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Ravi P, Freeman D, Thomas J, Ravi A, Mantia C, McGregor BA, Berchuck JE, Epstein I, Budde P, Ahangarian Abhari B, Rupieper E, Gajewski J, Schubert AS, Kilian AL, Bräutigam M, Zucht HD, Sonpavde G. Comprehensive multiplexed autoantibody profiling of patients with advanced urothelial cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008215. [PMID: 38309723 PMCID: PMC10840035 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive profiling of autoantibodies (AAbs) in metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC) has not been performed to date. This may aid in diagnosis of UC, uncover novel therapeutic targets in this disease as well as identify associations between AAbs and response and toxicity to systemic therapies. METHODS We used serum from patients with mUC collected prior to and after systemic therapy (immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) or platinum-based chemotherapy (PBC)) at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. 38 age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) from healthy blood donors were also evaluated. The SeroTag immuno-oncology discovery array (Oncimmune) was used, with quantification of the AAb reactivity toward 1132 antigens. Bound AAbs were detected using an anti-immunoglobulin G-specific detection antibody conjugated to the fluorescent reporter dye phycoerythrin. The AAb reactivity was reported as the median fluorescence intensity for each color and sample using a Luminex FlexMAP3D analyzer. Clinical outcomes of interest included radiographic response and development of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Significance analysis of microarray was used to compare mUC versus HC and radiographic response. Associations with irAE were evaluated using a logistic regression model. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS 66 patients were included with a median age of 68 years; 54 patients (82%) received ICI and 12 patients (18%) received PBC. Compared with HCs, AAbs against the cancer/testis antigens (CTAG1B, CTAG2, MAGEB18), HSPA1A, TP53, KRAS, and FGFR3 were significantly elevated in patients with mUC. AAbs against BRCA2, TP53, and CTNBB1 were associated with response, and those against BICD2 and UACA were associated with resistance to ICI therapy. AAbs against MITF, CDH3, and KDM4A were associated with development of irAEs in patient who received an ICI. A higher variance in pre-to-post treatment fold change in AAb levels was seen in patients treated with ICI versus PBC and was associated with response to ICI. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of comprehensive AAb profiling of patients with mUC and identified key AAbs that were elevated in patients with mUC versus HCs as well as AAbs associated with therapeutic response to ICI. These findings are hypothesis generating and further mechanistic studies evaluating humoral immunity in UC are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praful Ravi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dory Freeman
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Arvind Ravi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ilana Epstein
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guru Sonpavde
- AdventHealth Cancer Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Roedig J, Kowald L, Juretschke T, Karlowitz R, Ahangarian Abhari B, Roedig H, Fulda S, Beli P, van Wijk SJ. USP22 controls necroptosis by regulating receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 ubiquitination. EMBO Rep 2020; 22:e50163. [PMID: 33369872 PMCID: PMC7857539 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic control of ubiquitination by deubiquitinating enzymes is essential for almost all biological processes. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22 (USP22) is part of the SAGA complex and catalyzes the removal of mono-ubiquitination from histones H2A and H2B, thereby regulating gene transcription. However, novel roles for USP22 have emerged recently, such as tumor development and cell death. Apart from apoptosis, the relevance of USP22 in other programmed cell death pathways still remains unclear. Here, we describe a novel role for USP22 in controlling necroptotic cell death in human tumor cell lines. Loss of USP22 expression significantly delays TNFα/Smac mimetic/zVAD.fmk (TBZ)-induced necroptosis, without affecting TNFα-mediated NF-κB activation or extrinsic apoptosis. Ubiquitin remnant profiling identified receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) lysines 42, 351, and 518 as novel, USP22-regulated ubiquitination sites during necroptosis. Importantly, mutation of RIPK3 K518 reduced necroptosis-associated RIPK3 ubiquitination and amplified necrosome formation and necroptotic cell death. In conclusion, we identify a novel role of USP22 in necroptosis and further elucidate the relevance of RIPK3 ubiquitination as crucial regulator of necroptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Roedig
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lisa Kowald
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Rebekka Karlowitz
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Behnaz Ahangarian Abhari
