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Desikan SK, Brahmbhatt B, Patel J, Kankaria A, Anagnostakos J, Dux M, Beach K, Gray VL, McDonald T, Crone C, Sikdar S, Sorkin JD, Lal BK. Cognitive impairment in asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis is associated with abnormal segments in the Circle of Willis. J Vasc Surg 2024:S0741-5214(24)01085-1. [PMID: 38710420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2024.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our group has previously demonstrated that patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (ACAS) demonstrate cognitive impairment. One proposed mechanism for cognitive impairment in patients with ACAS is cerebral hypoperfusion due to flow-restriction. We tested whether the combination of a high-grade carotid stenosis and inadequate cross-collateralization in the Circle of Willis (CoW) resulted in worsened cognitive impairment. METHODS Twenty-four patients with high-grade (≥70% diameter-reducing) ACAS underwent carotid duplex ultrasound, cognitive assessment, and 3D time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). The cognitive battery consisted of nine neuropsychological tests assessing four cognitive domains: learning and recall, attention and working memory, motor and processing speed, and executive function. Raw cognitive scores were converted into standardized T-scores. A structured interpretation of the MRA images was performed with each segment of the CoW categorized as being either normal or abnormal. Abnormal segments of the CoW were defined as segments characterized as narrowed or occluded due to congenital aplasia or hypoplasia, or acquired atherosclerotic stenosis or occlusion. Linear regression was used to estimate the association between the number of abnormal segments in the CoW, and individual cognitive domain scores. Significance was set to p<0.05. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 66.1 + 9.6 (mean + SD) years and 79.2% (n=19) were male. A significant negative association was found between the number of abnormal segments in the CoW and cognitive scores in the learning and recall (β = -6.5, p = 0.01), and attention and working memory (β = -7.0, p = 0.02) domains. There was a trend suggesting a negative association in the motor and processing speed (β = -2.4, p = 0.35) and executive function (β = -4.5, p = 0.06) domains that did not reach significance. CONCLUSION In patients with high-grade ACAS, the concomitant presence of increasing occlusive disease in the CoW correlates with worse cognitive function. This association was significant in the learning and recall and attention and working memory domains. While motor and processing speed and executive function also declined numerically with increasing abnormal segments in the CoW, the relationship was not significant. Since flow restriction at a carotid stenosis compounded by inadequate collateral compensation across a diseased CoW worsens cerebral perfusion, our findings support the hypothesis that cerebral hypoperfusion underlies the observed cognitive impairment in patients with ACAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Desikan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Vascular Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B Brahmbhatt
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - J Patel
- Radiology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Kankaria
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Vascular Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Anagnostakos
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Vascular Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Dux
- Neuropsychology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - K Beach
- D. Eugene Strandness Vascular Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - V L Gray
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T McDonald
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Vascular Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - C Crone
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Vascular Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - S Sikdar
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - J D Sorkin
- Baltimore VA Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Palliative Care, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - B K Lal
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Vascular Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Saba L, Brinjikji W, Spence JD, Wintermark M, Castillo M, Borst GJD, Yang Q, Yuan C, Buckler A, Edjlali M, Saam T, Saloner D, Lal BK, Capodanno D, Sun J, Balu N, Naylor R, Lugt AVD, Wasserman BA, Kooi ME, Wardlaw J, Gillard J, Lanzino G, Hedin U, Mikulis D, Gupta A, DeMarco JK, Hess C, Goethem JV, Hatsukami T, Rothwell P, Brown MM, Moody AR. Roadmap Consensus on Carotid Artery Plaque Imaging and Impact on Therapy Strategies and Guidelines: An International, Multispecialty, Expert Review and Position Statement. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2021; 42:1566-1575. [PMID: 34326105 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Current guidelines for primary and secondary prevention of stroke in patients with carotid atherosclerosis are based on the quantification of the degree of stenosis and symptom status. Recent publications have demonstrated that plaque morphology and composition, independent of the degree of stenosis, are important in the risk stratification of carotid atherosclerotic disease. This finding raises the question as to whether current guidelines are adequate or if they should be updated with new evidence, including imaging for plaque phenotyping, risk stratification, and clinical decision-making in addition to the degree of stenosis. To further this discussion, this roadmap consensus article defines the limits of luminal imaging and highlights the current evidence supporting the role of plaque imaging. Furthermore, we identify gaps in current knowledge and suggest steps to generate high-quality evidence, to add relevant information to guidelines currently based on the quantification of stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Saba
- From the Department of Radiology (L.S.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - J D Spence
- Stroke Prevention and Atherosclerosis Research Centre (J.D.S.), Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Wintermark
- Department of Neuroradiology (M.W.), Stanford University and Healthcare System, Stanford, California
| | - M Castillo
- Department of Radiology (M.C.), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - G J D Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery (G.J.D.B.), University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Q Yang
- Department of Radiology (Q.Y.), Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - C Yuan
- Departments of Radiology (C.Y., J.S., N.B.)
