Ratio of 4:1 between ZnGeAs2and MnAs phases in a single composite and its impact on the structure-driven magnetoresistance

A strong influence of the lattice degree of freedom on magnetoresistance (MR) under high pressure underlies the conception of 'structure-driven' magnetoresistance (SDMR). In most magnetic or topological materials, the suppression of MR with increasing pressure is a general trend, while for some magnetic composites the MR enhances and even shows unusual behavior as a consequence of structural transition. Here we investigated the SDMR in the composite material based on the ZnGeAs2semiconductor matrix and MnAs magnetic inclusions in a phase ratio of 4:1. At ambient pressure, its magnetic and transport properties are governed by MnAs inclusions, i.e. it shows a Curie temperatureTC≈ 320 K and metallic-like conductivity. Under high pressure, the low-field room temperature MR undergoes multiple changes in the pressure range up to 7.2 GPa. The structural transition in the ZnGeAs2matrix has been found at ∼6 GPa, slightly lower than in the pure ZnGeAs2(6.2 GPa). The huge SDMR as high as 85% at 6.8 GPa and 2.5 kOe, which contains both positive and negative MR components, is accompanied by a pressure-induced metallic-like-to-semiconductor-like transition and the enhanced ferromagnetic order of MnAs inclusions. This observation offers a competing mechanism between the robust extrinsic ferromagnetism and high-pressure electronic properties of ZnGeAs2.

Review: Mechanism, effectiveness, and the prospects of medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds in lowering ruminants' enteric methane emission

Animal nutritionists continue to investigate new strategies to combat the challenge of methane emissions from ruminants. Medicinal plants (MPs) are known to be beneficial to animal health and exert functional roles in livestock due to their phytogenic compounds with antimicrobial, immunostimulatory, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities. Some MP has been reported to be anti-methanogenic and can effectively lower ruminants' enteric methane emissions. This review overviews trends in MP utilization in ruminants, their bioactivity and their effectiveness in lowering enteric methane production. It highlights the MP regulatory mechanism and the gaps that must be critically addressed to improve its efficacy. MP could reduce enteric methane production by up to 8-50% by regulating the rumen fermentation pathway, directing hydrogen toward propionogenesis, and modifying rumen diversity, structure, and population of the methanogens and protozoa. Yet, factors such as palatability, extraction techniques, and economic implications must be further considered to exploit their potential fully.

Excess glucocorticoids inhibit murine bone turnover via modulating the immunometabolism of the skeletal microenvironment

Elevated bone resorption and diminished bone formation have been recognized as the primary features of glucocorticoid-associated skeletal disorders. However, the direct effects of excess glucocorticoids on bone turnover remain unclear. Here, we explored the outcomes of exogenous glucocorticoid treatment on bone loss and delayed fracture healing in mice and found that reduced bone turnover was a dominant feature, resulting in a net loss of bone mass. The primary effect of glucocorticoids on osteogenic differentiation was not inhibitory; instead, they cooperated with macrophages to facilitate osteogenesis. Impaired local nutrient status - notably, obstructed fatty acid transportation - was a key factor contributing to glucocorticoid-induced impairment of bone turnover in vivo. Furthermore, fatty acid oxidation in macrophages fueled the ability of glucocorticoid-liganded receptors to enter the nucleus and then promoted the expression of BMP2, a key cytokine that facilitates osteogenesis. Metabolic reprogramming by localized fatty acid delivery partly rescued glucocorticoid-induced pathology by restoring a healthier immune-metabolic milieu. These data provide insights into the multifactorial metabolic mechanisms by which glucocorticoids generate skeletal disorders, thus suggesting possible therapeutic avenues.

[Comparison of the efficiency of different etiological assays for detection of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild mice]

OBJECTIVE

To compare the efficiency of multiple etiological techniques for detection of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild mice, so as to provide technical supports to assessment of schistosomiasis transmission risk.

METHODS

Wild mice were captured with baited traps at night in Oncomelania hupensis snail-infested settings in schistosomiasis-endemic foci of Anhui Province from October to November, 2022. S. japonicum infections were detected in wild mice using microscopy of mouse liver tissues, microscopy of mouse mesenteric tissues, microscopy of mouse liver tissue homogenates, miracidial hatching test of mouse liver tissue homogenates, Kato-Katz technique and miracidial hatching test of mouse stool samples alone and in combinations. Identification of S. japonicum eggs or miracidia by any of these six assays was defined as an infection. The sensitivity of six assays alone or in combinations was compared for detection of S. japonicum infections in wild mice.

RESULTS

A total of 1 703 wild mice were captured, with 366 wild mice detected positive for S. japonicum (21.49%). There were significant differences in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in wild mice by six assays (Q = 529.33, P < 0.001) and in the sensitivity of six assays for detection of S. japonicum infections in wild mice (χ2 = 527.78, P < 0.001). In addition, the combination of microscopy of mouse liver tissues and mesenteric tissues, combination of microscopy of mouse liver tissues and liver tissue homogenates and combination of microscopy of mouse liver tissues, microscopy of mesenteric tissues, microscopy of liver tissue homogenates and Kato-Katz technique showed 86.61%, 87.16% and 97.27% sensitivities for detection of S. japonicum infections in wild mice, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Diverse etiological assays show various efficiencies for detection of S. japonicum infections in wild mice. Combination of microscopy of mouse liver tissues and microscopy of mesenteric tissues, and combination of microscopy of mouse liver tissues and microscopy of liver tissue homogenates are potential approaches for field detection of S. japonicum infections in wild mice.

Gender equity of authorship in pulmonary medicine over the past decade

BACKGROUND

Gender disparity in authorship broadly persists in medical literature, little is known about female authorship within pulmonary medicine.

METHODS

A bibliometric analysis of publications from 2012 to 2021 in 12 journals with the highest impact in pulmonary medicine was conducted. Only original research and review articles were included. Names of the first and last authors were extracted and their genders were identified using the Gender-API web. Female authorship was described by overall distribution and distribution by country/region/continent and journal. We compared the article citations by gender combinations, evaluated the trend in female authorship, and forecasted when parity for first and last authorship would be reached. We also conducted a systematic review of female authorship in clinical medicine.

RESULTS

14,875 articles were included, and the overall percentage of female first authors was higher than last authors (37.0% vs 22.2%, p<0.001). Asia had the lowest percentage of female first (27.6%) and last (15.2%) authors. The percentages of female first and last authors increased slightly over time, except for a rapid increase in the COVID-19 pandemic periods. Parity was predicted in 2046 for the first authors and 2059 for the last authors. Articles with male authors were cited more than articles with female authors. However, male-male collaborations significantly decreased, whereas female-female collaborations significantly increased.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the slow improvement in female authorship over the past decade, there is still a substantial gender disparity in female first and last authorship in high-impact medical journals in pulmonary medicine.

