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Taborska P, Lukac P, Stakheev D, Rajsiglova L, Kalkusova K, Strnadova K, Lacina L, Dvorankova B, Novotny J, Kolar M, Vrana M, Cechova H, Ransdorfova S, Valerianova M, Smetana K, Vannucci L, Smrz D. Novel PD-L1- and collagen-expressing patient-derived cell line of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (JBT19) as a model for cancer immunotherapy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19079. [PMID: 37925511 PMCID: PMC10625569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46305-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas are aggressive mesenchymal-origin malignancies. Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) belongs to the aggressive, high-grade, and least characterized sarcoma subtype, affecting multiple tissues and metastasizing to many organs. The treatment of localized UPS includes surgery in combination with radiation therapy. Metastatic forms are treated with chemotherapy. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment modality for many cancers. However, the development of immunotherapy for UPS is limited due to its heterogeneity, antigenic landscape variation, lower infiltration with immune cells, and a limited number of established patient-derived UPS cell lines for preclinical research. In this study, we established and characterized a novel patient-derived UPS cell line, JBT19. The JBT19 cells express PD-L1 and collagen, a ligand of the immune checkpoint molecule LAIR-1. JBT19 cells can form spheroids in vitro and solid tumors in immunodeficient nude mice. We found JBT19 cells induce expansion of JBT19-reactive autologous and allogeneic NK, T, and NKT-like cells, and the reactivity of the expanded cells was associated with cytotoxic impact on JBT19 cells. The PD-1 and LAIR-1 ligand-expressing JBT19 cells show ex vivo immunogenicity and effective in vivo xenoengraftment properties that can offer a unique resource in the preclinical research developing novel immunotherapeutic interventions in the treatment of UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Taborska
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Praha 5, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Lukac
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dmitry Stakheev
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Praha 5, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Rajsiglova
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Kalkusova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Praha 5, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Strnadova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, BIOCEV, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Lacina
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, BIOCEV, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Dermatovenerology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Dvorankova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, BIOCEV, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Novotny
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolar
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Vrana
- HLA Department, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Cechova
- HLA Department, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sarka Ransdorfova
- Department of Cytogenetics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Valerianova
- Department of Cytogenetics, Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, BIOCEV, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Vannucci
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Smrz
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and Motol University Hospital, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Praha 5, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
The world population of adults aged 60 years or more is increasing globally, and this development can impact skin disease morbidity and mortality, as well as being reflected in the health care system organization. There is substantial evidence that the burden from a remarkable number of skin nonmalignant and malignant conditions is greater in the elderly. Dermatologic research and clinical education in dermatology should focus on both challenges and opportunities created by aging. Skin aging due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors can alter significantly epidermal and dermal structure and functions. Dermal aging can be linked to a great number of complications in routine dermatologic conditions, with slow healing as an example of a severe complication in the elderly. This may be attributed to aged dermal fibroblasts modifying the tissue microenvironment via a shift in their soluble factors and extracellular matrix repertoire. This senescence-associated secretory phenotype can explain the particular proclivity of aged skin to develop malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Strnadova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Sandera
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Dvorankova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kodet
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Duskova
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Lacina
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Szabo P, Smetana K, Dvorankova B, Mateu R, Rihova B. Abstract A197: Cancer associated fibroblasts are not form by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in nu/nu mice. Mol Cancer Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.targ-15-a197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts are very important players to form specific cancer microenvironmnet and bioactive elements influencing the biological properties of malignant tumors. Their origin from different cell types has been established. It is suppose and under debate that exist three ways of the possibility of their formation: a) by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition from cancer cells b) by activation of local mesenchymal cells c) by MSC (mesenchymal stem cell), which migrate from bone marrow to tumor. We focused on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. This study shows that human cancer cells lines FaDu FaDu (human squamous cell carcinoma isolated from pharynx; HTB-43), Sw620 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma; CCL-227) and HT-29 (human colorectal adenocarcinoma; HTB-38) grafted to nu/nu CD-1 mice induced formation of tumor stroma with the presence of typical smooth muscle actin-containing cancer-associated fibroblasts. These cells seem to be of the host origin because they are not recognized by an antibody specific for human vimentin, as was also verified in vitro. These results suggest that cancer-associated stromal fibroblasts are not formed by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition from cancer cells.
