sucrose-sweetened almond milk yielded the lowest pH (4.56 ± 0.66), followed by soy milk and bovine milk; the highest pH was with unsweetened almond milk (6.48 ± 0.5). When analyzed by pH titration, the unsweetened almond milk displayed the weakest buffering capacity while bovine milk showed the highest (p < 0.001). These results suggest that the almond milk beverages, except those that are sweetened with sucrose, possess limited cariogenic properties, while soy milk exhibits the most cariogenic potential. As milk alternatives become increasingly popular, dentists must counsel their patients that almond milks, especially sucrose-sweetened varieties, have cariogenic potential. For patients who are lactose-intolerant or suffer from milk allergy, almond milks may be a better alternative than soy-based products.

Assessment of the inferior mesenteric vein diameter as a surrogate marker to evaluate response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma

AIM

Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer aims to downstage prior to definitive management. Repeat imaging assessment of the tumour post-therapy has implications for treatment. Our aim was to assess if the inferior mesenteric vein (IMV) diameter measured on CT can be used as a surrogate marker for evaluation of tumour response to neoadjuvant treatment.

METHOD

IMV diameter was assessed in patients with and without locally advanced rectal cancer, pre- and post-radiotherapy, to ascertain if IMV diameter is a surrogate marker of tumour response.

RESULTS

IMV diameter was 5.9 mm in patients with rectal cancer vs 4.7 mm in patients without (P = 0.0001). The baseline IMV diameter was significantly higher for cases with local lymphadenopathy [N0 5.2 mm vs N1/2 6 mm (P = 0.0059)] and extramural venous invasion (EMVI) [negative 5.4 mm vs positive 6.4 mm (P = 0.0001)]. Post-radiotherapy there was a significant decrease in the IMV diameter in cases with treatment response compared to non-responders: the percentage change in IMV diameter was a 17.54% decrease vs 1.39% increase (P = 0.0001). These results were reproduced on comparing between magnetic resonance tumour regression grades using ANOVA (P = 0.0001). There was also a significant decrease in IMV diameter when assessing lymph node (LN) and EMVI response vs non-responders (P = 0.0001 and 0.0001 respectively).

CONCLUSION

Patients with rectal cancer have a dilated IMV compared with patients without rectal cancer. We confirm that IMV diameter is a potential surrogate marker of LN status and EMVI at baseline. IMV diameter is also a marker of tumour, LN and EMVI response to chemoradiotherapy.

Fish and broiler optimal harvesting models in imprecise environment

In this paper, a two-species harvesting model has been considered and developed a solution procedure which is able to calculate the equilibrium points of the model where some biological parameters of the model are interval numbers. A parametric mathematical program is formulated to find the biological equilibrium of the model for different values of parameters. This interval-valued problem is converted into an equivalent crisp model using interval mathematics. The main advantage of the proposed procedure is that different characteristics of the model can be presented in a single framework. Analytically, the existence of steady state and stabilities are looked into. Using mathematical software, the model is illustrated and the results are obtained and presented in tabular and graphical forms.

Expression of BrpA in Streptococcus mutans is regulated by FNR-box mediated repression

Our previous studies showed that brpA in Streptococcus mutans, which encodes a member of the LytR-CpsA-Psr family of proteins, can be co-transcribed with brpB upstream as a bicistronic operon, and the intergenic region also has strong promoter activity. To elucidate how brpA expression is regulated, the promoter regions were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-based deletions and site-directed mutagenesis and a promoterless luciferase gene as a reporter. Allelic exchange mutagenesis was also used to examine genes encoding putative trans-acting factors, and the impact of such mutations on brpA expression was analyzed by reporter assays. Multiple elements in the short brpA promoter (nucleotide -1 to -344 relative to start cordon ATG) were shown to have a major impact on brpA expression, including an FNR-box, for a putative binding site of an FNR-type of transcriptional regulator. When compared with the intact brpA promoter, mutations of the highly conserved nucleotides in FNR-box from TTGATgtttAcCtt to TTACAgaaaGtTac resulted in 1362-fold increases of luciferase activity (P < .001), indicative of the FNR-box-mediated repression as a major mechanism in regulation of brpA expression. When luciferase reporter was fused to the upstream brpBA promoter (nucleotides -784 to -1144), luciferase activity was decreased by 4.5-fold (P < .001) in the brpA mutant, TW14D, and by 67.7-fold (P < .001) in the brpB mutant, JB409, compared with the wild-type, UA159. However, no such effects were observed when the reporter gene was fused to the short brpA promoter and its derivatives. These results also suggest that brpA expression in S. mutans is auto-regulated through the upstream brpBA promoter.