Blockage of Osteopontin-Integrin β3 Signaling in Infrapatellar Fat Pad Attenuates Osteoarthritis in Mice

The knowledge of osteoarthritis (OA) has nowadays been extended from a focalized cartilage disorder to a multifactorial disease. Although recent investigations have reported that infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) can trigger inflammation in the knee joint, the mechanisms behind the role of IPFP on knee OA progression remain to be defined. Here, dysregulated osteopontin (OPN) and integrin β3 signaling are found in the OA specimens of both human and mice. It is further demonstrated that IPFP-derived OPN participates in OA progression, including activated matrix metallopeptidase 9 in chondrocyte hypertrophy and integrin β3 in IPFP fibrosis. Motivated by these findings, an injectable nanogel is fabricated to provide sustained release of siRNA Cd61 (^RGD- Nanogel/siRNA Cd61) that targets integrins. The ^RGD- Nanogel possesses excellent biocompatibility and desired targeting abilities both in vitro and in vivo. Local injection of ^RGD- Nanogel/siRNA Cd61 robustly alleviates the cartilage degeneration, suppresses the advancement of tidemark, and reduces the subchondral trabecular bone mass in OA mice. Taken together, this study provides an avenue for developing ^RGD- Nanogel/siRNA Cd61 therapy to mitigate OA progression via blocking OPN-integrin β3 signaling in IPFP.

Biosynthesized Bandages Carrying Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Cortical Bone Formation by Modulating Endogenous Periosteal Cells

Bone grafting is frequently conducted to treat bone defects caused by trauma and tumor removal, yet with significant medical and socioeconomic burdens. Space-occupying bone substitutes remain challenging in the control of osteointegration, and meanwhile activation of endogenous periosteal cells by using non-space-occupying implants to promote new bone formation becomes another therapeutic strategy. Here, we fabricated a magnesium-based artificial bandage with optimal micropatterns for activating periosteum-associated biomineralization. Collagen was self-assembled on the surface of magnesium oxide nanoparticles embedded electrospun fibrous membranes as a hierarchical bandage structure to facilitate the integration with periosteum in situ. After the implantation on the surface of cortical bone in vivo, magnesium ions were released to generate a pro-osteogenic immune microenvironment by activating the endogenous periosteal macrophages into M2 phenotype and, meanwhile, promote blood vessel formation and neurite outgrowth. In a cortical bone defect model, magnesium-based artificial bandage guided the surrounding newly formed bone tissue to cover the defected area. Taken together, our study suggests that the strategy of stimulating bone formation can be achieved with magnesium delivery to periosteum in situ and the proposed periosteal bandages act as a bioactive media for accelerating bone healing.

[Trends in the prevalence of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020 based on Joinpoint regression analysis]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the changing trends in the prevalence of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020, so as to provide the evidence for formulating the schistosomiasis elimination strategy in the province.

METHODS

The epidemiological data of schistosomiasis in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020 were collected, and the trends in the endemic status of schistosomiasis were analyzed using a Joinpoint regression model. The trends in the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections in humans, bovines and Oncomelania hupensis were measured in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020 using average annual percent change (AAPC), and the correlations among the changing trends in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in humans, bovines and O. hupensis snail status were evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis.

RESULTS

The prevalence of S.japonicum human infections continued to decline in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020, with an annual mean decline of 14.8% [AAPC = -14.8%, 95% confidential interval (CI): (-18.9%, -10.5%), P < 0.01]. The prevalence of S. japonicum infections continued to decline in bovines in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2015 [AAPC = -31.3%, 95%CI: (-35.1%, -27.2%), P < 0.01], and was 0 for 5 successive years from 2016 to 2020. During the period from 2004 to 2020, there was an annual mean decline of 0.7% in areas of snail habitats [AAPC = -0.7%, 95%CI: (-1.2%, 0.3%), P < 0.05] and an annual mean decline of 9.2% in the density of living snails [AAPC = -9.2%, 95%CI: (-18.3%, 1.0%), P = 0.08] in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020, and an annual mean decline of 35.6% was found in the density of S. japonicum-infected snails [AAPC = -35.6%, 95%CI: (-49.2%, -18.3%), P < 0.01] from 2004 to 2012, with no infected snails detected in Anhui Province from 2013 to 2020. There were significant correlations in the prevalence of S. japonicum infections between humans and bovines (r = 0.959, P < 0.01), between the prevalence of S. japonicum human infections and the density of S. japonicum-infected snails (r = 0.823, P < 0.01) and between the prevalence of S. japonicum infections in bovines and the density of S. japonicum-infected snails (r = 0.902, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of S. japonicum infections appeared a decline in humans, bovines and O. hupensis in Anhui Province from 2004 to 2020, and significant correlations were found among the changing trends in the prevalence of S. japonicum human infections, the prevalence of S. japonicum bovine infections and the density of S. japonicum-infected O. hupensis snails. Because of a minor decline in the area of snail habitats and widespread distribution of O. hupensis, however, there is still a risk of schistosomiasis transmission, and precision control for schistosomiasis remains to be reinforced in Anhui Province.

Periosteum-Inspired Membranes Integrated with Bioactive Magnesium Oxychloride Ceramic Nanoneedles for Guided Bone Regeneration

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) technique using a barrier membrane holds great potential to allow the single-stage reconstruction of critical-sized bone defects. Here, bioactive nanoneedle-like magnesium oxychloride ceramics (MOCs) are synthesized and recruited as an osteoinductive factor within a polycaprolactone-gelatin A (PCL-GelA) membranous matrix to generate a periosteum-mimicking biphasic GBR membrane (PCL-GelA/MOC) to accelerate calvarial defect repair. The PCL-GelA/MOC membrane acts as a shield for defect areas and a reservoir of osteoinductive molecules, which provides a favorable microenvironment for supporting cell proliferation, infiltration, and differentiation. This membrane leads to accelerated osteogenesis and angiogenesis, effectual defect bridging, and significantly enhanced bone regeneration when applied to a 5 mm sized rat calvarial defect. This makes this innovative and multifunctional GBR membrane a suitable candidate for clinical applications with promising curative efficacy.

A Bilayer Membrane Doped with Struvite Nanowires for Guided Bone Regeneration

Guided bone regeneration (GBR) therapy demonstrates a prominent curative effect on the management of craniomaxillofacial (CMF) bone defects. In this study, a GBR membrane consisting of a microporous layer and a struvite-nanowire-doped fibrous layer is constructed via non-solvent induced phase separation, followed by an electrospinning procedure to treat critical-sized calvarial defects. The microporous layer shows selective permeability for excluding the rapid-growing non-osteogenic tissues and potential wound stabilization. The nanowire-like struvite is synthesized as the deliverable therapeutic agent within the fibrous layer to facilitate bone regeneration. Such a membrane displays a well-developed heterogeneous architecture, satisfactory mechanical performance, and long-lasting characteristics. The in vitro biological evaluation reveals that apart from being a strong barrier, the bilayer struvite-laden membrane can actively promote cellular adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. Consequently, the multifunctional struvite-doped membranes are applied to treat 5 mm-sized bilateral calvarial defects in rats, resulting in overall improved healing outcomes compared with the untreated or the struvite-free membrane-treated group, which is characterized by enhanced osteogenesis and significantly increased new bone formation. The encouraging preclinical results reveal the great potential of the bilayer struvite-doped membrane as a clinical GBR device for augmenting large-area CMF bone reconstruction.

[Investigation on prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections in wild mice in Shitai County, Anhui Province, 2018]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infection in wild mice in Shitai County, Anhui Province, so as to provide insights into precise control of the source of S. japonicum infections.

METHODS

Wild mice were captured using the trapping method for three successive nights at snail-infested settings from Jitan Village of Jitan Township, and Shiquan Village and Xibai Village of Dingxiang Township, Shitai County, Anhui Province in June and October, 2018. All trapped wild mice were sacrificed and liver and mesenteric vein specimens were collected for detection of S. japonicum eggs using microscopy, while the fecal samples in mouse intestines were collected for identification of S. japonicum infections using Kato-Katz technique. In addition, the population density of trapped wild mice was estimated and the prevalence of S. japonicum infection was calculated in trapped wild mice.

