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Delgadillo-Puga C, Torre-Villalvazo I, Noriega LG, Rodríguez-López LA, Alemán G, Torre-Anaya EA, Cariño-Cervantes YY, Palacios-Gonzalez B, Furuzawa-Carballeda J, Tovar AR, Cisneros-Zevallos L. Pecans and Its Polyphenols Prevent Obesity, Hepatic Steatosis and Diabetes by Reducing Dysbiosis, Inflammation, and Increasing Energy Expenditure in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112591. [PMID: 37299553 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Pecans (Carya illinoinensis) are considered a functional food due to the high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber and polyphenols. To determine the effect of whole pecans (WP) or a pecan polyphenol (PP) extract on the development of metabolic abnormalities in mice fed a high-fat (HF) diet, we fed C57BL/6 mice with a Control diet (7% fat), HF diet (23% fat), HF containing 30% WP or an HF diet supplemented with 3.6 or 6 mg/g of PP for 18 weeks. Supplementation of an HF diet with WP or PP reduced fat mass, serum cholesterol, insulin and HOMA-IR by 44, 40, 74 and 91%, respectively, compared to the HF diet. They also enhanced glucose tolerance by 37%, prevented pancreatic islet hypertrophy, and increased oxygen consumption by 27% compared to the HF diet. These beneficial effects were associated with increased thermogenic activity in brown adipose tissue, mitochondrial activity and AMPK activation in skeletal muscle, reduced hypertrophy and macrophage infiltration of subcutaneous and visceral adipocytes, reduced hepatic lipid content and enhanced metabolic signaling. Moreover, the microbial diversity of mice fed WP or PP was higher than those fed HF, and associated with lower circulating lipopolysaccharides (~83-95%). Additionally, a 4-week intervention study with the HF 6PP diet reduced the metabolic abnormalities of obese mice. The present study demonstrates that WP or a PP extract prevented obesity, liver steatosis and diabetes by reducing dysbiosis, inflammation, and increasing mitochondrial content and energy expenditure. Pecan polyphenols were mainly condensed tannin and ellagic acid derivatives including ellagitannins as determined by LC-MS. Herein we also propose a model for the progression of the HF diet-mediated metabolic disorder based on early and late events, and the possible molecular targets of WP and PP extract in preventive and intervention strategies. The body surface area normalization equation gave a conversion equivalent to a daily human intake dose of 2101-3502 mg phenolics that can be obtained from 110-183 g pecan kernels/day (22-38 whole pecans) or 21.6-36 g defatted pecan flour/day for an average person of 60 kg. This work lays the groundwork for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Delgadillo-Puga
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal Dr. Fernando Pérez-Gil Romo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Ivan Torre-Villalvazo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Lilia G Noriega
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Leonardo A Rodríguez-López
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Alemán
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Erik A Torre-Anaya
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Yonatan Y Cariño-Cervantes
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal Dr. Fernando Pérez-Gil Romo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Berenice Palacios-Gonzalez
- Unidad de Vinculación Científica Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 16080, Mexico
| | - Janette Furuzawa-Carballeda
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Armando R Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Luis Cisneros-Zevallos
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2133, USA
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Delgadillo-Puga C, Sánchez-Castillo DR, Cariño-Cervantes YY, Torre-Villalvazo I, Tovar-Palacio C, Vásquez-Reyes S, Furuzawa-Carballeda J, Acevedo-Carabantes JA, Camacho-Corona MDR, Guzmán-Mar JL, Cisneros-Zevallos L, Tovar AR, Rebollar-Vega R, Hernández-Montes G, Ulloa-Aguirre A, Palacios-Gonzalez B, Noriega LG. Vachellia farnesiana Pods or a Polyphenolic Extract Derived from Them Exert Immunomodulatory, Metabolic, Renoprotective, and Prebiotic Effects in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097984. [PMID: 37175691 PMCID: PMC10178983 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity causes systemic inflammation, hepatic and renal damage, as well as gut microbiota dysbiosis. Alternative vegetable sources rich in polyphenols are known to prevent or delay the progression of metabolic abnormalities during obesity. Vachellia farnesiana (VF) is a potent source of polyphenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities with potential anti-obesity effects. We performed an in vivo preventive or an interventional experimental study in mice and in vitro experiments with different cell types. In the preventive study, male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a Control diet, a high-fat diet, or a high-fat diet containing either 0.1% methyl gallate, 10% powdered VFP, or 0.5%, 1%, or 2% of a polyphenolic extract (PE) derived from VFP (Vachellia farnesiana pods) for 14 weeks. In the intervention study, two groups of mice were fed for 14 weeks with a high-fat diet and then one switched to a high-fat diet with 10% powdered VFP for ten additional weeks. In the in vitro studies, we evaluated the effect of a VFPE (Vachellia farnesiana polyphenolic extract) on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1E cells or of naringenin or methyl gallate on mitochondrial activity in primary hepatocytes and C2C12 myotubes. VFP or a VFPE increased whole-body energy expenditure and mitochondrial activity in skeletal muscle; prevented insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and kidney damage; exerted immunomodulatory effects; and reshaped fecal gut microbiota composition in mice fed a high-fat diet. VFPE decreased insulin secretion in INS-1E cells, and its isolated compounds naringenin and methyl gallate increased mitochondrial activity in primary hepatocytes and C2C12 myotubes. In conclusion VFP or a VFPE prevented systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and hepatic and renal damage in mice fed a high-fat diet associated with increased energy expenditure, improved mitochondrial function, and reduction in insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Delgadillo-Puga