Citation Format: Pavol Szabo, Karel Smetana, Barbora Dvorankova, Rosana Mateu, Blanka Rihova. Cancer associated fibroblasts are not form by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in nu/nu mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr A197.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Szabo
- 1Charles University, Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Rosana Mateu
- 1Charles University, Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Rihova
- 2Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
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Lacina L, Plzak J, Kodet O, Szabo P, Chovanec M, Dvorankova B, Smetana K. Cancer Microenvironment: What Can We Learn from the Stem Cell Niche. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24094-110. [PMID: 26473842 PMCID: PMC4632740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal stem cells (ESCs) are crucial for maintenance and self- renewal of skin epithelium and also for regular hair cycling. Their role in wound healing is also indispensable. ESCs reside in a defined outer root sheath portion of hair follicle—also known as the bulge region. ECS are also found between basal cells of the interfollicular epidermis or mucous membranes. The non-epithelial elements such as mesenchymal stem cell-like elements of dermis or surrounding adipose tissue can also contribute to this niche formation. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) participate in formation of common epithelial malignant diseases such as basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma. In this review article, we focus on the role of cancer microenvironment with emphasis on the effect of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). This model reflects various biological aspects of interaction between cancer cell and CAFs with multiple parallels to interaction of normal epidermal stem cells and their niche. The complexity of intercellular interactions within tumor stroma is depicted on example of malignant melanoma, where keratinocytes also contribute the microenvironmental landscape during early phase of tumor progression. Interactions seen in normal bulge region can therefore be an important source of information for proper understanding to melanoma. The therapeutic consequences of targeting of microenvironment in anticancer therapy and for improved wound healing are included to article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lacina
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, U Nemocnice 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Plzak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, V Úvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Kodet
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, U Nemocnice 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavol Szabo
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Chovanec
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, V Úvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Dvorankova
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Trylcova J, Busek P, Smetana K, Balaziova E, Dvorankova B, Mifkova A, Sedo A. Effect of cancer-associated fibroblasts on the migration of glioma cells in vitro. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5873-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Jarkovska K, Dvorankova B, Halada P, Kodet O, Szabo P, Gadher SJ, Motlik J, Kovarova H, Smetana K. Revelation of fibroblast protein commonalities and differences and their possible roles in wound healing and tumourigenesis using co-culture models of cells. Biol Cell 2014; 106:203-18. [PMID: 24698078 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION The in vitro co-culture models of communication between normal fibroblasts and epithelial cells, such as keratinocytes or squamous cell carcinoma cells of FaDu line representing wound healing or cancer development, were established by non-direct contact between the cells and utilised in this study to examine epithelia-induced changes in overall fibroblast proteome patterns. RESULTS We were able to select the proteins co-regulated in both models in order to evaluate possible molecular commonalities between wound healing and tumour development. Amongst the most pronounced were the proteins implemented in contractile activity and formation of actin cytoskeleton such as caldesmon, calponin-2, myosin regulatory light-chain 12A and cofilin-1, which were expressed independently of the presence of α-smooth muscle actin. Additionally, proteins altered differently highlighted functional and cellular phenotypes during transition of fibroblasts towards myofibroblasts or cancer-associated fibroblasts. Results showed coordinated regulation of cytoskeleton proteins selective for wound healing which were lost in tumourigenesis model. Vimentin bridged this group of proteins with other regulated proteins in human fibroblasts involved in protein or RNA processing and metabolic regulation. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide strong support for crucial role of stromal microenvironment in wound healing and tumourigenesis. In particular, epithelia-induced protein changes in fibroblasts offer new potential targets which may lead to novel tailored cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Jarkovska
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Libechov, Czech Republic
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Krejci E, Dvorankova B, Kvasilova A, Borsky J, Grim M, Smetana K. Cellular and molecular characteristics of neonatal skin: consequences for healing (734.10). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.734.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Krejci
- Intitute of Anatomy 1st Faculty of Medicine Praha 2Czech Republic
- Institute of Physiology The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic PragueCzech Republic
| | | | - Alena Kvasilova
- Intitute of Anatomy 1st Faculty of Medicine Praha 2Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Borsky
- Department of Plastic Surgery Teaching Hospital Kralovske VinohradyPragueCzech Republic
| | - Milos Grim
- Intitute of Anatomy 1st Faculty of Medicine Praha 2Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- Intitute of Anatomy 1st Faculty of Medicine Praha 2Czech Republic
