1
|
Bono B, Franco G, Riva V, Garbelli A, Maga G. Novel Insights into the Biochemical Mechanism of CK1ε and its Functional Interplay with DDX3X. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176449. [PMID: 32899434 PMCID: PMC7503845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Casein Kinase 1 epsilon (CK1ε) is a member of the serine (Ser)/threonine (Thr) CK1 family, known to have crucial roles in several biological scenarios and, ever more frequently, in pathological contexts, such as cancer. Recently, the human DEAD-box RNA helicase 3 X-linked (DDX3X), involved in cancer proliferation and viral infections, has been identified as one of CK1ε substrates and its positive regulator in the Wnt/β-catenin network. However, the way by which these two proteins influence each other has not been fully clarified. In order to further investigate their interplay, we defined the kinetic parameters of CK1ε towards its substrates: ATP, casein, Dvl2 and DDX3X. CK1ε affinity for ATP depends on the nature of the substrate: increasing of casein concentrations led to an increase of KmATP, while increasing DDX3X reduced it. In literature, DDX3X is described to act as an allosteric activator of CK1ε. However, when we performed kinase reactions combining DDX3X and casein, we did not find a positive effect of DDX3X on casein phosphorylation by CK1ε, while both substrates were phosphorylated in a competitive manner. Moreover, CK1ε positively stimulates DDX3X ATPase activity. Our data provide a more detailed kinetic characterization on the functional interplay of these two proteins.
Collapse
|
2
|
Bono B, Ostano P, Peritore M, Gregnanin I, Belgiovine C, Liguori M, Allavena P, Chiorino G, Chiodi I, Mondello C. Cells with stemness features are generated from in vitro transformed human fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13838. [PMID: 30218041 PMCID: PMC6138721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been involved in the maintenance, progression and relapse of several tumors, but their origin is still elusive. Here, in vitro transformed human fibroblasts (cen3tel cells) and the tumorsphere assay were used to search for and possibly characterize CSCs in transformed somatic cells. Cen3tel cells formed spheres showing self-renewal capacity and Sox2 overexpression, suggesting that they contained a subset of cells with CSC-like features. Sphere cells displayed deregulation of a c-MYC/miR-34a circuitry, likely associated with cell protection from apoptosis. Gene expression profiles of sphere cells revealed an extensive transcriptional reprogramming. Genes up-regulated in tumorspheres identified processes related to tumorigenesis and stemness, as cholesterol biosynthesis, apoptosis suppression, interferon and cytokine mediated signalling pathways. Sphere cells engrafted into NSG mice more rapidly than adherent cells, but both cell populations were tumorigenic. These results indicate that, during transformation, human somatic cells can acquire CSC properties, confirming the high plasticity of tumor cells. However, CSC-like cells are not the only tumorigenic population in transformed cells, indicating that the CSC phenotype and tumorigenicity can be uncoupled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartolo Bono
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Pavia University, via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paola Ostano
- "Cancer Genomics Laboratory" Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia Valenta, Via Malta, 3, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Martina Peritore
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gregnanin
- "Cancer Genomics Laboratory" Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia Valenta, Via Malta, 3, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Cristina Belgiovine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Liguori
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Allavena
- IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Chiorino
- "Cancer Genomics Laboratory" Fondazione Edo ed Elvo Tempia Valenta, Via Malta, 3, 13900, Biella, Italy
| | - Ilaria Chiodi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, CNR, Via Abbiategrasso, 207, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gerzeli G, Freitas I, Bono B, Griffini P, Baronzio GF, Bertone V. Enzyme histochemical studies on tumor blood vessels. Ital J Anat Embryol 2001; 100 Suppl 1:299-307. [PMID: 11322303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The oxygenation, the growth rate and the metastatic potential of a solid tumor depend on its vascularization and, in particular, on angiogenesis; a therapeutic approach affecting angiogenesis has been suggested as an alternative to conventional ones. Especially the study of the metabolism in the cells of the vessel wall should be a useful prerequisite for this approach. In this connection, an enzyme histochemical study was performed to characterize the blood vessels in a solid tumor (Ehrlich carcinoma). The following enzymes were considered: (a) alkaline phosphatase, involved in the transcellular phosphate transport and in the response to inflammatory and growth promoting factors; (b) dihydrofolate reductase, involved in the metabolism of tetrahydrofolate (for the synthesis of nucleic acids and the metabolism of serine and glycine); (c) purine nucleoside phosphorylase, involved in the degradation of purines and, in particular, of extracellular ATP and ADP; (d) xanthine oxidoreductase, engaged in the same degradation path and leading to the formation of urate, a strong antioxidant. Various patterns of enzyme activities were observed in the vessel wall. In particular, thin linear capillaries (presumed to be host capillaries penetrating the tumor) were identified for the intense positivity of alkaline phosphatase, dihydrofolate reductase and purine nucleoside phosphorilase; tortuous capillaries with variable diameters (presumed to be induced by angiogenesis from the host vessels) were negative for the alkaline phosphatase and expressed an heterogeneous pattern for the dihydrofolate reductase. All the data suggest a different vessel behaviour concerning the response to cytokines and to inflammatory stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Gerzeli