| | - A Buckler
- Elucid Bioimaging (A.B.), Boston, Massachusetts
| | - M Edjlali
- Department of Neuroradiology (M.E.), Université Paris-Descartes-Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, IMABRAIN-INSERM-UMR1266, DHU-Neurovasc, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - T Saam
- Department of Radiology (T.S.), University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Radiologisches Zentrum (T.S.), Rosenheim, Germany
| | - D Saloner
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (D.S., C.H.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - B K Lal
- Department of Vascular Surgery (B.K.L.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - D Capodanno
- Division of Cardiology (D.C.), A.O.U. Policlinico "G. Rodolico-San Marco," University of Catania, Italy
| | - J Sun
- Departments of Radiology (C.Y., J.S., N.B.)
| | - N Balu
- Departments of Radiology (C.Y., J.S., N.B.)
| | - R Naylor
- The Leicester Vascular Institute (R.N.), Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - A V D Lugt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (A.v.d.L.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B A Wasserman
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science (B.A.W.), Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - M E Kooi
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (M.E.K.), CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - J Wardlaw
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences (J.W.), United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute and Edinburgh Imaging, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Gillard
- Christ's College (J.G.), Cambridge, UK
| | - G Lanzino
- Neurosurgery (G.L.) Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - U Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery (U.H.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Vascular Surgery (U.H.), Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Mikulis
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging and the Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory (D.M.), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Gupta
- Department of Radiology (A.G.), Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - J K DeMarco
- Walter Reed National Military Medical Center and Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (J.K.D.), Bethesda, Maryland
| | - C Hess
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging (D.S., C.H.), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - J V Goethem
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences (J.V.G.), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - T Hatsukami
- Surgery (T.H.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - P Rothwell
- Centre for Prevention of Stroke and Dementia (P.R.), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | - M M Brown
- Stroke Research Centre (M.M.B.), Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, University College of London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
| | - A R Moody
- Department of Medical Imaging (A.R.M.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Pappas PJ, Lal BK, Ohara N, Saito S, Zapiach L, Durán WN. Regulation of matrix contraction in chronic venous disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2009; 38:518-29. [PMID: 19560950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2009.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of TGF-beta(1) in venous ulcer healing and the signalling cascades regulating dermal fibroblast function are poorly understood. To elucidate these processes, we hypothesized that TGF-beta(1) facilitates wound healing by increasing chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) induced matrix contraction via intracellular cross-talk between TGF-beta(1) and the ERK-1/2 MAP kinase signalling cascades. METHODS Fibroblasts isolated from calf biopsies (LC) of patients with different severity of CVI (CEAP, Clinical Etiological Anatomical Pathological classes) were seeded into 200 microl collagen gels under isometric conditions. Fibroblasts from neonatal foreskins (HS68), non-CVI patients (NC), and the ipsilateral normal thigh of each CVI patient (LT) served as controls. Thirteen patients with CVI (class 2, n=5; class 4, n=5; class 6, n=3) and 2 non-CVI controls (NC, n=2) were included in the study. All experimental conditions were determined by dose-response and time-course experiments. Gels were cultured with/without 0.1 ng/ml TGF-beta(1) and with/without 50 microM PD98059 (MEK and downstream-MAPK inhibitor). Additional patient fibroblasts were transfected with constitutively active Ras (pCMV-Ras) or an empty vector (pCMV-beta) with/without 0.1 ng/ml TGF-beta(1) and with/without 50 microm PD98059. The collagen gels were released after 4 days and the percent contraction was determined by area measurements using image analysis. Differences in alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and ERK-1/2 MAPK (phosphorylated and total) protein levels were analyzed with western blotting. RESULTS Gels seeded with CVI fibroblasts contracted more than HS68, NC and LT fibroblasts. Inhibition of MAPK and/or stimulation with TGF-beta(1) increased the contraction of LC gels compared to unstimulated controls. Agonist induced gel contraction