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal Dr. Fernando Pérez-Gil Romo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | | | - Yonatan Y Cariño-Cervantes
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal Dr. Fernando Pérez-Gil Romo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Ivan Torre-Villalvazo
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Claudia Tovar-Palacio
- Dirección de Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Sarai Vásquez-Reyes
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Janette Furuzawa-Carballeda
- Departamento de Cirugía Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Joshua Ayork Acevedo-Carabantes
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - María Del Rayo Camacho-Corona
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Av. Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de Los Garza 66455, Mexico
| | - Jorge Luis Guzmán-Mar
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Av. Universidad s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de Los Garza 66455, Mexico
| | - Luis Cisneros-Zevallos
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Armando R Tovar
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Rosa Rebollar-Vega
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional de Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Georgina Hernández-Montes
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional de Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Ulloa-Aguirre
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional de Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Berenice Palacios-Gonzalez
- Unidad de Vinculación Científica Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica 14, (INMEGEN), Mexico City 16080, Mexico
| | - Lilia G Noriega
- Dirección de Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INCMNSZ), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
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Vargas-Morales JM, Guizar-Heredia R, Méndez-García AL, Palacios-Gonzalez B, Schcolnik-Cabrera A, Granados O, López-Barradas AM, Vázquez-Manjarrez N, Medina-Vera I, Aguilar-López M, Tovar-Palacio C, Ordaz-Nava G, Rocha-Viggiano AK, Medina-Cerda E, Torres N, Ordovas JM, Tovar AR, Guevara-Cruz M, Noriega LG. Association of BCAT2 and BCKDH polymorphisms with clinical, anthropometric and biochemical parameters in young adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:3210-3218. [PMID: 34511290 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Circulating amino acids are modified by sex, body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance (IR). However, whether the presence of genetic variants in branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolic enzymes modifies circulating amino acids is still unknown. Thus, we determined the frequency of two genetic variants, one in the branched-chain aminotransferase 2 (BCAT2) gene (rs11548193), and one in the branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) gene (rs45500792), and elucidated their impact on circulating amino acid levels together with clinical, anthropometric and biochemical parameters. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a cross-sectional comparative study in which we recruited 1612 young adults (749 women and 863 men) aged 19.7 ± 2.1 years and with a BMI of 24.9 ± 4.7 kg/m2. Participants underwent clinical evaluation and provided blood samples for DNA extraction and biochemical analysis. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were determined by allelic discrimination using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The frequencies of the less common alleles were 15.2 % for BCAT2 and 9.83 % for BCKDH. The subjects with either the BCAT2 or BCKDH SNPs displayed no differences in the evaluated parameters compared with subjects homozygotes for the most common allele at each SNP. However, subjects with both SNPs had higher body weight, BMI, blood pressure, glucose, and circulating levels of aspartate, isoleucine, methionine, and proline than the subjects homozygotes for the most common allele (P < 0.05, One-way ANOVA). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the joint presence of both the BCAT2 rs11548193 and BCKDH rs45500792 SNPs induces metabolic alterations that are not observed in subjects without either SNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Vargas-Morales
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Ana L Méndez-García
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Mexico; Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Alejandro Schcolnik-Cabrera
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Claudia Tovar-Palacio
- División de Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | | | - Eduardo Medina-Cerda
- Centro de Salud Universitario, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Departamento de Fisiología de la Nutrición, Mexico