RESULTS

A total of 376 wild mice were trapped from three villages in Shitai County. The population density of trapped wild mice was 9.1% (376/4 124), and the prevalence of S. japonicum infection was 24.2% (91/376) in trapped wild mice. The highest prevalence of S. japonicum infection was detected in Shiquan Village of Dingxiang Township (30.1%), and the lowest prevalence was seen in Xibai Village of Dingxiang Township; however, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of S. japonicum infection in trapped wild mice among three villages (χ²= 4.111, P > 0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of S. japonicum infection in wild mice captured between on June (26.8%, 34/127) and October (22.9%, 57/249) (χ² = 0.690, P = 0.406). The trapped wild mice included 6 species, including Rattus norvegicus, Niviventer niviventer, R. losea, Apodemus agrarius, Mus musculus and N. coning, and the two highest prevalence of S. japonicum infection was detected in R. losea (34.9%, 22/63) and R. norvegicus (31.2%, 44/141).

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of S. japonicum infections is high in wild mice in Shitai County, and there is a natural focus of schistosomiasis transmission in Shitai County.

Macrophages in epididymal adipose tissue secrete osteopontin to regulate bone homeostasis

Epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) secretes an array of cytokines to regulate the metabolism of organs and tissues in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, but its effects on bone metabolism are not well understood. Here, we report that macrophages in eWAT are a main source of osteopontin, which selectively circulates to the bone marrow and promotes the degradation of the bone matrix by activating osteoclasts, as well as modulating bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) to engulf the lipid droplets released from adipocytes in the bone marrow of mice. However, the lactate accumulation induced by osteopontin regulation blocks both lipolysis and osteoclastogenesis in BMDMs by limiting the energy regeneration by ATP6V0d2 in lysosomes. Both surgical removal of eWAT and local injection of either clodronate liposomes (for depleting macrophages) or osteopontin-neutralizing antibody show comparable amelioration of HFD-induced bone loss in mice. These results provide an avenue for developing therapeutic strategies to mitigate obesity-related bone disorders.

Comprehensive Analysis of Key Genes, Signaling Pathways and miRNAs in Human Knee Osteoarthritis: Based on Bioinformatics

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the main causes of disability in the elderly population, accompanied by a series of underlying pathologic changes, such as cartilage degradation, synovitis, subchondral bone sclerosis, and meniscus injury. The present study aimed to identify key genes, signaling pathways, and miRNAs in knee OA associated with the entire joint components, and to explain the potential mechanisms using computational analysis.

Methods: The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in cartilage, synovium, subchondral bone, and meniscus were identified using the Gene Expression Omnibus 2R (GEO2R) analysis based on dataset from GSE43923, GSE12021, GSE98918, and GSE51588, respectively and visualized in Volcano Plot. Venn diagram analyses were performed to identify the overlapping DEGs (overlapping DEGs) that expressed in at least two types of tissues mentioned above. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, and module analysis were conducted. Furthermore, qRT-PCR was performed to validate above results using our clinical specimens.

Results: As a result, a total of 236 overlapping DEGs were identified, of which 160 were upregulated and 76 were downregulated. Through enrichment analysis and constructing the PPI network and miRNA-mRNA network, knee OA-related key genes, such as HEY1, AHR, VEGFA, MYC, and CXCL12 were identified. Clinical validation by qRT-PCR experiments further supported above computational results. In addition, knee OA-related key miRNAs such as miR-101, miR-181a, miR-29, miR-9, and miR-221, and pathways such as Wnt signaling, HIF-1 signaling, PI3K-Akt signaling, and axon guidance pathways were also identified. Among above identified knee OA-related key genes, pathways and miRNAs, genes such as AHR, HEY1, MYC, GAP43, and PTN, pathways like axon guidance, and miRNAs such as miR-17, miR-21, miR-155, miR-185, and miR-1 are lack of research and worthy for future investigation.

Conclusion: The present informatic study for the first time provides insight to the potential therapeutic targets of knee OA by comprehensively analyzing the overlapping genes differentially expressed in multiple joint components and their relevant signaling pathways and interactive miRNAs.

Nanoparticle-Cartilage Interaction: Pathology-Based Intra-articular Drug Delivery for Osteoarthritis Therapy

Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent chronic and debilitating joint disease, resulting in huge medical and socioeconomic burdens. Intra-articular administration of agents is clinically used for pain management. However, the effectiveness is inapparent caused by the rapid clearance of agents. To overcome this issue, nanoparticles as delivery systems hold considerable promise for local control of the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic agents. Given the therapeutic programs are inseparable from pathological progress of osteoarthritis, an ideal delivery system should allow the release of therapeutic agents upon specific features of disorders. In this review, we firstly introduce the pathological features of osteoarthritis and the design concept for accurate localization within cartilage for sustained drug release. Then, we review the interactions of nanoparticles with cartilage microenvironment and the rational design. Furthermore, we highlight advances in the therapeutic schemes according to the pathology signals. Finally, armed with an updated understanding of the pathological mechanisms, we place an emphasis on the development of "smart" bioresponsive and multiple modality nanoparticles on the near horizon to interact with the pathological signals. We anticipate that the exploration of nanoparticles by balancing the efficacy, safety, and complexity will lay down a solid foundation tangible for clinical translation.

Biodegradable magnesium combined with distraction osteogenesis synergistically stimulates bone tissue regeneration via CGRP-FAK-VEGF signaling axis

Critical size bone defects are frequently caused by accidental trauma, oncologic surgery, and infection. Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a useful technique to promote the repair of critical size bone defects. However, DO is usually a lengthy treatment, therefore accompanied with increased risks of complications such as infections and delayed union. Here, we demonstrated that magnesium (Mg) nail implantation into the marrow cavity degraded gradually accompanied with about 4-fold increase of new bone formation and over 5-fold of new vessel formation as compared with DO alone group in the 5 mm femoral segmental defect rat model at 2 weeks after distraction. Mg nail upregulated the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the new bone as compared with the DO alone group. We further revealed that blockade of the sensory nerve by overdose capsaicin blunted Mg nail enhanced critical size bone defect repair during the DO process. CGRP concentration-dependently promoted endothelial cell migration and tube formation. Meanwhile, CGRP promoted the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at Y397 site and elevated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Moreover, inhibitor/antagonist of CGRP receptor, FAK, and VEGF receptor blocked the Mg nail stimulated vessel and bone formation. We revealed, for the first time, a CGRP-FAK-VEGF signaling axis linking sensory nerve and endothelial cells, which may be the main mechanism underlying Mg-enhanced critical size bone defect repair when combined with DO, suggesting a great potential of Mg implants in reducing DO treatment time for clinical applications.