correlated with CVI disease severity. alpha-SMA protein expression in LC fibroblasts increased with MAPK inhibition with/without TGF-beta(1) stimulation, and correlated with the degree of gel contraction. Transfection with pCMV-Ras (activator of ERK-1/2) inhibited gel contraction; this inhibition was not reversed by addition of TGF-beta(1). Transfection with the pCMV-beta empty vector had no effect on gel contraction. CONCLUSIONS TGF-beta1 stimulation of CVI patient fibroblasts grown in 3D collagen gels results in conversion to a contractile phenotype through upregulation of alpha-SMA, and in enhanced gel contraction. Inhibition of MAPK further increases gel contraction, while Ras activation of ERK-1/2 inhibits TGF-beta1-induced gel contraction. These responses correlate with increasing CEAP severity. CVI fibroblast mediated gel contraction is therefore regulated through cross-talk between the ERK-1/2 MAPK and TGF-beta(1) signalling cascades. These data identify potentially clinically relevant therapeutic molecular targets that could enhance matrix contraction and thereby improve venous ulcer wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Pappas
- Division of Vascular Surgery, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Lal BK, Hobson RW. Management of carotid restenosis. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 2006; 47:153-60. [PMID: 16572089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Carotid endarterectomy is the preferred method for cerebral revascularization in patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic high-grade extracranial carotid artery stenosis. Carotid artery stenting has recently emerged as a less invasive alternative to endarterectomy. Carotid stenting has been demonstrated to be technically feasible and safe in high-risk patients with current data indicating clinical equipoise with respect to endarterectomy. It is clear that carotid stenting will continue to be performed at increasing rates after these encouraging outcomes. Therefore, it is anticipated that there will be a corresponding increase in the number of in-stent restenosis cases. Considerable controversy exists regarding the clinical significance, natural history, threshold for management, and appropriate intervention of recurrent carotid stenosis after endarterectomy and after stenting. This review analyses current information on this important clinical problem and presents evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and management of recurrent carotid stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Lal
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, 07107, USA
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Lal BK, Varma S, Pappas PJ, Hobson RW, Durán WN. VEGF increases permeability of the endothelial cell monolayer by activation of PKB/akt, endothelial nitric-oxide synthase, and MAP kinase pathways. Microvasc Res 2001; 62:252-62. [PMID: 11678628 DOI: 10.1006/mvre.2001.2338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
VEGF is a key regulator of vascular permeability. However, its signaling pathways are incompletely understood. We tested the hypothesis that VEGF regulates endothelial cell (EC) permeability by activating PKB/akt, NOS, and MAP kinase dependent pathways using human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC). Permeability was measured from FITC-dextran 70-kDa flux across the EC monolayer at baseline and after VEGF at 0.034, 0.068, 1, 10, and 100 nM. VEGF increased HUVEC permeability to FITC-dextran in a dose-dependent manner. VEGF (1 nM) increased permeability from 3.9 x 10(-6) +/- 0.7 x 10(-6) to 14.0 x 10(-6) +/- 1.7 x 10(-6) cm/s (mean +/- SEM; P < 0.001). Permeability changes were also assessed after treatment with 1, 10, and 100 nM wortmannin (PI 3-kinase inhibitor); 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 nM LY294002 (PI 3-kinase inhibitor); 200 microM l-NMMA (NOS inhibitor); 2.7 microM AG126 (p42/44(MAPK) inhibitor); and 0.006, 0.06, and 0.6 microM SB203580 (p38(MAPK) inhibitor). All inhibitors blocked VEGF-induced permeability changes. Our data demonstrate that (1) VEGF increases permeability of EC monolayers in a dose-dependent fashion, and (2) VEGF-induced permeability is mediated through PI-3 kinase-PKB, NOS, and MAP-kinase signaling cascades. These observations suggest that microvascular hyperpermeability associated with inflammation and vascular disease is mediated by activation of these EC signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Lal
- Program in Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103-2714, USA