| | - José M Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, JM-USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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López-Reyes A, Martinez-Armenta C, Espinosa-Velázquez R, Vázquez-Cárdenas P, Cruz-Ramos M, Palacios-Gonzalez B, Gomez-Quiroz LE, Martínez-Nava GA. NLRP3 Inflammasome: The Stormy Link Between Obesity and COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11:570251. [PMID: 33193349 PMCID: PMC7662564 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several countries around the world have faced an important obesity challenge for the past four decades as the result of an obesogenic environment. This disease has a multifactorial origin and it is associated with multiple comorbidities including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, osteoarthritis, metabolic syndrome, cancer, and dyslipidemia. With regard to dyslipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia is a well-known activator of the NLRP3 inflammasome, triggering adipokines and cytokines secretion which in addition induce a systemic inflammatory state that provides an adequate scenario for infections, particularly those mediated by viruses such as HIV, H1N1 influenza, and SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 infection causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and it is responsible for the pandemic that we are currently living. COVID-19 causes an aggressive immune response known as cytokine release syndrome or cytokine storm that causes multiorgan failure and in most cases leads to death. In the present work, we aimed to review the molecular mechanisms by which obesity-associated systemic inflammation could cause a more severe clinical presentation of COVID-19. The SARS-CoV-2 infection could potentiate or accelerate the pre-existing systemic inflammatory state of individuals with obesity, via the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from cells trough Gasdermin-pores commonly found in cell death by pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto López-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Gerociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Secretaría de Salud, Ciudad de México, México.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carlos Martinez-Armenta
- Postgrado en Biología Experimental, Dirección de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud (DCBS), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Paola Vázquez-Cárdenas
- Centro de Innovación Médica Aplicada, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marlid Cruz-Ramos
- Cátedras de Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Berenice Palacios-Gonzalez
- Unidad de Vinculación Científica de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis Enrique Gomez-Quiroz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gabriela Angélica Martínez-Nava
- Laboratorio de Líquido Sinovial, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de México, México
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Alhousseini A, Vadillo-Ortega F, Palacios-Gonzalez B, Theis KR, Winters AD, Hassan SS, Meraz-Cruz N. Differential Secretion of Inflammatory Cytokines by Human Trophoblasts in the Presence of Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus crispatus, and Lactobacillus jensenii. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2020; 85:277-283. [PMID: 32320981 DOI: 10.1159/000507440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The existence of a placental microbiome would require a non-antagonistic relationship between potentially colonizing bacteria and trophoblasts. OBJECTIVE The immunologic response of trophoblasts to specific potentially invading bacteria needs further analysis. METHODOLOGY Immortalized first trimester human trophoblasts Swan 71 (Sw.71) were coincubated with Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus jensenii, Lactobacillus crispatus, and incubated alone (i.e., control group; 4 conditions with n = 6 for each condition). Chemokines and cytokines were measured. ANOVA with post hoc pairwise analysis was used to compare cytokines/chemokines concentrations in the 4 culture media. RESULTS Sw.71 co-incubated with E. coli, L. jensenii or L. crispatus resulted in differential secretion of 11 of the 26 assayed cytokines/chemokines. Sw.71 co-incubated with any of the 3 bacteria responded with significant increased secretion of interleukin (IL)-8 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. All bacteria elicited the secretion of IL-6 and interferon (IFN) α2, 2 proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, Lactobacillus species resulted in increased secretion of IL-12p40 and IFNγ. While E. coli did not modify secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, Sw.71 cells responded to co-incubation with Lactobacillus species by secreting increased levels of IL-10 and IL-1ra. Both Lactobacillus species led to a decreased secretion of IL-4. CONCLUSION All 3 bacterial species triggered significant release of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines, suggesting that a commensal relationship with trophoblasts may not be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alhousseini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA, .,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA, .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA,
| | - Felipe Vadillo-Ortega
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Unidad de Vinculación de la Facultad de Medicina, UNAM y Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico.,Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Berenice Palacios-Gonzalez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Unidad de Vinculación de la Facultad de Medicina, UNAM y Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico.,Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin R Theis
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Perinatal Research Initiative in Maternal, Perinatal and Child Health, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Andrew D Winters
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Sonia S Hassan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Office of Women's Health, Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Noemi Meraz-Cruz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Unidad de Vinculación de la Facultad de Medicina, UNAM y Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico.,Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Avila-Vergara MA, Peraza-Garay FDJ, Meraz-Cruz N, Hernandez-Guerrero C, Palacios-Gonzalez B, Vadillo-Ortega F. Association of Intron-2 Variable Numbers of an 86-bp Tandem Repeat- Polymorphisms of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Gene and Idiopathic Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion. RIC 2018; 70:96-102. [DOI: 10.24875/ric.18002485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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