[Clinicopathological features and prognosis of nodal nevi]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics, differential diagnosis and prognosis of nodal nevi (NN). Methods: Eighteen cases of NN diagnosed at Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China from 2009 to 2019 were collected. The clinicopathological characteristics and follow-up data were retrospectively analyzed. Histopathologic evaluation and immunohistochemical studies were carried out. The Vysis Melanoma FISH Probe Kit, combined with 9p21(CDKN2A) and 8q24(MYC) assays were performed in 2 cases. Results: There were 2 males and 16 females in the case series. The age of the patients ranged from 36 to 70 years (average 48.2 years). Fifteen cases located in axillary lymph nodes, 1 in inguinal lymph node, 1 in cervical lymph node, and 1 in external iliac lymph node. NN was found in only one lymph node in each case. Histologically, the nevus cell aggregates were found in capsule of lymph nodes in all cases. Nevus cells grew along the capsule into trabeculae in 8 cases, with 3 of them scattered in parenchyma. In one of these 8 cases, nevus cell aggregates massively occupied the parenchyma of the lymph node. The largest lesions in the 18 NN cases measured from 0.2 to 6.5 mm. All of the NN cases were classified as conventional nevi. The majority of the cases were composed of uniform nevus-like cells and identical to cutaneous pigmented nevi without atypia, necrosis, or mitosis. In the NN case that massively occupied parenchyma, some areas had abundant nevus cells and displayed atypical cytologic features, including increased nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, small nucleoli, and occasional mitotic figures. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 13 cases. All of them were positive for S-100, SOX10, Melan A, and p16. HMB45 showed weak staining in rare cells of only one case out of 13 cases. Ki-67 labeling index <1% was found in all 13 cases. Additionally, the results of FISH assay were both negative. All patients were followed up for 13 to 129 months (median 31.5 months). Except that one patient died of the salivary gland carcinoma, the other patients all survived without tumor during the follow-up period. Conclusions: NN is a benign melanocytic lesion in lymph node. It is important to distinguish NN from metastatic melanoma when nevus cells occur in parenchyma and subcapsular sinus of lymph nodes, or show some atypical cytologic features. The morphology of bland nevus cells in capsule and trabeculae is a valuable clue. Besides, immunohistochemical profiling and FISH assay are helpful in the differential diagnosis.

Combination of magnesium ions and vitamin C alleviates synovitis and osteophyte formation in osteoarthritis of mice

INTRODUCTION

We previously demonstrated that magnesium ions (Mg2+) was a novel therapeutic alternative for osteoarthritis (OA) through promoting the hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)-mediated cartilage matrix synthesis. However, oxidative stress can inhibit the expression of HIF-1α, amplify the inflammation that potentially impairs the therapeutic efficacy of Mg2+ in OA. Vitamin (VC), a potent antioxidant, may enhance the efficacy of Mg2+ in OA treatment. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of combination of Mg2+ and VC on alleviating joint destruction and pain in OA.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Anterior cruciate ligament transection with partial medial meniscectomy induced mice OA model were randomly received intra-articular injection of either saline, MgCl2 (0.5 mol/L), VC (3 mg/ml) or MgCl2 (0.5 mol/L) plus VC (3 mg/ml) at week 2 post-operation, twice weekly, for 2 weeks. Joint pain and pathological changes were assessed by gait analysis, histology, western blotting and micro-CT.

RESULTS

Mg2+ and VC showed additive effects to significantly alleviate the joint destruction and pain. The efficacy of this combined therapy could sustain for 3 months after the last injection. We demonstrated that VC enhanced the promotive effect of Mg2+ on HIF-1α expression in cartilage. Additionally, combination of Mg2+ and VC markedly promoted the M2 polarization of macrophages in synovium. Furthermore, combination of Mg2+ and VC inhibited osteophyte formation and expressions of pain-related neuropeptides.

CONCLUSIONS

Intra-articular administration of Mg2+ and VC additively alleviates joint destruction and pain in OA. Our current formulation may be a cost-effective alternative treatment for OA.

[Efficacy analysis of fully endoscopic microvascular decompression in primary trigeminal neuralgia via keyhole approach]

Objective: To explore the efficacy and technical features of fully endoscopic microvascular decompression(MVD) in primary trigeminal neuralgia(PTN) via keyhole approach. Methods: The clinical data of 97 patients with PTN underwent fully endoscopic MVD via keyhole approach in the Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University from December 2014 to February 2019 was collected. During fully endoscopic MVD in PTN via keyhole approach, performer use natural clearance without grinding except developed rock bone crest or excessive retraction of the brain tissue, visually and panoramically observe and evaluate the CPA area, accurately identify the responsible vessels, to avoid the omission of responsible vessels or insufficient decompression. And the use of preplaced technology, bridging technology and submersible technology, ensure the efficacy of surgery and reduce the surgical side injuries.Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) pain score was used to evaluate the efficacy and identify the recurrence. The surgical efficacy was analyzed. Results: The offending vessels were identified under endoscope in 96 cases. Among them, arterial compression was found in 77 cases, venous compression in 6 cases, and both arterial and venous compression in 13 cases. About the pain outcomes, 87 cases had immediate and complete relief of pain, 5 cases had almost relief of pain, 4 cases had partial relief of pain, and still needed medication control, but the dose was lower than that before operation, and 1 case had no obvious relief of pain. About complications, there were 4 cases of temporary facial numbness, 1 case of temporary hearing loss, both of them recovered after symptomatic treatment. There was no cerebral infarction or hemorrhage, intracranial or incision infection. All cases were followed up for 3.0-38.0 months with a median period of(22.4±2.2) months. During the follow-up periods, postoperative recurrence occurred in 3 cases. Conclusion: Fully endoscopic MVD for PTN through keyhole approach, provides panoramic view to avoid omission of offending vessels and reduce complications, seemed to be a safe and effective surgical method.

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Enhances Distraction Osteogenesis by Increasing Angiogenesis

Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a well-established surgical technique for treating bone defect and limb lengthening. The major drawback of DO is the long treatment period as the external fixator has to be kept in place until consolidation is completed. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been reported to promote angiogenesis by affecting endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in limb ischemia and wound healing. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the angiogenic effect of exogenous CGRP on bone regeneration in a rat DO model. Exogenous CGRP was directly injected into the bone defect after each cycle of distraction in vivo. Microcomputed tomography, biomechanical test, and histological analysis were performed to assess the new bone formation. Angiography and immunofluorescence were performed to assess the formation of blood vessels. CD31⁺CD144⁺ EPCs in the bone defect were quantified with flow cytometry. In in vitro study, bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) were used to investigate the effect of CGRP on EPCs production during endothelial differentiation. Our results showed that CGRP significantly promoted bone regeneration and vessel formation after consolidation. CGRP significantly increased the fraction of CD31⁺CD144⁺EPCs and the capillary density in the bone defect at the end of distraction phase. CGRP increased EPC population in the endothelial differentiation of BMSCs in vitro by activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Furthermore, differentiated EPCs rapidly assembled into tube-like structures and promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. In conclusion, CGRP increased EPC population and promoted blood vessel formation and bone regeneration at the defect region in a DO model. Impact statement Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a well-established surgical technique for limb lengthening and bone defect. The disadvantage of this technique is that external fixator is needed to be kept in place for about 12 months. This may result in increased risk of infection, financial burden, and negative psychological impacts. In this study, we have injected calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) into the defect region after distraction and found that CGRP enhanced vessel formation and bone regeneration in a rat DO model. This suggests that a controlled delivery system for CGRP could be developed and applied clinically for accelerating bone regeneration in patients with DO.