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Szabo P, Smetana K, Dvorankova B, Kolar M, Strnad H. Epithelial‐mesenchymal cross talk in cancer behavior (1047.1). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1047.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Szabo
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Barbora Dvorankova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of MedicineCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Michal Kolar
- Institute of Molecular Genetic of the ASCR, v.v.i.PragueCzech Republic
| | - Hynek Strnad
- Institute of Molecular Genetic of the ASCR, v.v.i.PragueCzech Republic
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Szabo P, Smetana K, Dvorankova B, Kodet O, Strnad H, Kolar M. Abstract B59: Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in cancer as potential target for anticancer therapy. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.fbcr13-b59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Many results demonstrate that cancer cells need for their growth and spread through organism a specific microenvironment'the tumor stroma. Carcinomas represent highly complex tissue composed from cancer cells and stroma including fibroblasts producing extracellular matrix and bioactive substances, inflammatory cells and blood vessels. We focused our research on most abundant cell component of cancer stroma on cancer-associated fibroblasts. We isolated stromal fibroblasts from tumours originated from the squamous epithelium such as basal and squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma and skin metastasis of breast cancer. We expanded them and in vitro evaluated their biological effect on normal keratinocytes and breast cancer keratinocytes (EMG-3). The results were compared with control experiments using normal human dermal fibroblasts, 3T3 mouse fibroblasts, and 3T3 fibroblasts influenced by the fibroblasts prepared from the basal cell carcinoma. Our results demonstrated that expression of luminal marker keratin 8 was influenced only by cancer associated fibroblasts prepared from any tested tumors. In contrast, all tested types of fibroblasts showed a strong stimulatory effect on the expression of basal/myoepithelial marker keratin 14. Since keratin 14 is a marker of basal myoepithelial cells and keratin 8 is a marker of luminal cells, these double-positive cells can be considered for precursor cells with properties close to stem cells. Their presence in clinical samples indeed signals very poor prognosis in cancer-suffering patiens. In conclusion, our data indicate that cancer associated fibroblasts are able to influence the phenotype of a breast cancer cell line and this effect is based on a tumor type-unspecific mechanism.
Citation Format: Pavol Szabo, Karel Smetana, Jr., Barbora Dvorankova, Ondrej Kodet, Hynek Strnad, Michal Kolar. Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in cancer as potential target for anticancer therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B59.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Szabo
- 1Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic,
| | - Karel Smetana
- 1Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic,
| | - Barbora Dvorankova
- 1Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic,
| | - Ondrej Kodet
- 1Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic,
| | - Hynek Strnad
- 2Institute of Molecular Genetic of the ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolar
- 2Institute of Molecular Genetic of the ASCR, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
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Lacina L, Cada Z, Dvorankova B, Kolar M, Strand H, Smetana K. Influence of tumor stroma on normal keratinocyte marker profile. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.978.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lacina
- Institute of AnatomyCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Zdenek Cada
- Institute of AnatomyCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | | | - Michal Kolar
- Institute of Molecular GeneticsAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague 4Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Strand
- Institute of Molecular GeneticsAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague 4Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of AnatomyCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
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Kim TN, Balakrishnan A, Lee BC, Kim WS, Dvorankova B, Smetana K, Park JK, Panigrahi BB. In vitro fibroblast response to ultra fine grained titanium produced by a severe plastic deformation process. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2008; 19:553-7. [PMID: 17619956 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-007-3204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The in vitro response of the mouse fibroblast cell line 3T3 on the surface of ultrafine grained titanium [produced by a severe plastic deformation (SPD) process] has been studied in this work. SPD Ti showed much higher strength than the coarse grained Ti and equivalent to that of Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Better cell proliferation was observed on SPD Ti compared to conventional Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy. This could be attributed to the increased surface free energy by reduction in the grain size and possibly the presence of a large number of nano size grooves at the triple point junctions in SPD Ti sample. There was no significant difference in the results of cytotoxicity tests of fine and coarse grained materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taik Nam Kim
- Department of Information and Electronic Materials Engineering, Paichai University, Daejeon, Korea.
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Plzak J, Smetana K, Hrdlickova E, Kodet R, Holikova Z, Liu FT, Dvorankova B, Kaltner H, Betka J, Gabius HJ. Expression of galectin-3-reactive ligands in squamous cancer and normal epithelial cells as a marker of differentiation. Int J Oncol 2001. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.19.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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