Abstract 858: The circadian clock of glioma cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Highly invasive gliomas contain many cells that have changed to an enhanced migratory state through an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These cells have the phenotype of glioma stem cells (GSCs). Similar to GSCs, glioma cells undergoing EMT show phenotypic heterogeneity, altered gene expression, and resistance to anticancer drugs along with increased invasiveness. Circadian rhythms in tumor cells influence the progression and severity of cancer and appear to regulate cell division cycles. Increased cancer incidence and progression have often been linked to disruption or deregulation of the molecular mechanism of the circadian clock. One of the major clock proteins, PER2, has been shown to play a regulatory role as a tumor and EMT suppressor in metastatic breast cancer cell lines. GSCs in tumorsphere cultures contain circadian clocks that may regulate their cancer properties. The possibility of a regulatory role for circadian rhythms in EMT was examined here. We used a standard method to induce EMT in the C6 rat glioma cell line that has known circadian rhythms in gene expression generated by the circadian clocks within its cells. EMT was induced by exchanging the cell culture medium with a serum-free stem cell medium (SCM) containing growth factors (EGF, FGF2, PDGF-alpha-beta). Cell cultures were imaged continuously with a microscope and digital camera in a cell incubator to monitor cell shape, cell death, migration, and apoptosis. During EMT, cells changed from an extended flat state to rounded and spindle shapes, ceased proliferating, and expressed EMT markers ZEB1 and vimentin. At the end of two days in SCM, 33.4% of the cells were ZEB1-positive and only 1.26% were GFAP-positive (n=3 cultures). Cell diameters after EMT were within the size range of C6 GSCs described as Hoechst-negative cells positive for stem cell markers nestin and CD133. Following EMT, small tumorspheres began to form. After initiating EMT, the rounded cells were counted at hourly intervals for up to four days after the medium exchange. As the number of post-EMT cells increased, the population size oscillated, and when examined by Lomb-Scargle periodogram analysis, four cultures had a significant period within the circadian range, 19-29 hours, (average 22.20 ±2.45 SD, p&lt;0.05). One had a 16-hour period and one lacked a significant rhythm. Rhythms were present even when circadian clocks in the cultures were not synchronized with an initial forskolin treatment. We conclude that EMT may be timed by endogenous circadian oscillators in gliomas that favor larger numbers of post-EMT cells at a particular time of day. These results suggest that pharmacological treatments that suppress EMT or target GSCs would be more effective when delivered at particular times during the circadian cycle of the tumor.

Citation Format: Arpan De, Dilshan Harshajith Beligala, Vishal Premdev Sharma, Benjamin Ryan Fry, Michael Eric Geusz. The circadian clock of glioma cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 858. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-858

Experimental Determination of η/s for Finite Nuclear Matter

We present, for the first time, simultaneous determination of shear viscosity (η) and entropy density (s) and thus, η/s for equilibrated nuclear systems from A∼30 to A∼208 at different temperatures. At finite temperature, η is estimated by utilizing the γ decay of the isovector giant dipole resonance populated via fusion evaporation reaction, while s is evaluated from the nuclear level density parameter (a) and nuclear temperature (T), determined precisely by the simultaneous measurements of the evaporated neutron energy spectra and the compound nuclear angular momenta. The transport parameter η and the thermodynamic parameter s both increase with temperature, resulting in a mild decrease of η/s with temperature. The extracted η/s is also found to be independent of the neutron-proton asymmetry at a given temperature. Interestingly, the measured η/s values are comparable to that of the high-temperature quark-gluon plasma, pointing towards the fact that strong fluidity may be the universal feature of the strong interaction of many-body quantum systems.

Genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity in Streptococcus mutans isolated from diabetic patients in Rome, Italy

Our study focuses on the antimicrobial susceptibility, genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity, and serotype classification of the Streptococcus mutans isolated from type II diabetic patients (n = 25; age 42-68). Eighty-two percent of isolates were classified as serotype c. No serotype k was present. Macrorestriction analysis of genomic DNA of the isolates exhibited a clonal diversity that paralleled the phenotypic heterogeneity, which was also assessed in terms of biofilm forming ability. Isolates were susceptible to all the classes of antibiotics. In conclusion a great heterogeneity and no antimicrobial resistance were apparent in the considered S. mutans strains from diabetic patients.

Application of various control strategies to Japanese encephalitic: A mathematical study with human, pig and mosquito

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a public health problem that threats the entire world today. Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) mostly became a threat due to the significant number of increase of susceptible mosquito vectors and vertebrate hosts in Asia by which around 70,000 cases and 10,000 deaths per year took place in children below 15 years of age. In this paper, a mathematical model of JE due to JEV from the vector source (infected mosquito) and two vertebrate hosts (infected human and infected pig) is formulated. The disease can be controlled by applying several control measures such as vaccination, medicine and insecticide to the JE infection causing species. The model has been formulated as an optimal control problem and has been solved using Pontryagin's maximum principle. Also, the stability of the system has been studied with the help of basic reproduction number for disease free and endemic equilibrium. The results of fixed control for endemic equilibrium is presented numerically and depicted graphically. The effects of different control strategies on human, pig and mosquito has been analyzed using Runge-Kutta 4th order forward and backward techniques and presented thereafter graphically.