- Lighthouse Core Facility, Zentrum für Translationale Zellforschung, Universitaetsklinikum Freiburg, Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Roedig
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Petra Beli
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Sjoerd Jl van Wijk
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Abhari BA, McCarthy N, Le Berre M, Kilcoyne M, Joshi L, Agostinis P, Fulda S. Correction: Smac mimetic suppresses tunicamycin-induced apoptosis via resolution of ER stress. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:806. [PMID: 32978371 PMCID: PMC7519679 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Ahangarian Abhari
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Komturstrasse 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicole McCarthy
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Komturstrasse 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marie Le Berre
- Glycoscience Group, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Lokesh Joshi
- Glycoscience Group, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Komturstrasse 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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4
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Abstract
Smac mimetics that deplete cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (cIAP) proteins have been shown to activate Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Here, we report that Smac mimetic-mediated activation of NF-κB contributes to the rescue of cancer cells from tunicamycin (TM)-triggered apoptosis. The prototypic Smac mimetic BV6 activates non-canonical and canonical NF-κB pathways, while TM has little effect on NF-κB signaling. Importantly, ectopic expression of dominant-negative IκBα superrepressor (IκBα-SR), which inhibits canonical and non-canonical NF-κB activation, significantly reversed this BV6-imposed protection against TM. Similarly, transient or stable knockdown of NF-κB-inducing kinase, which accumulated upon exposure to BV6 alone and in combination with TM, significantly counteracted BV6-mediated inhibition of TM-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, while cIAP2 was initially degraded upon BV6 treatment, it was subsequently upregulated in an NF-κB-dependent manner, as this restoration of cIAP2 expression was abolished in IκBα-SR-overexpressing cells. Interestingly, upon exposure to TM/BV6 apoptosis was significantly increased in cIAP2 knockdown cells. Furthermore, NF-κB inhibition partially prevented BV6-stimulated expression of Mcl-1 upon TM treatment. Consistently, Mcl-1 silencing significantly inhibited BV6-mediated protection from TM-induced apoptosis. Thus, NF-κB activation by Smac mimetic contributes to Smac mimetic-mediated protection against TM-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Ahangarian Abhari
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nicole McCarthy
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Germany. .,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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5
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Bhatti IA, Abhari BA, Fulda S. Identification of a synergistic combination of Smac mimetic and Bortezomib to trigger cell death in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma cells. Cancer Lett 2017; 405:63-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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6
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Attaran-Bandarabadi F, Abhari BA, Neishabouri SH, Davoodi J. Integrity of XIAP is essential for effective activity recovery of apoptosome and its downstream caspases by Smac/Diablo. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:283-289. [PMID: 28322955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Contribution of individual BIR domains to Smac antagonism is investigated. Ammonium citrate was used to activate caspase-9 and pro-caspase-9 (D315, D330/A). However, the presence of citrate resulted in autoproteolysis of pro-caspase-9 and its inhibition by XIAP BIR3, which was not observed for apoptosome activated pro-caspase-9 indicating abnormal behavior of pro-caspase-9 in kosmotropic citrate salt. Thus, we used Apaf-1(residues 1-591) to activate caspase-9 through the formation of mini-apoptosome instead. Inhibition of apoptosome by XIAP BIR-1-2-3 was observed to be similar to that of BIR3 indicating that the cleavage of XIAP does not affect its potency. However, BIR1-2-3 was more prone to Smac antagonism due to simultaneous interaction of two BIR domains from XIAP with two N-terminal binding sites of Smac. Therefore, despite the role in caspase-9 activation, Apaf-1 does not influence caspase-9 inhibition by XIAP. In addition, caspase-3, -7 and -9 activity recovery by Smac protein and peptide were more efficient for BIR1-2-3 than for BIR1-2. Consequently, it can be proposed that the presence of multiple BIR domains for XIAP among different species along with dimeric nature of Smac are evolutionary designed to strengthen the antagonistic activity of Smac culminating in efficient induction of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jamshid