Targeting autophagy in osteoporosis: From pathophysiology to potential therapy

Osteoporosis is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by the loss of bone mass and microarchitecture deterioration of bone tissue, attributed to various factors, including menopause (primary), aging (primary) and adverse effects of relevant medications (secondary). In recent decades, knowledge regarding the etiological mechanisms underpinning osteoporosis emphasizes that bone cellular homeostasis, including the maintenance of cell functions, differentiation, and the response to stress, is tightly regulated by autophagy, which is a cell survival mechanism for eliminating and recycling damaged proteins and organelles. With the important roles in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and organ function, autophagy has emerged as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. In this review, we update and discuss the pathophysiology of autophagy in normal bone cell life cycle and metabolism. Then, the alternations of autophagy in primary and secondary osteoporosis, and the accompanied pathological process are discussed. Finally, we discuss current strategies, limitations, and challenges involved in targeting relevant pathways and propose strategies by which such hurdles may be circumvented in the future for their translation into clinical validations and applications for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

microRNA-1205 promotes cell growth by targeting APC2 in lung adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVE

An increasing amount of evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) can be potential diagnostic and prognostic markers for various cancers. In this study, a novel miRNA, miR-1205, was identified in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

First, the expression of miR-1205 in tissues was determined and verified to be correlated with the prognosis of patients. Overexpression and knockdown in LUAD cells were chosen to evaluate the effect of miR-1205 on cell growth in vitro. Luciferase assays, Western blot and rescue assays were performed to screen and confirm potential targets of miR-1205.

RESULTS

We demonstrated that miR-1205 was down-regulated in the tissues of LUAD, and that miR-1205 may be a predictor of overall survival of LUAD. The overexpression of miR-1205 promoted cell proliferation and colony formation. Our results indicated that miR-1205 targeted APC2 directly, serving as a vital part in accelerating LUAD cell proliferation.

CONCLUSIONS

We showed that miR-1205 could promote LUAD cell growth by targeting APC2 protein expression and provided further proof of miR-1205 as a potential non-invasive biomarker and therapeutic target for LUAD.

Evolution of surface relief of epitaxial diamond films upon growth resumption by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition

Homoepitaxial diamond growth may proceed with stops and resumptions to produce thick crystals. We found the resumption procedure to take place in a complex way, via a disturbance of step growth features, followed by the recovery after a certain time.

[The prostate cancer precision screening program: a preliminary report after recruitment of 2 159 men]

Objective: The Chinese Anti-Cancer Association Genitourinary Cancer Committee Prostate Cancer Working Group released Consensus of prostate cancer (PCa) screening in 2017. This program aims to evaluate the methods and significance of prostate cancer precision screening in high risk population. Methods: A total of 2 159 eligible males enrolled from 13 community centers and 3 screening centers received PSA test from April 2017 to August 2018. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) determination in serum with a cut-off of ≥4.0 ng/ml was the main screening test and indication for biopsy. The interviewer-administered questionnaire covered demographic characteristics and environmental exposure factors. The associations between these factors and prostate cancer risk were determined by multivariable unconditional logistic regression models. Results: Altogether, 271 cases (12.6%) had a confirmed PSA increase ≥ 4.0 μg/L (median 9.1, range 4.0-25.0). Subsequently, 57 subjects (21.0%) out of the 271 PSA-suspicious men underwent prostate biopsy, and 34 (59.6%) were confirmed as prostate cancer. Until now, the overall prostate cancer incidence in the first screening round was1.57%. There were no statistical differences in the distributions of PSA-suspicious and prostate cancer incidence between community centers and screening centers (P=0.578 and 0.735). Age (OR: 2.63; 95%CI: 1.84-3.75, P<0.001) and chronic prostatitis history (OR: 2.02; 95%CI: 1.55-2.63, P<0.001) were significantly associated with PSA level. After adjustment for these factors, older age (OR: 4.04; 95%CI: 1.71-9.59, P=0.002) and statins use (OR: 3.09; 95%CI: 1.25-7.69, P=0.015) were associated with an elevated risk of PCa. Conclusions: It is of substantial significance to screen prostate cancer in high risk population. Both community centers and screening centers methods are effective. Although largely underestimated, the incidence of PCa in the targeted Chinese population is higher than expected. Older men have a high risk of harboring PCa. Our study suggests a decreased risk of PCa in men with statins use. Prostate Cancer Precision Screening is promising to improve prostate cancer survival in China.

MiR-448 downregulates CTTN to inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis in glioma

OBJECTIVE

miRNAs have been confirmed to be related to cell proliferation and apoptosis. In this study, we detected the potential effect of miR-448 on glioma cell proliferation and apoptosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

miR-448 and CTTN expression levels were detected in glioma cell lines with quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cells were transfected with miR-448 mimics and inhibitor by using lipofectamine 2000 respectively. The proliferative ability of transfected cells was detected via methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) and cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assays. Cell apoptosis and cell-cycle were tested using flow cytometry. The regulatory correlation between miR-448 and CTTN was explored by bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay.

RESULTS

Lower expression of miR-448 and higher level of CTTN were detected in glioma cells. MiR-448 could regulate cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, and cell cycle. CTTN was negatively regulated by miR-448.

CONCLUSIONS

miR-448 downregulates CTTN to inhibit cell proliferation and promote apoptosis in glioma, which indicates a potential therapeutic target of glioma.

[Application of complete endoscopic technique in microvascular decompression related tovertebrobasilar artery compression]

Objective: To study the operative method, special technique and curative effect of complete neuroendoscopic microvascular decompression(MVD) related to vertebrobasilar artery compression. Methods: Thirteen patients with functional cranial nerve disease caused by vertebrobasilar artery as direct or indirect responsible vessel accepted complete endoscopic MVD, including 11 patients with hemifacial spasm and 2 patients with trigeminal neuralgia. The procedure and curative effect of endoscopic surgery were analyzed retrospectively. Results: All procedures of complete neuroendoscopic MVD were successfully completed.Intraoperative observation by endoscope showed that 6 cases were oppressed directly by vertebral artery, 2 cases were oppressed directly by basilar artery, 5 cases were combined oppressed by displaced basilar artery and other vessels (1 case was superior cerebellar artery and 4 cases were anterior inferior cerebellar artery). During the operation, Teflon sheets was placed directly into the compression point in 2 cases, the "Pre-placed" technique was used to place Teflon sheets in 7 cases, and the "Set up bridge" technique was used to place Teflon sheets in 4 cases. Follow-up for 8-38 months,the symptoms disappeared completely in 12 cases and improved in 1 case. No deaths and severe complications occurred, such as postoperative bleeding, cerebellar infarction and intracranial infection. Conclusion: MVD related to vertebrobasilar artery compression can be performed by complete neuroendoscopic technique, which can achieve sufficient decompression effect and curative effect.Flexible use of the special technology of placing Teflon sheets by single-hand under endoscope, such as the "Pre-placed" and "Set up bridge" technique, is an important technical guarantee for the successful completion of endoscopic MVD.