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Saito S, Trovato MJ, You R, Lal BK, Fasehun F, Padberg FT, Hobson RW, Durán WN, Pappas PJ. Role of matrix metalloproteinases 1, 2, and 9 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in chronic venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg 2001; 34:930-8. [PMID: 11700497 DOI: 10.1067/mva.2001.119503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) activity is associated with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) disease progression and dermal skin pathology. Because TGF-beta(1) stimulates collagen synthesis and alters the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs), we investigated the hypothesis that increased TGF-beta(1) activity is associated with differences in messenger RNA and protein levels of MMPs and TIMP-1 in patients with CVI. METHODS One hundred ten biopsies of the lower calf and lower thigh in 73 patients were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stratified into six groups according to the clinical etiologic anatomic distribution pathophysiology disease classification. One set of lower-calf and lower-thigh biopsies were analyzed for MMP-1 and TIMP-1 gene expression with quantitative reverse transcription and competitive polymerase chain reaction. A second set of biopsies was analyzed for the active and latent forms of MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 as well as for TIMP-1 by western blotting, gelatin zymography, and tissue localization by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS Compared with the control, MMP-1 messenger RNA was increased in class-4 and class-6 patients (P < or =.01), whereas TIMP-1 was increased in class-6 patients only (P < or =.05). However, there were no differences in total protein between MMP-1 and TIMP-1. Active MMP-2 protein increased in class-4 and class-5 patients compared with active MMP-1 and TIMP-1 (P < or =.01). Western blotting did not identify the active component of MMP-9. Similarly, only the latent form of MMP-9 was observed by gelatin zymography, whereas both the latent and active forms of MMP-2 were observed. IHC demonstrated MMP-1 and MMP-2 in dermal fibroblasts and in perivascular leukocytes. TIMP-1 was observed in basal-layer keratinocytes of the epidermis only. MMP-9 was not detected by IHC. CONCLUSION MMP synthesis is regulated at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in CVI. Our data suggest that post-translational modifications are key to functional regulation. Dermal fibroblasts and migrating leukocytes are probable cellular sources of MMPs. Increased active MMP-2 levels in class-4 and class-5 patients indicate tissue remodeling caused by pre-ulcer and postulcer environmental stimuli. These data suggest that alterations in MMP-2 activity, in conjunction with TGF-beta(1)-mediated events, cause an imbalance in tissue remodeling leading to a pro-ulcer-forming environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saito
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Program in Vascular Biology, Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103-2714, USA
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Chakhtoura EY, Hobson RW, Goldstein J, Simonian GT, Lal BK, Haser PB, Silva MB, Padberg FT, Pappas PJ, Jamil Z. In-stent restenosis after carotid angioplasty-stenting: incidence and management. J Vasc Surg 2001; 33:220-5; discussion 225-6. [PMID: 11174771 DOI: 10.1067/mva.2001.111880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Carotid angioplasty-stenting (CAS) has been advocated as an alternative to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients with restenotic lesions after prior CEA, primary stenoses with significant medical comorbidities, and radiation-induced stenoses. The incidence of restenosis after CAS and its management remains ill defined. We evaluated the incidence and management of in-stent restenosis after CAS. METHODS Patients with asymptomatic (61%) and symptomatic (39%) carotid stenosis of > or = 80% underwent CAS between September 1996 and May 2000; there were 50 procedures and 46 patients (26 men and 20 women). All patients were followed up clinically and underwent duplex ultrasonography (DU) at 3- to 6-month intervals. In-stent restenoses > or = 80% detected with DU were further evaluated by means of angiography for confirmation of the severity of stenosis. RESULTS No periprocedural or late strokes occurred in the 50 CAS procedures during the 30-day follow-up period. One death (2.2%) that resulted from myocardial infarction was observed 10 days after discharge following CAS. During a mean follow-up period of 18 +/- 10 months (range, 1-44 months), in-stent restenosis was observed after four (8%) of the 50 CAS procedures. Angiography confirmed these high-grade (> or = 80%) in-stent restenoses, which were successfully treated with balloon angioplasty (3) or angioplasty and restenting (1). No periprocedural complications occurred, and these patients remained asymptomatic and without recurrent restenosis over a mean follow-up time of 10 +/- 6 months. CONCLUSIONS We recommend CAS for post-CEA restenosis, primary stenoses in patients with high-risk medical comorbidities, and radiation-induced stenoses. In-stent restenoses occurred after 8% of CAS procedures and were managed without complications with repeat angioplasty or repeat angioplasty and restenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Chakhtoura
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 07103, USA
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Abstract