Davoodi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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Czaplinski S, Abhari BA, Torkov A, Seggewiß D, Hugle M, Fulda S. Differential role of RIP1 in Smac mimetic-mediated chemosensitization of neuroblastoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:41522-34. [PMID: 26575016 PMCID: PMC4747171 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the potential of Smac mimetics, which antagonize Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) proteins, for chemosensitization of neuroblastoma (NB). Here, we report that Smac mimetics, e.g. BV6, prime NB cells for chemotherapeutics including the topoisomerase II inhibitor doxorubicin (DOX) and vinca alkaloids such as Vincristine (VCR), Vinblastine (VBL) and Vinorelbine (VNR). Additionally, BV6 acts in concert with DOX or VCR to suppress long-term clonogenic growth. While BV6 causes rapid downregulation of cellular IAP (cIAP)1 protein and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation, DOX/BV6- or VCR/BV6-induced apoptosis occurs independently of NF-κB or TNFα signaling, since overexpression of dominant-negative IκBα superrepressor or the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)α-blocking antibody Enbrel fail to block cell death. Mechanistic studies reveal that Receptor-interacting protein (RIP)1 is required for DOX/BV6-, but not for VCR/BV6-induced apoptosis, since transient or stable knockdown of RIP1 or the pharmacological RIP1 inhibitor necrostatin-1 significantly reduce apoptosis. By comparison, VCR/BV6-mediated apoptosis critically depends on the mitochondrial pathway. VCR/BV6 cotreatment causes phosphorylation of BCL-2 during mitotic arrest, enhanced activation of BAX and BAK and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Additionally, overexpression of BCL-2 profoundly suppresses VCR/BV6-induced apoptosis. Thus, BV6 sensitizes NB cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis via distinct initial signaling mechanisms depending on the chemotherapeutic drug. These findings provide novel mechanistic insights into Smac mimetic-mediated chemosensitization of NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Czaplinski
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Alica Torkov
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominik Seggewiß
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Manuela Hugle
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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8
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Hannes S, Abhari BA, Fulda S. Smac mimetic triggers necroptosis in pancreatic carcinoma cells when caspase activation is blocked. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Engel K, Rudelius M, Slawska J, Jacobs L, Ahangarian Abhari B, Altmann B, Kurutz J, Rathakrishnan A, Fernández-Sáiz V, Brunner A, Targosz BS, Loewecke F, Gloeckner CJ, Ueffing M, Fulda S, Pfreundschuh M, Trümper L, Klapper W, Keller U, Jost PJ, Rosenwald A, Peschel C, Bassermann F. USP9X stabilizes XIAP to regulate mitotic cell death and chemoresistance in aggressive B-cell lymphoma. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:851-62. [PMID: 27317434 PMCID: PMC4967940 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201506047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) maintains genome stability and marks an important target for antineoplastic therapies. However, it has remained unclear how cells execute cell fate decisions under conditions of SAC‐induced mitotic arrest. Here, we identify USP9X as the mitotic deubiquitinase of the X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) and demonstrate that deubiquitylation and stabilization of XIAP by USP9X lead to increased resistance toward mitotic spindle poisons. We find that primary human aggressive B‐cell lymphoma samples exhibit high USP9X expression that correlate with XIAP overexpression. We show that high USP9X/XIAP expression is associated with shorter event‐free survival in patients treated with spindle poison‐containing chemotherapy. Accordingly, aggressive B‐cell lymphoma lines with USP9X and associated XIAP overexpression exhibit increased chemoresistance, reversed by specific inhibition of either USP9X or XIAP. Moreover, knockdown of USP9X or XIAP significantly delays lymphoma development and increases sensitivity to spindle poisons in a murine Eμ‐Myc lymphoma model. Together, we specify the USP9X–XIAP axis as a regulator of the mitotic cell fate decision and propose that USP9X and XIAP are potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in aggressive B‐cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Engel
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Martina Rudelius
- Institute of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jolanta Slawska
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Laura Jacobs
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Behnaz Ahangarian Abhari
- Institut für Experimentelle Tumorforschung in der Pädiatrie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bettina Altmann
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Kurutz
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Abirami Rathakrishnan
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Vanesa Fernández-Sáiz