[Chemotherapy combined with androgen-deprivation therapy in high-volume metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer: a short-term efficacy and safety analysis]

Objective: To investigate the short-term efficacy and adverse events of chemotherapy combined with androgen-deprivation therapy in high-volume metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer. Methods: From March 2015 to August 2017, 55 patients with high-volume metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer were enrolled at Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center receiving chemotherapy combined with androgen-deprivation therapy. The age was 65(8) years (M(Q(R))) (range: 46 to 79 years). Patients were enrolled in the study for continuous androgen-deprivation therapy (medical or surgical castration), combined with docetaxel 75 mg/m(2) intravenous injection on the first day, repeated every 21 days (6 cycles). Endpoints included overall survival, progression-free survival of prostate cancer, prostate specific antigen (PSA) response rate, and adverse events. Results: The follow-up time was 21.2(11.7) months. The PSA value before chemotherapy was 144.9(415.3) μg/L. The days in patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy before chemotherapy was 14(23) days. Four patients (7.3%) presented 0 in Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scoring system and 51 patients(92.7%) presented 1. Thirty-nine patients (70.9%) completed more than 6 cycles of combined chemotherapy, 17 patients (30.9%) showed PSA<0.2 μg/L at 6 months after treatment, and 14 patients (25.5%) showed PSA<0.2 μg/L at 12 months after treatment. Twenty-eight patients (50.9%) had grade 3 to 4 neutropenia and 1 patient (1.8%) developed infectious neutropenia and died. Nausea and vomit occurred in 16 patients (29.1%). Twelve patients (21.8%) underwent dose adjustment due to adverse events in blood system. Conclusions: The short-term effect was confirmed in high-volume metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer using chemotherapy combined androgen-deprivation therapy, and the long-term effect remains to be seen. Myelosuppression during chemotherapy requires close attention, and taking timely examination is recommended.

Bacillus licheniformis, a potential probiotic, inhibits obesity by modulating colonic microflora in C57BL/6J mice model

AIMS

This study evaluated the effects of a potential probiotic, Bacillus sp., on the growth, serum and hepatic triglyceride, histological features of liver tissues and colonic microflora in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Sixty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into five groups: mice fed a low-fat diet (Cont), mice fed a high-fat diet (Hf), Hf and orally challenged with Bacillus subtilis (Bs), B. licheniformis (Bl) and a mixture of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis (Bls). Gavage feeding was provided at week 9 and the experiment was continued for 8 weeks. Treatment with B. licheniformis and a mixture of Bacillus sp. attenuated body weight gain at the end of study and enhanced glucose tolerance by sensitizing insulin action in the Hf-fed mice. Lower serum and hepatic triglyceride and epididymal fat weight were observed in Bl and Bls groups than that of Hf group. Lesser hepatic fat deposition was observed in the Bl and Bls groups than in the Hf group. High-throughput sequencing showed that Bacillus sp. supplementation dramatically changed the colonic bacterial community in obese mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Bacillus licheniformis reduced body weight and improved glucose tolerance, obesity and insulin resistance in Hf-fed mice by changing colonic microbiota composition.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Orally administration of Bacillus licheniformis may reduce body weight and decrease fat deposition by modulating colonic bacterial community in Hf model.

[Efficacy analysis of soft neuroendoscopic techniques in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma]

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of soft neuroendoscopic techniques in the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). Methods: A retrospective analysis of 201 cases of CSDH diagnosed and treated at Beijing Shijitan Hospital (CMU) from January 2006 to December 2017 was conducted. From January 2006 to December 2010, 126 cases of CSDH were treated with skull drilling and drainage (non-endoscopic group). From January 2011 to December 2017, 75 cases of CSDH were treated with soft neuroendoscopy (endoscopic group). The operation time of the non-endoscopic and endoscopic groups, the hematoma clearance rate on the first day after surgery, the time of the drainage tube, the length of hospital stay, the incidence of complications, mortality and recurrence rate were compared. Results: There were no deaths in both groups. The average operation time of the non-endoscopic group was 43 min, compared with the average operation time of the endoscopy group of 50 min, there was no significant difference (P>0.05). The average hematoma clearance rate on the first day after surgery in the endoscopy group (98.2%) was significantly higher than that in non-endoscopic group (87.3%) (P<0.01). The average time of drainage tube in the endoscopy group (23 h) was significantly shorter than that in the non-endoscopic group (50 h) (P<0.01). On the first postoperative day, the proportion of patients with mRS≤3 in the endoscopic group was significantly higher than that in the non-endoscopic group (P<0.01). At the time of discharge, the proportion of patients with mRS≤3 in the endoscopy group was also significantly higher than that in the non-endoscopic group, P<0.05. There was no significant difference in the average hospital stay between endoscopy group (7 d) and non-endoscopic group (8 d) (P>0.05). The postoperative complication rate in the endoscopy group was significantly lower than that in the non-endoscopic group (P<0.01). During 0.5-8 years of follow-up, the recurrence rate of CSDH in the endoscopic group (5.33%) was significantly lower than that in the non-endoscopic group (15.07%) (P<0.01). Conclusion: The application of visualization features of soft neuroendoscopy in the treatment of CSDH can significantly improve hematoma clearance, shorten the time of drainage tube, reduce postoperative complications and recurrence rate, and improve surgical outcomes.

[Use of prostate health index in diagnosing prostate cancer in Chinese men]

Objective: To investigate the value of prostate health index (PHI) in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in patients with total prostate specific antigen (tPSA) <20 μg/L. Methods: Totally 1 135 patients with tPSA<20 μg/L and prostate biopsy indications at Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center from March 2013 to April 2016 were enrolled in this study. They were tested for serum tPSA, free prostate specific antigen and prostate specific antigen isoform 2, from which PHI was calculated. Diagnostic efficacy of PHI and tPSA were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The detection rates of prostate cancer were calculated in different ranges of PHI. Subgroup analysis of 716 patients, who were aged 50 or above with tPSA in the range of 4 to 10 μg/L and digital rectal examination negative, was performed. Results: In the biopsied objects with tPSA<20 μg/L, PHI was significantly higher in prostate cancer patients than that in non-cancer patients (48.4(37.4) vs. 26.5(16.9), U=52 674.00, P=0.000), PHI was also significantly higher in high-grade prostate cancer patients than that of low-grade prostate cancer patients (44.5(30.8) vs. 56.4(42.5), U=23 314.00, P=0.000). The area under the curve (AUC) of PHI for diagnosing prostate cancer was significantly higher than that of tPSA (0.771 vs. 0.627, P=0.000). When PHI was in the range of <27, 27 to <36, 36 to <55 and ≥55, the probability of prostate cancer was 9.4% (95%CI: 7.0% to 12.2%), 16.3% (95%CI: 12.2% to 20.8%), 31.0% (95%CI: 25.9% to 37.3%) and 66.4% (95%CI: 58.9% to 74.2%), respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that the AUC of PHI in diagnosing prostate cancer was significantly higher than that of tPSA (0.764 vs. 0.569, P=0.000). When PHI was in the range of <27, 27 to <36, 36 to <55 and ≥55, the probability of prostate cancer was 8.1% (95%CI: 5.4% to 11.3%), 14.0% (95%CI: 9.1% to 19.9%), 30.8% (95%CI: 23.6% to 38.7%) and 78.8% (95%CI: 66.7% to 88.9%), respectively. Conclusion: PHI is superior to tPSA in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in Chinese men with tPSA<20 μg/L.