Stroke is the third most common cause of death and the leading cause of disability in the United States. Management of identifiable risk factors and careful selection of patients for operative intervention constitute the current approach to reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with stroke. A carefully performed carotid endarterectomy (CEA), which has a low periprocedural complication rate, is the only form of mechanical cerebral revascularization for which definitive evidence of clinical effectiveness has been reported. Recently, retrospective case reports and case series have demonstrated the feasibility of carotid angioplasty and stenting as a possible alternative to CEA. In the tradition of the two previous National Institutes of Health (NIH)-sponsored trials--the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) and Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS)--the National Institutes of Health has sponsored a clinical trial (CREST: Carotid Revascularization-Endarterectomy vs Stent Trial) that is currently under way to determine the efficacy and risks of carotid angioplasty and stenting compared with CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- BK Lal
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Medicine & Dentistry-New Jersey Medical School, 150 Bergen Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Riedy MC, Dutra AS, Blake TB, Modi W, Lal BK, Davis J, Bosse A, O'Shea JJ, Johnston JA. Genomic sequence, organization, and chromosomal localization of human JAK3. Genomics 1996; 37:57-61. [PMID: 8921370 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1996.0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Janus (JAK) protein tyrosine kinase family including JAK3 have recently emerged as important components in cytokine signal transduction. Mutations of JAK3 have been found in a number of patients who present with severe combined immunodeficiency. To facilitate the further identification of JAK3-SCID patients and to understand the structure of JAK3 better, we undertook the determination of the genomic sequence, organization, and chromosomal localization of the JAK3 gene. The JAK3 gene was found to consist of 19 exons and 18 introns. Interestingly, the organization of the kinase-(JH1) and pseudokinase-(JH2) domains were found to be dissimilar. In addition, the JAK3 gene was localized to human chromosome 19p13.1. These data should facilitate the identification of patients with this new form of immunodeficiency and will provide insight into the structure of this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Riedy
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, NIAMS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Tortolani PJ, Lal BK, Riva A, Johnston JA, Chen YQ, Reaman GH, Beckwith M, Longo D, Ortaldo JR, Bhatia K, McGrath I, Kehrl J, Tuscano J, McVicar DW, O'Shea JJ. Regulation of JAK3 expression and activation in human B cells and B cell malignancies. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.155.11.5220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Members of the Janus family (JAK) of protein tyrosine kinases are critical enzymes in signaling pathways via hematopoietin receptors. We have cloned JAK3, which unlike other known family members (JAK1, JAK2, and TYK2) is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells but not in a variety of other cells. Functionally, JAK3 and JAK1 are coupled to the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 in T cells and NK cells. Because of the importance of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7 in B cell physiology, we sought to determine whether JAK3 was also present in B lymphocytes and whether it was involved in signaling via cytokines that are important for B cell development and function. In this report, we demonstrate that JAK3 is expressed in normal human peripheral blood B cells at levels that are comparable to those in T cells. In addition, the levels were found to be markedly up-regulated following stimulation with staphylococcal protein A Cowan and anti-CD40 Abs. In addition, IL-4 and IL-7 induced the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK3 and JAK1, and IL-4 activated both JAK3 and JAK1 phosphotransferase activity. JAK3 protein was also detected in immature B cell lines, but not in more well differentiated cell lines. Additionally, JAK3 was detected in lysates from bone marrow lymphoblasts of patients with B cell precursor acute lymphocytic leukemia and cell lines derived from human B cell lymphomas. Together, these data suggest that the regulation of JAK3 expression and activity is likely to be important in B cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Tortolani
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - B K Lal
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A Riva
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J A Johnston
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Y Q Chen
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - G H Reaman
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Beckwith
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - D Longo
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J R Ortaldo
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - K Bhatia
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - I McGrath
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J Kehrl
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J Tuscano
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - D W McVicar
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J J O'Shea
