An 18 kDa scaffold protein is critical for Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation.
PLoS Pathog 2015;
11:e1004735. [PMID:
25799153 PMCID:
PMC4370877 DOI:
10.1371/journal.ppat.1004735]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence of the nosocomial pathogen Staphylococcus epidermidis is crucially linked to formation of adherent biofilms on artificial surfaces. Biofilm assembly is significantly fostered by production of a bacteria derived extracellular matrix. However, the matrix composition, spatial organization, and relevance of specific molecular interactions for integration of bacterial cells into the multilayered biofilm community are not fully understood. Here we report on the function of novel 18 kDa Small basic protein (Sbp) that was isolated from S. epidermidis biofilm matrix preparations by an affinity chromatographic approach. Sbp accumulates within the biofilm matrix, being preferentially deposited at the biofilm–substratum interface. Analysis of Sbp-negative S. epidermidis mutants demonstrated the importance of Sbp for sustained colonization of abiotic surfaces, but also epithelial cells. In addition, Sbp promotes assembly of S. epidermidis cell aggregates and establishment of multilayered biofilms by influencing polysaccharide intercellular-adhesin (PIA) and accumulation associated protein (Aap) mediated intercellular aggregation. While inactivation of Sbp indirectly resulted in reduced PIA-synthesis and biofilm formation, Sbp serves as an essential ligand during Aap domain-B mediated biofilm accumulation. Our data support the conclusion that Sbp serves as an S. epidermidis biofilm scaffold protein that significantly contributes to key steps of surface colonization. Sbp-negative S. epidermidis mutants showed no attenuated virulence in a mouse catheter infection model. Nevertheless, the high prevalence of sbp in commensal and invasive S. epidermidis populations suggests that Sbp plays a significant role as a co-factor during both multi-factorial commensal colonization and infection of artificial surfaces.
Biofilm formation is a key phenotype allowing the otherwise harmless skin commensal S. epidermidis to establish chronic implant-associated infections, affecting millions of patients worldwide. S. epidermidis biofilm assembly relies on the production of an extracellular matrix that serves as glue to stabilize the multilayered bacterial architecture. Here we identified novel 18 kDa Small basic protein (Sbp) as a key component of the extracellular matrix that promotes pivotal steps of bacterial biofilm formation in vitro. Importantly, Sbp is deposited specifically at the interface between biofilm and substrate, as well as in larger humps interspersed within the bacterial cell architecture, thereby forming a proteinaceous biofilm scaffold. This localization enables Sbp to foster stable S. epidermidis interactions with an artificial surface and also contributes to S. epidermidis cell aggregation mechanisms, i.e., polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) and accumulation associated protein (Aap). In fact, by demonstrating direct Sbp-Aap interactions we provide the first evidence supporting the idea that specific molecular interactions between S. epidermidis and matrix components are involved in S. epidermidis biofilm accumulation. In conclusion, we here show that Sbp promotes key phenotypic features important for S. epidermidis to evolve as an opportunistic pathogen.
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