High preoperative serum leptin level is an independent risk factor for deep vein thrombosis after total knee arthroplasty in osteoarthritis patients: A prospective and cross-sectional study

It suggests that a high leptin level may increase the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in animal studies. However, clinical studies in this field are still largely unexplored. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between the preoperative serum leptin levels and postoperative VTE incidence in osteoarthritis (OA) patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) at our institute.We conducted a prospective and cross-sectional study in these OA patients from March 2014 to March 2016. Preoperative leptin levels were analyzed by Luminex assays. VTE was assessed preoperatively and on postoperative day 5 and 7. The potential risk factors for VTE were also documented.We enrolled 203 OA patients. No PE was detected and DVT was diagnosed in 34 patients postoperatively. There were significant differences between the median leptin levels in DVT group and non-DVT group [25.13 ng/mL (interquartile range, 14.51-44.31) vs 18.71 ng/mL (8.26-28.99), P = .007]. The relative risk of DVT significantly increased with natural logarithm (ln) leptin (per SD increase) (OR 2.37, 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.29-4.33, P = .005). Multivariate analyses adjusted for potential confounders showed ln leptin (per SD increase) was significantly associated with the relative risk of DVT (OR 2.17, 95% CI, 1.01-4.64, P = .046). When patients were subdivided into tertiles according to their leptin values, the OR for DVT increased with increasing tertiles of serum leptin (OR 1.03, 95% CI, 1.01-1.06, P for trend = .023).In the present study, our results indicate that a high preoperative leptin level may be an independent risk factor for postoperative DVT.

Knockdown of Ggps1 in chondrocyte expedites fracture healing by accelerating the progression of endochondral ossification in mice

Bone fracture healing is achieved through the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, while bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) contribute to endochondral ossification. During fracture healing, mesenchymal progenitor cells first form a cartilaginous blastema that becomes vascularized to recruit precursor cells of osteoblasts through the bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp2)/Smad-dependent Runx2 pathway. Statins deplete geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), which participates in the regulation of BMSCs differentiation, through the inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase, leading to impaired protein geranylgeranylation, which strongly impacts the bone synthesis induced by Bmp2. Accordingly, we would like to investigate the role of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 1 (Ggps1) in bone fracture via endochondral ossification in mice. We used a Cre-loxP system, namely the tamoxifen-inducible Collagen 2-CreER^T2 Ggps1 ^fl/fl, to eliminate specifically the Ggps1 activity in chondrocytes of 8-10-week-old mice. We found that the endochondral bone formation, calcification and vasculogenesis of the bony callus were accelerated in fractures in Ggps1^-/-mice. Together, the results of this study confirm that the specific deletion of Ggps1, using the Collagen 2-CreER^T2 mice, will accelerate the fracture healing process by activating the Bmp2/Smad-dependent Runx2 pathway. In addition, we managed to improve the fracture healing process by inhibiting the Ggps1 activity and its related products with statin drugs.

MicroRNA-214-3p: A link between autophagy and endothelial cell dysfunction in atherosclerosis

AIM

Endothelial cell injury assumes a fundamental part in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and endothelial cell autophagy has protective effects on the development of atherosclerosis, although the underlying molecular regulation mechanism is indistinct. This study aimed to investigate whether microRNA-214-3p (miR-214-3p) is involved in the endothelial cell autophagy regulation of atherosclerosis.

METHODS

We utilized ApoE^-/- mice provided with a high-fat diet (HFD) as atherosclerosis model. We analysed the level of miR-214-3p and the levels of autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5) and autophagy-related protein 12 (ATG12) in the purified CD31⁺ endothelial cells from mouse aorta. Bioinformatics analysis and a dual-luciferase reporter assay were performed to confirm the binding target of miR-214-3p. In vitro study, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were transfected with miR-214-3p mimics/inhibitor and stimulated with 100 μg/mL oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) for 12 hours to initiate a stress-repairing autophagic process.

RESULTS

In mouse models, we identified an inverse correlation between miR-214-3p, ATG5 and ATG12. We observed that in young HUVECs, ox-LDL-initiated autophagy was repressed by miR-214-3p overexpression, as evaluated by autophagic protein analysis, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B-II (LC3B-II) immunofluorescence assay and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Also, miR-214-3p promoted ox-LDL accumulation in HUVECs and THP-1 monocyte adhesion. Conversely, in old HUVECs, suppression of miR-214-3p preserved the ability to initiate a protective autophagy reaction to the ox-LDL stimulation.

CONCLUSION

miR-214-3p regulates ox-LDL-initiated autophagy in HUVECs by directly targeting the 3'UTR of ATG5 and may have a suitable role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.

Growth of three-dimensional diamond mosaics by microwave plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition

Growth of novel 3D diamond mosaic structures by MPCVD was realized, clearing the way for complex diamond shapes.

Rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes co-cultured with PBMC increased peripheral CD4+ CXCR5+ ICOS+ T cell numbers

'Circulating' T follicular helper cells (Tfh), characterized by their surface phenotypes CD4⁺ chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5)⁺ inducible co-stimulatory molecule (ICOS)⁺ , have been identified as the CD4⁺ T cell subset specialized in supporting the activation, expansion and differentiation of B cells. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) are critical in promoting inflammation and cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the interaction between FLS and T cells is considered to facilitate FLS activation and T cell recruitment. However, it remains unknown whether RA-FLS co-cultured with activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) has immunoregulatory effects on peripheral Tfh. In the present study, we co-cultured RA-FLS with or without anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated PBMC. The results showed that RA-FLS co-cultured with stimulated PBMC could increase the numbers of CD4⁺ CXCR5⁺ ICOS⁺ T cells of RA PBMC possibly via the production of interleukin (IL)-6, a critical cytokine involved in the differentiation of Tfh cells. We also observed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the co-culture system of RA-FLS and PBMC. The percentage of CD4⁺ CXCR5⁺ ICOS⁺ T cells was decreased when ROS production was inhibited by N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a specific inhibitor which can decrease ROS production. In addition, we showed that the higher levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β in the co-culture system and the blocking of TNF receptor 2 (TNF-R2) and IL-1β receptor (IL-1βR) both decreased the numbers of CD4⁺ CXCR5⁺ ICOS⁺ T cells. Our study reveals a novel mechanistic insight into how the interaction of RA-FLS and PBMC participates in the RA pathogenesis, and also provides support for the biologicals application for RA.

Can patients with femoral neck fracture benefit from preoperative thromboprophylaxis?: A prospective randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

The effectiveness of preoperative thromboprophylaxis remains obscure in patients with femoral neck fracture. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether these patients benefit from preoperative thromboprophylaxis.

METHODS

In this prospective, randomized controlled trial, a total of 80 patients with femoral neck fracture were randomly assigned to receive either rivaroxaban or conservative treatment before surgery. For all patients, color Doppler ultrasound of both lower extremities was performed immediately after admission. The primary efficacy outcome was venous thromboembolism (VTE) defined as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE). The primary safety outcome was major bleeding.

RESULT

Compared with conservative treatment, rivaroxaban could significantly reduce the incidence of DVT from 19.5% (8/41) to 2.6% (1/39) (P = .016). Preoperatively, there were a total of 9 occurrences of DVT including 8 DVT in the conservative treatment group and 1 in the oral rivaroxaban group. All cases of DVT were asymptomatic, with 8 of them diagnosed as isolated muscular calf vein thromboses. There were no differences between the 2 groups in terms of the overall incidence of major bleeding.

CONCLUSION

Thromboprophylaxis with rivaroxaban prior to surgery can effectively reduce the risk of preoperative DVT for patients with femoral neck fracture without increasing the risk of bleeding.