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrä Brunner
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Bianca-Sabrina Targosz
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Felicia Loewecke
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Christian Johannes Gloeckner
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Medical Proteome Center, Tübingen, Germany German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Medical Proteome Center, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institut für Experimentelle Tumorforschung in der Pädiatrie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Pfreundschuh
- Department of Medicine I, Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (Saar), Germany
| | - Lorenz Trümper
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Institute of Pathology, Haematopathology Section and Lymph Node Registry, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Keller
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp J Jost
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Peschel
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Bassermann
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Liese J, Abhari BA, Fulda S. Smac mimetic and oleanolic acid synergize to induce cell death in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 365:47-56. [PMID: 25917078 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still a major unsolved problem highlighting the need to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we identify a novel synergistic induction of cell death by the combination of the Smac mimetic BV6, which antagonizes Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, and the triterpenoid oleanolic acid (OA) in human HCC cells. Importantly, BV6 and OA also cooperate to suppress long-term clonogenic survival as well as tumor growth in a preclinical in vivo model of HCC underscoring the clinical relevance of our findings. In contrast, BV6/OA cotreatment does not exert cytotoxic effects against normal primary hepatocytes, pointing to some tumor selectivity. Mechanistic studies show that BV6/OA cotreatment leads to DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 cleavage, while supply of the pan-caspase inhibitor N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (zVAD.fmk) revealed a cell type-dependent requirement of caspases for BV6/OA-induced cell death. The receptor interacting protein (RIP)1 kinase Inhibitor Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) or genetic knockdown of RIP1 fails to rescue BV6/OA-mediated cell death, indicating that BV6/OA cotreatment does not primarily engage necroptotic cell death. Notably, the addition of several reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers significantly decreases BV6/OA-triggered cell death, indicating that ROS production contributes to BV6/OA-induced cell death. In conclusion, cotreatment of Smac mimetic and OA represents a novel approach for the induction of cell death in HCC and implicates further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Liese
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; General and Visceral Surgery, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Cristofanon S, Abhari BA, Krueger M, Tchoghandjian A, Momma S, Calaminus C, Vucic D, Pichler BJ, Fulda S. Identification of RIP1 as a critical mediator of Smac mimetic-mediated sensitization of glioblastoma cells for Drozitumab-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1724. [PMID: 25880091 PMCID: PMC4650534 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aims at evaluating the combination of the tumor-necrosis-factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-receptor 2 (TRAIL-R2)-specific antibody Drozitumab and the Smac mimetic BV6 in preclinical glioblastoma models. To this end, the effect of BV6 and/or Drozitumab on apoptosis induction and signaling pathways was analyzed in glioblastoma cell lines, primary glioblastoma cultures and glioblastoma stem-like cells. Here, we report that BV6 and Drozitumab synergistically induce apoptosis and reduce colony formation in several glioblastoma cell lines (combination index<0.1). Also, BV6 profoundly enhances Drozitumab-induced apoptosis in primary glioblastoma cultures and glioblastoma stem-like cells. Importantly, BV6 cooperates with Drozitumab to suppress tumor growth in two glioblastoma in vivo models including an orthotopic, intracranial mouse model, underlining the clinical relevance of these findings. Mechanistic studies reveal that BV6 and Drozitumab act in concert to trigger the formation of a cytosolic receptor-interacting protein (RIP) 1/Fas-associated via death domain (FADD)/caspase-8-containing complex and subsequent activation of caspase-8 and -3. BV6- and Drozitumab-induced apoptosis is blocked by the caspase inhibitor zVAD.fmk, pointing to caspase-dependent apoptosis. RNA interference-mediated silencing of RIP1 almost completely abolishes the BV6-conferred sensitization to Drozitumab-induced apoptosis, indicating that the synergism critically depends on RIP1 expression. In contrast, both necrostatin-1, a RIP1 kinase inhibitor, and Enbrel, a TNFα-blocking antibody, do not interfere with BV6/Drozitumab-induced apoptosis, demonstrating that apoptosis occurs independently of RIP1 kinase activity or an autocrine TNFα loop. In conclusion, the rational combination of BV6 and Drozitumab presents a promising approach to trigger apoptosis in glioblastoma, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cristofanon