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale and Centro di Studio per l'Istochimica del CNR, Università di Pavia, Italia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Witte RS, Elson P, Bono B, Knop R, Richardson RR, Dreicer R, Loehrer PJ. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group phase II trial of ifosfamide in the treatment of previously treated advanced urothelial carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15:589-93. [PMID: 9053481 DOI: 10.1200/jco.1997.15.2.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Alkylating agents have modest activity in advanced urothelial carcinoma. Ifosfamide (IFX) is an agent as yet unstudied in advanced urothelial carcinoma. Despite recent advances in the treatment of this disease, there continues to be a need to identify new active agents and their toxicity spectra. Here we report results from the use of IFX in this population. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ambulatory patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma were treated with IFX 3,750 mg/m2 and mesna 2250 mg/m2 both intravenously (IV) daily for 2 days every 3 weeks. Significant renal and CNS toxicity required a dose change of IFX to 1,500 mg/m2 IV with mesna 750 mg/m2 IV for 5 days every 3 weeks. Doses were modified for hematologic, renal, and CNS toxicity. RESULTS Of 56 eligible patients entered onto the study, 26 received the 2-day schedule and 30 were treated on the 5-day regimen. All patients had progressive disease following prior systemic chemotherapy. There were five complete responses (CRs) and six partial responses (PRs) for an overall response rate of 20% (exact 95% confidence interval [CI], 10% to 32%). Renal and CNS toxicity was severe before the change in schedule, but manageable after the change. Major identified toxicities were gastrointestinal, myelosuppressive, renal, and CNS. There were four early deaths to which treatment probably contributed, but were multifactorial in etiology. CONCLUSION IFX has significant activity, but also major toxicity in a heavily cisplatin-pretreated cohort with advanced urothelial carcinoma. A modification of dose and/or schedule from that described should be considered in future trials. Combination regimens using this agent should be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Witte
- Gundersen Clinic, Ltd, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Freitas I, Baronzio GF, Bono B, Griffini P, Bertone V, Sonzini N, Magrassi GR, Bonandrini L, Gerzeli G. Tumor interstitial fluid: misconsidered component of the internal milieu of a solid tumor. Anticancer Res 1997; 17:165-72. [PMID: 9066647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) is a fluid phase present in the extracellular space of all tumors whose importance in oncology is seldom recognized. In order to stimulate other researchers to give it the due importance, a review of the available data (including our own) is provided. An hypothesis is presented for the genesis, fate and role of the TIF in the processes of invasion, growth and metastatization. Open questions regarding the TIF's role in tumor response to therapy are raised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Freitas
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Freitas I, Bono B, Bertone V, Griffini P, Baronzio GF, Bonandrini L, Gerzeli G. Characterization of the metabolism of perinecrotic cells in solid tumors by enzyme histochemistry. Anticancer Res 1996; 16:1491-502. [PMID: 8694518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic tumor cells resist most therapies and cause tumor regrowth when their environment improves. Identifying the adaptation strategies to hypoxia would help develop better tailored cancer therapies. Ehrlich carcinomas implanted on mice were analyzed histochemically for the following enzyme activities: lactate, succinate and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases, dihydrofolate reductase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, xanthine oxidoreductase, and acid phosphatase. With the exception of xanthine oxidoreductase, which was not active in tumor cells, and of succinate dehydrogenase the activity of which was not significatively altered, all other activities were much higher in perinecrotic cells with respect to cells close to blood vessels. These data suggest the integration of metabolic paths allowing purine and lipid biosyntheses. Degradation products from the necrosis are presumed to be employed as surrogates of blood-borne nutritive substances by cells distant from the vascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Freitas