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Tortolani PJ, Lal BK, Riva A, Johnston JA, Chen YQ, Reaman GH, Beckwith M, Longo D, Ortaldo JR, Bhatia K, McGrath I, Kehrl J, Tuscano J, McVicar DW, O'Shea JJ. Regulation of JAK3 expression and activation in human B cells and B cell malignancies. J Immunol 1995; 155:5220-6. [PMID: 7594533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Janus family (JAK) of protein tyrosine kinases are critical enzymes in signaling pathways via hematopoietin receptors. We have cloned JAK3, which unlike other known family members (JAK1, JAK2, and TYK2) is preferentially expressed in hematopoietic cells but not in a variety of other cells. Functionally, JAK3 and JAK1 are coupled to the receptors for IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15 in T cells and NK cells. Because of the importance of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7 in B cell physiology, we sought to determine whether JAK3 was also present in B lymphocytes and whether it was involved in signaling via cytokines that are important for B cell development and function. In this report, we demonstrate that JAK3 is expressed in normal human peripheral blood B cells at levels that are comparable to those in T cells. In addition, the levels were found to be markedly up-regulated following stimulation with staphylococcal protein A Cowan and anti-CD40 Abs. In addition, IL-4 and IL-7 induced the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK3 and JAK1, and IL-4 activated both JAK3 and JAK1 phosphotransferase activity. JAK3 protein was also detected in immature B cell lines, but not in more well differentiated cell lines. Additionally, JAK3 was detected in lysates from bone marrow lymphoblasts of patients with B cell precursor acute lymphocytic leukemia and cell lines derived from human B cell lymphomas. Together, these data suggest that the regulation of JAK3 expression and activity is likely to be important in B cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Tortolani
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kawamura M, McVicar DW, Johnston JA, Blake TB, Chen YQ, Lal BK, Lloyd AR, Kelvin DJ, Staples JE, Ortaldo JR, O'Shea JJ. Molecular cloning of L-JAK, a Janus family protein-tyrosine kinase expressed in natural killer cells and activated leukocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:6374-8. [PMID: 8022790 PMCID: PMC44204 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.14.6374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are critical enzymes for receptor-mediated signaling in lymphocytes. Because natural killer (NK) cells are large granular lymphocytes with specialized effector function, we set out to identify PTKs preferentially expressed in these cells. One such PTK was identified and molecularly cloned. The predicted amino acid sequence shows that this kinase lacks SH2 or SH3 domains typical of src family kinases but has tandem nonidentical catalytic domains, indicating that it is a member of the Janus family of PTKs. Immunoprecipitation using antiserum generated against a peptide corresponding to the deduced amino acid sequence of this gene revealed a kinase with a molecular weight of approximately 125,000. The pattern of expression of this kinase contrasted sharply with that of other Janus kinases, which are ubiquitously expressed. The kinase described in the present study was found to be more limited in its expression; expression was found in NK cells and an NK-like cell line but not in resting T cells or in other tissues. In contrast, stimulated and transformed T cells expressed the gene, suggesting a role in lymphoid activation. Because of its homology and tissue expression, we have tentatively termed this PTK gene L-JAK for leukocyte Janus kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kawamura
- Leukocyte Cell Biology Section, Program Resources, Inc./DynCorp, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201
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McVicar DW, Lal BK, Lloyd A, Kawamura M, Chen YQ, Zhang X, Staples JE, Ortaldo JR, O'Shea JJ. Molecular cloning of lsk, a carboxyl-terminal src kinase (csk) related gene, expressed in leukocytes. Oncogene 1994; 9:2037-44. [PMID: 7516063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the activity of src-family kinases is thought to occur, in part, through the phosphorylation of conserved carboxyl-terminal tyrosine residues. Although the src-family includes several molecules with tissue or cell-type restricted expression, the only kinase implicated in the regulatory phosphorylation of these enzymes is p50csk. Herein we report the molecular cloning of a tissue specific p50csk-related gene. Like p50csk, the deduced protein sequence of this novel cDNA includes a tyrosine kinase catalytic domain, SH2 and SH3 domains, a short amino terminus, and no autophosphorylation or carboxyl-terminal tyrosine residues. Additionally, neither this novel kinase nor p50csk contain the amino-terminal myristoylation site characteristic of the src-family. However, whereas csk is ubiquitously expressed, mRNA corresponding to this novel gene is expressed in brain, natural killer (NK) cells, and activated T cells but not in a variety of other tissues and cell lines. In agreement with the mRNA expression pattern, antiserum reactive with the predicted carboxyl-terminus of the cDNA recognizes a 57 kDa polypeptide in immunoblots of NK cells and PHA-activated T cells. Because of its limited expression and high homology to p50csk, we named this gene lsk; leukocyte carboxyl-terminal src kinase related gene. Identification of a molecule like lsk suggests the existence of tissue specific src-regulatory pathways that function in activated lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W McVicar