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - B A Abhari
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Krueger
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - A Tchoghandjian
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - S Momma
- Institute of Neuropathology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Calaminus
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - D Vucic
- Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - B J Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - S Fulda
- 1] Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany [2] German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany [3] German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Rapino F, Abhari BA, Jung M, Fulda S. NIK is required for NF-κB-mediated induction of BAG3 upon inhibition of constitutive protein degradation pathways. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1692. [PMID: 25766331 PMCID: PMC4385908 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that induction of the co-chaperone Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) is critical for recovery of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) cells after proteotoxic stress upon inhibition of the two constitutive protein degradation pathways, that is, the ubiquitin-proteasome system by Bortezomib and the aggresome-autophagy system by histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitor ST80. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms mediating BAG3 induction under these conditions. Here, we identify nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)-inducing kinase (NIK) as a key mediator of ST80/Bortezomib-stimulated NF-κB activation and transcriptional upregulation of BAG3. ST80/Bortezomib cotreatment upregulates mRNA and protein expression of NIK, which is accompanied by an initial increase in histone H3 acetylation. Importantly, NIK silencing by siRNA abolishes NF-κB activation and BAG3 induction by ST80/Bortezomib. Furthermore, ST80/Bortezomib cotreatment stimulates NF-κB transcriptional activity and upregulates NF-κB target genes. Genetic inhibition of NF-κB by overexpression of dominant-negative IκBα superrepressor (IκBα-SR) or by knockdown of p65 blocks the ST80/Bortezomib-stimulated upregulation of BAG3 mRNA and protein expression. Interestingly, inhibition of lysosomal activity by Bafilomycin A1 inhibits ST80/Bortezomib-stimulated IκBα degradation, NF-κB activation and BAG3 upregulation, indicating that IκBα is degraded via the lysosome in the presence of Bortezomib. Thus, by demonstrating a critical role of NIK in mediating NF-κB activation and BAG3 induction upon ST80/Bortezomib cotreatment, our study provides novel insights into mechanisms of resistance to proteotoxic stress in RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rapino
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - B A Abhari
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Braig S, Wiedmann RM, Liebl J, Singer M, Kubisch R, Schreiner L, Abhari BA, Wagner E, Kazmaier U, Fulda S, Vollmar AM. Pretubulysin: a new option for the treatment of metastatic cancer. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1001. [PMID: 24434509 PMCID: PMC4040707 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tubulin-binding agents such as taxol, vincristine or vinblastine are well-established drugs in clinical treatment of metastatic cancer. However, because of their highly complex chemical structures, the synthesis and hence the supply issues are still quite challenging. Here we set on stage pretubulysin, a chemically accessible precursor of tubulysin that was identified as a potent microtubule-binding agent produced by myxobacteria. Although much simpler in chemical structure, pretubulysin abrogates proliferation and long-term survival as well as anchorage-independent growth, and also induces anoikis and apoptosis in invasive tumor cells equally potent to tubulysin. Moreover, pretubulysin posseses in vivo efficacy shown in a chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model with T24 bladder tumor cells, in a mouse xenograft model using MDA-MB-231 mammary cancer cells and finally in a model of lung metastasis induced by 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells. Pretubulysin induces cell death via the intrinsic apoptosis pathway by abrogating the expression of pivotal antiapoptotic proteins, namely Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL, and shows distinct chemosensitizing properties in combination with TRAIL in two- and three-dimensional cell culture models. Unraveling the underlying signaling pathways provides novel information: pretubulysin induces proteasomal degradation of Mcl-1 by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (especially JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase)) and phosphorylation of Mcl-1, which is then targeted by the SCFFbw7 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex for ubiquitination and degradation. In sum, we designate the microtubule-destabilizing compound pretubulysin as a highly promising novel agent for mono treatment and combinatory treatment of invasive cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Braig