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zurrida S, Bono A, Bartoli C, Bono B, Galante E, Veronesi P. Skeletal metastases from unknown primaries - consideration of 71 cases. Oncol Rep 1994; 1:151-153. [PMID: 21607326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Seventy-one cases of metastatic bone disease from unknown primary were analyzed retrospectively to assess diagnostic and therapeutic options. Forty-eight were male, and 23 female; average age 56.4 years (range 24-80). The main presenting symptom was pain. Fifty per cent of patients died within 14 months of symptoms onset and 22.7% were alive after 2 years. Although the prognosis is grave and unaffected by the treatment given, an assiduous diagnostic work-up can anticipate problems and indicate appropriate treatment to substantially improve the patient's quality of life and attitude to his disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Zurrida
- IST NAZL TUMORI,DIV DIAGNOST ONCOL & OUTPATIENT CLIN,I-20133 MILAN,ITALY. OSPED NIGUARDA CA GRANDA,DIV ORTHOPED & TRAUMATOL 2,MILAN,ITALY
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Katusz RM, Bono B, Colman RF. Identification of Tyr115 labeled by S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)glutathione in the hydrophobic substrate binding site of glutathione S-transferase, isoenzyme 3-3. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 298:667-77. [PMID: 1416995 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(92)90464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)glutathione (S-BDB-G), a reactive analogue of glutathione, with the 3-3 isoenzyme of rat liver glutathione S-transferase at pH 6.5 and 25 degrees C results in a time-dependent inactivation of the enzyme. The kobs exhibits a nonlinear dependence on S-BDB-G concentration from 50 to 900 microM, with a kmax of 0.073 min-1 and KI = 120 microM. The addition of 5 mM S-hexylglutathione, a competitive inhibitor with respect to glutathione, completely protects against inactivation by S-BDB-G. About 2.0 mol of [3H]S-BDB-G/mol of enzyme subunit is incorporated concomitant with 100% inactivation, whereas only 0.96 mol of reagent/mol subunit is incorporated in the presence of S-hexylglutathione when activity is fully retained. Modified enzyme, prepared by incubating glutathione S-transferase with [3H]S-BDB-G in the absence or in the presence of S-hexylglutathione, was reduced with NaBH4, reacted with N-ethylmaleimide, and digested with trypsin. Analysis of the tryptic digests, fractionated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, revealed Tyr115 as the amino acid whose reaction with S-BDB-G correlates with inactivation. Examination of the stability of S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)glutathione and modified enzyme in the absence and presence of dithiothreitol and under acidic conditions suggests that for stable linkage to peptides, the carbonyl moieties of the reagent should be reduced immediately after modification of a protein. Comparison of results from the 4-4 and 3-3 isoenzymes of rat liver glutathione S-transferase (both of the mu gene class) indicates: the 4-4 isoenzyme exhibits a greater affinity for S-BDB-G; Cys86 is labeled by [3H]S-BDB-G in both isoenzymes but is nonessential for activity; in the 3-3 isoenzyme, Cys86 is more accessible to S-BDB-G; and Tyr115 is an important residue in the hydrophobic binding site of both enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Katusz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Katusz RM, Bono B, Colman RF. Affinity labeling of Cys111 of glutathione S-transferase, isoenzyme 1-1, by S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)glutathione. Biochemistry 1992; 31:8984-90. [PMID: 1390685 DOI: 10.1021/bi00152a040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of S-(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)glutathione (S-BDB-G), a reactive analogue of glutathione, with the 1-1 isoenzyme of rat liver glutathione S-transferase at pH 6.5 and 25 degrees C results in a time-dependent inactivation of the enzyme. k(obs) exhibits a nonlinear dependence on S-BDB-G from 50 to 1200 microM, with a kmax of 0.111 min-1 and KI = 185 microM. The addition of 5 mM S-hexylglutathione, a competitive inhibitor with respect to glutathione, gives almost complete protection against inactivation by S-BDB-G. About 1.2 mol of [3H]S-BDB-G/mol of enzyme subunit is incorporated when the enzyme is 85% inactivated, whereas 0.33 mol of reagent/mol of subunit is incorporated in the presence of S-hexylglutathione when the enzyme has lost only 17% of its original activity. Modified enzyme, prepared by incubating glutathione S-transferase with [3H]S-BDB-G in the absence or in the presence of S-hexylglutathione, was reduced with sodium borohydride, reacted with N-ethylmaleimide, and digested with alpha-chymotrypsin. Analysis of the chymotryptic digests, fractionated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, revealed Cys111 as the amino acid whose reaction with S-BDB-G correlates with enzyme inactivation. It is concluded that Cys111 lies within or near the hydrophobic substrate binding site of glutathione S-transferase, isoenzyme 1-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Katusz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Of a total of 83 patients with metastatic bone disease, surgery was performed in 17 cases at the prefracture stage, in 54 cases after complete fracture and in 10 cases to decompress the spinal cord. Positive short-term results were obtained in 75% of cases. 7 patients presented mild complications. In 2 cases, the patients had to be reoperated. 55% of the patients were still alive after 6 months, 31% after 12 months and 10% after 2 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Bono
- II Divisione Ortopedia A, Ponti, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|