- Leukocyte Cell Biology Section, Inc./DynCorp, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702-1201
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Kumar A, Lal BK, Chattopadhyay TK. Hydatid disease of the liver--non surgical options. J Assoc Physicians India 1993; 41:437-8, 443. [PMID: 8300491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
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Kumar A, Tushar K, Lal BK. Hydatid jaundice--an overview. Trop Gastroenterol 1993; 14:10-15. [PMID: 8342243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
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Kumar A, Lal BK, Chattopadhyay TK. Hydatid disease of the liver surgical options. Trop Gastroenterol 1992; 13:102-5. [PMID: 1488795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
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Kumar A, Lal BK, Chattopadhyay TK. Radiologic diagnosis of hydatid disease of the liver. Trop Gastroenterol 1992; 13:52-5. [PMID: 1413099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar
- Department of Surgical Disciplines, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
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Kumar A, Lal BK, Singh MK, Kapur BM. Angiosarcoma of the gallbladder. Am J Gastroenterol 1989; 84:1431-3. [PMID: 2816877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A patient with angiosarcoma of the gallbladder is presented. Occasionally, this rare malignancy is found within the abdominal cavity. However, this is only the third reported case of angiosarcoma of the gallbladder. Etiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kumar
- Department of Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
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Abstract
Background: Acoustic vocal parameters measure frequency, intensity (amplitude), perturbation (jitter and shimmer) and dynamic range of the voicing vocal folds. Studies have established that a normal standard data is necessary for acoustic analysis. Objective: The aim of the present study is to standardise Jitter, shimmer, harmonic to noise ratio (HNR) and fundamental frequency (F0) for young adults with normal voice. Materials and methods: Values for acoustic voice measurements were obtained from 50 normal individuals with equal number of sexes, without sign and symptoms of voice problems. The vocal data measurement was performed with Doctor Speech (DRS) Tiger Electronics, USA. Results: Voice analyses were performed with a sustained vowel //i//. The jitter and HNR values were same [1.6 %( ±0.47/±0.43) and 25.8dB (±2.62/±2.72)] for both the genders. For the males, the jitter was 0.14% (±0.02) and 0.16% (±0.04) for female gender. There was a significant difference in the HNR (P=0.000) with 170.05HZ (±32.78) and 246.45HZ (±39.73) respectively for male and female genders. Conclusion: Our results differ from the various literatures; therefore it is important to standardise the program that we use before applying the values for tests designed for a different kind of population. Key words: Acoustic analysis; Perturbation; harmonics to noise ratio; fundamental frequency; standardised voice. DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i4.2757 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.4 Issue 28, 374-377
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Abstract
Introduction: Endotracheal intubation can produce various degrees of temporary and sometimes permanent damage to the laryngotracheal mechanism. Recent development of computer based voice analysis technology can now detect a minute changes in acoustic waveforms which a normal human ear cannot. In the study we compared and analyzed the acoustic waveforms of 35 patients undergoing surgery under intubation anaesthesia. Objective: The aim of the present series is to analyze the effects of short term intubation with computerized voice laboratory. Materials and methods: Values of acoustic waveforms obtained from 35 patients were compared 48 hours after the short term endotracheal intubation anaesthesia. The comparisons were made in terms of perturbation (jitter and shimmer), harmonic- to noise ratio (HNR) and fundamental frequency (F0). Results: The pre-intubated voice characteristics when compared with the post-intubation group did not reveal any statistical difference (P>0.05). However, there was only a minimal decrease in F0. Conclusion: The study revealed that, short term intubation anaesthesia does not alter the acoustic characteristics. The analysis of acoustic waveforms is a non invasive technique that helps to evaluate the effects of tracheal intubation on laryngeal function, a technique that warrants further evaluation. Key words: Acoustic characteristics; Endotracheal intubation; Voice DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v8i1.3219 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2010), Vol. 8, No. 1, Issue 29, 35-39
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