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - R M Wiedmann
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - J Liebl
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - M Singer
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - R Kubisch
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - L Schreiner
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - B A Abhari
- Institute for Experimental Research in Pediatrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, Komturstrasse 3a, 60528 Frankfurt aM, Germany
| | - E Wagner
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - U Kazmaier
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, PO Box 151150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - S Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Research in Pediatrics, University Hospital Frankfurt, Komturstrasse 3a, 60528 Frankfurt aM, Germany
| | - A M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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14
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Rettinger E, Glatthaar A, Abhari BA, Oelsner S, Pfirrmann V, Huenecke S, Kuçi S, Kreyenberg H, Willasch AM, Klingebiel T, Fulda S, Bader P. SMAC Mimetic BV6 Enables Sensitization of Resistant Tumor Cells but also Affects Cytokine-Induced Killer (CIK) Cells: A Potential Challenge for Combination Therapy. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:75. [PMID: 25101252 PMCID: PMC4103003 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an established treatment option for high-risk hematological malignancies, and may also be offered to patients with solid malignancies refractory to conventional therapies. In case of patients' relapse, refractory tumor cells may then be targeted by cellular therapy-based combination strategies. Here, we investigated the potential of small molecule IAP (SMAC mimetic) BV6 in increasing cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity against different tumor targets. Four-hour pre-incubation with 2.5 μMol BV6 moderately enhanced CIK cell-mediated lysis of hematological (H9, THP-1, and Tanoue) and solid malignancies (RH1, RH30, and TE671). However, BV6 also increased apoptosis of non-malignant cells like peripheral blood mononuclear cells and most notably had an inhibitory effect on immune cells potentially limiting their cytotoxic potential. Hence, cytotoxicity increased in a dose-dependent manner when BV6 was removed before CIK cells were added to tumor targets. However, cytotoxic potential was not further increasable by extending BV6 pre-incubation period of target cells from 4 to 12 h. Molecular studies revealed that BV6 sensitization of target cells involved activation of caspases. Here, we provide evidence that SMAC mimetic may sensitize targets cells for CIK cell-induced cell death. However, BV6 also increased apoptosis of non-malignant cells like CIK cells and peripheral mononuclear cells. These findings may therefore be important for cell- and small molecule IAP-based combination therapies of resistant cancers after allogeneic HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rettinger
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Andreas Glatthaar
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Behnaz Ahangarian Abhari
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Sarah Oelsner
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany ; Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Biomedical Research , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Verena Pfirrmann
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Sabine Huenecke
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Selim Kuçi
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Hermann Kreyenberg
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Andre M Willasch
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Thomas Klingebiel
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Peter Bader
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main , Frankfurt , Germany
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15
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Gieffers C, Kluge M, Merz C, Sykora J, Thiemann M, Schaal R, Fischer C, Branschädel M, Abhari BA, Hohenberger P, Fulda S, Fricke H, Hill O. APG350 induces superior clustering of TRAIL receptors and shows therapeutic antitumor efficacy independent of cross-linking via Fcγ receptors. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:2735-47. [PMID: 24101228 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells can be specifically driven into apoptosis by activating Death-receptor-4 (DR4; TRAIL-R1) and/or Death-receptor-5 (DR5; TRAIL-R2). Albeit showing promising preclinical efficacy, first-generation protein therapeutics addressing this pathway, especially agonistic anti-DR4/DR5-monoclonal antibodies, have not been clinically successful to date. Due to their bivalent binding mode, effective apoptosis induction by agonistic TRAIL-R antibodies is achieved only upon additional events leading to antibody-multimer formation. The binding of these multimers to their target subsequently leads to effective receptor-clustering on cancer cells. The research results presented here report on a new class of TRAIL-receptor agonists overcoming this intrinsic limitation observed for antibodies in general. The main feature of these agonists is a TRAIL-mimic consisting of three TRAIL-protomer subsequences combined in one polypeptide chain, termed the single-chain TRAIL-receptor-binding domain (scTRAIL-RBD). In the active compounds, two scTRAIL-RBDs with three receptor binding sites each are brought molecularly in close proximity resulting in a fusion protein with a hexavalent binding mode. In the case of APG350-the prototype of this engineering concept-this is achieved by fusing the Fc-part of a human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1)-mutein C-terminally to the scTRAIL-RBD polypeptide, thereby creating six receptor binding sites per drug molecule. In vitro, APG350 is a potent inducer of apoptosis on human tumor cell lines and primary tumor cells. In vivo, treatment of mice bearing Colo205-xenograft tumors with APG350 showed a dose-dependent antitumor efficacy. By dedicated muteins, we confirmed that the observed in vivo efficacy of the hexavalent scTRAIL-RBD fusion proteins is-in contrast to agonistic antibodies-independent of FcγR-based cross-linking events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gieffers
- Corresponding Author: Oliver Hill, Apogenix GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 584, Heidelberg 69120, Germany. Phone: 49-6221-58608-18; Fax: 49-6221-58608-10; E-Mail:
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16
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Bangert A, Cristofanon S, Eckhardt I, Abhari BA, Kolodziej S, Häcker S, Vellanki SHK, Lausen J, Debatin KM, Fulda S. Histone deacetylase inhibitors sensitize glioblastoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by c-myc-mediated downregulation of cFLIP. Oncogene 2012; 31:4677-88. [PMID: 22266862 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor with a very poor prognosis, calling for novel treatment strategies. Here, we provide first evidence that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI) prime glioblastoma cells for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) -induced apoptosis at least in part by c-myc-mediated downregulation of cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (cFLIP). Pretreatment with distinct HDACI (MS275, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, valproic acid) significantly enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in several glioblastoma cell lines. Monitoring a panel of apoptosis-regulatory proteins revealed that MS275 reduces the expression of cFLIP(L) and cFLIP(S). This leads to decreased recruitment of cFLIP(L) and cFLIP(S) and increased activation of caspase-8 to the TRAIL death-inducing signaling complex, resulting in enhanced cleavage of caspase-8, -9 and -3 and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Also, MS275 promotes TRAIL-triggered processing of Bid, activation of Bax, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c. MS275-mediated downregulation of cFLIP occurs at the mRNA level independent of proteasome- or caspase-mediated degradation, and is preceded by upregulation of nuclear levels of c-myc, a transcriptional repressor of cFLIP. Notably, MS275 causes increased binding of c-myc to the cFLIP promoter and reduces cFLIP promoter activity. Indeed, knockdown of c-myc partially rescues cFLIP(L) from MS275-inferred downregulation and significantly decreases TRAIL- and MS275-induced apoptosis. Also, overexpression of cFLIP(L) or cFLIP(S) significantly reduces MS275- and TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Importantly, MS275 sensitizes primary cultured glioblastoma cells towards TRAIL and cooperates with TRAIL to reduce long-term clonogenic survival of glioblastoma cells and to suppress glioblastoma growth in vivo underscoring the clinical relevance of this approach. Thus, these findings demonstrate that HDACI represent a promising strategy to prime glioblastoma for TRAIL-induced apoptosis by targeting cFLIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bangert
- University Children's Hospital, Ulm, Germany
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davoodi J, Abhari BA, Balalaei S. Comparison of the Smac based peptides and Smac protein in antagonizing caspase‐3 and ‐7 inhibition by the BIR12 and BIR123 domains of XIAP. FASEB J 2011. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.943.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- jamshid davoodi
- Human Nutrition Foods and ExerciseVirginia TechBlacksburgVA
- University of TehranTehranIran
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Abhari BA, Davoodi J. A Mechanistic Insight into SMAC Peptide Interference with XIAP-Bir2 Inhibition of Executioner Caspases. J Mol Biol 2008; 381:645-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 05/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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