Prolonged exposure to extracellular lumican restrains pancreatic adenocarcinoma growth

We previously demonstrated that pancreatic stellate cells within pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) stroma secrete lumican and its presence is associated with prolonged survival of patients with localized PDAC. Here, we observed that extracellular lumican decreases PDAC tumour cell growth in xenograft and syngeneic orthotopic animal models, and induces growth inhibition of low-passage human PDAC cells in a species-specific manner. PDAC cells grown in variant culture conditions and exposed to extracellular lumican display typical characterizations of cancer cell in a quiescent state, such as growth inhibition, apoptosis, G0/G1 arrest and chemoresistance. Importantly, extracellular lumican is associated with diminished ERK1/2 phosphorylation and increased p38 phosphorylation within PDAC cells. We further demonstrated that extracellular lumican physically binds with EGFR to trigger EGFR internalization and downregulation of EGFR and its downstream signal molecule ERK. Lumican enhances casitas B-lineage lymphoma expression, which stabilized the TGFβ Type II receptor sensitizing PDAC cells to TGFβ-mediated activation of p38 and SMAD signals. These provide a mechanism for the shift in signalling and phenotypic changes we observed after prolonged exposure to lumican. Together, our findings demonstrate that stromal lumican restrains PDAC cell growth through mediating cell entry into a quiescent state.

Chronic Kidney Dysfunction Can Increase the Risk of Deep Vein Thrombosis after Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BACKGROUND

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is one of the major complications of total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Chronic kidney dysfunction (CKD) has proven to promote a proinflammatory and prothrombotic state and is prevalent among patients undergoing TJA. The purpose of this study is to identify whether CKD increase the risk of DVT following TJA.

METHODS

In a retrospective study, 1274 patients who underwent primary TJA were studied. CKD is graded in 5 stages. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to identify the association of CKD and its severity with postoperative DVT.

RESULTS

There were 1139 (89.4%) participants with normal kidney function, 103 (8.1%) with mildly decreased kidney function, and 32 (2.5%) with stage 3 and 4 CKD. A total of 244 patients (19.2%) were diagnosed with DVT. Sixty-four patients (5.0%) developed symptomatic DVT. Advanced age, female gender, malignancy, and eGFR showed significant association with total DVT. BMI, thrombosis history, malignancy, and eGFR were associated with symptomatic DVT. After adjusting for age, gender, BMI, and malignancy, eGFR was found to be related to both total and symptomatic DVT.

CONCLUSIONS

CKD is an important risk factor for both total and symptomatic DVT following TJA. Postoperative prophylaxis should be made a priority in this population.

[Effect of home noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on patients with severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of home noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) on patients with severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) by meta-analysis. Methods: The data of this meta-analysis was retrieved from the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Wanfang, Weipu and CNKI databases from January 1980 to January 2016. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on comparison of the effect of home NPPV in patients with severe stable COPD were enrolled. The enrolled data were divided into different subgroups in terms of the levels of inspiratory positive airway pressure(IPAP), different duration of ventilation per day, and different levels of baseline hypercapnia on change in PaCO(2). Meta-analysis was performed to compare the effect of different subgroups by RevMan 5.3. Results: Ten studies with a total of 789 patients were included. Home NPPV improved 6-minute walk distance (WMD: -45.12, 95%CI: -85.39--4.85, P=0.03) and forced expiratory volume in the first second [standard mean difference(SMD): -0.26, 95%CI: -0.51--0.02, P=0.03]after 1 year of ventilation, but did not improve the mortality, PaCO(2,)PaO(2,)pH, FVC, maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), FEV(1)/FVC, maximal voluntary ventilation(MVV) total sleep time, sleep efficiency and the proportion of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Subgroup analysis showed that home NPPV can significantly reduce the PaCO(2) in patients ventilated with 18 cmH(2)O(1 cmH(2)O=0.098 kPa) and higher IPAP levels than those with lower IPAP levels (SMD: -0.6, 95%CI: -1.09--0.12, P=0.01), and in patients with NPPV for at least 5 h per day and those with lower duration (SMD: -0.45, 95%CI: -0.87--0.02, P=0.04), and in patients with baseline PaCO(2) of at least 55 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) (SMD: -0.69, 95%CI: -1.07--0.31, P=0.00) than those with lower levels. Conclusions: Home NPPV can improve 6MWD and FEV(1) in severe stable COPD patients but does not improve the mortality, gas exchange and sleep efficiency. Patients may gain more benefits when using higher IPAP levels, longer ventilation per day and in those with higher baseline PaCO(2).

Isolation and characterization of white and brown adipocytes in Kunming mice

White adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue play critical roles in controlling energy homeostasis and the development of obesity and diabetes. We isolated mouse white adipocytes from inguinal white fat tissues and brown adipocytes from interscapular brown fat tissues, and employed a variety of approaches, including immunofluorescent staining, quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting analysis, and differentiation assay, to characterize those adipocytes. Both white and brown adipocytes stained positively for CD44 and CD29, and lipid droplets were observed after the induction of adipogenesis. The Asc1 expression level in the white adipocytes was 2.5-fold higher than that in the brown adipocytes (P < 0.05), and the expression of Ucp1 in the white adipocytes was approximately 50% of that in the brown adipocytes (P < 0.05). The expression of α-tubulin in the brown adipocytes was approximately 70% of that in the white adipocytes. The brown adipocytes had a higher Cidea mRNA level (P < 0.05) and a lower Pparγ mRNA level (P < 0.05) than the white adipocytes. The results demonstrate that white and brown adipocytes have different gene expression signatures, and may represent two useful cell models to study the mechanisms involved in obesity.

Extracellular lumican augments cytotoxicity of chemotherapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells via autophagy inhibition

Lumican, an extracellular matrix proteoglycan overexpressed by pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells (PDACs), drives the formation of a tumor-specific microenvironment. We recently showed that extracellular lumican inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth and is associated with prolonged survival after surgery. Here we investigated the role of extracellular lumican in chemotherapy-mediated cancer therapy. Lumican secretion was increased by chemotherapeutic agents in PDAC, and especially in PSCs, and appeared to be linked to the extent of cells' response to chemotherapy-induced growth inhibition. In multiple PDAC models, including cell lines, patient-derived xenografts and lumican knockout mice, lumican significantly increased antitumor effect of chemotherapy. This effect was associated with DNA damage, apoptosis and inhibition of cell viability, glucose consumption, lactate production and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion. In PDAC cells, chemotherapeutic agents triggered autophagosome formation and increased LC3 expression through the reactive oxygen species-mediated AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. Inhibition of gemcitabine-induced autophagy in cancer cells by treatment with AMPK inhibitor compound C, lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine or autophagy inhibitor 3MA enhanced gemcitabine-induced apoptosis, suggesting that autophagy is a protective cellular response to gemcitabine treatment. Importantly, lumican dramatically decreased AMPK activity, inhibiting chemotherapy-induced autophagy in both in vitro and in vivo PDAC models. Co-treatment of PDAC cells with lumican and gemcitabine increased mitochondrial damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cytochrome c release, indicating that lumican-induced disruption of mitochondrial function may be the mechanism of sensitization to gemcitabine. Together, our findings demonstrate that extracellular lumican augments cytotoxicity of chemotherapy in PDAC cells through inhibition of chemotherapeutic agent-induced autophagy.

Hepatitis C virus upregulates B-cell receptor signaling: a novel mechanism for HCV-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders

B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling is essential for the development of B cells and has a critical role in B-cell neoplasia. Increasing evidence indicates an association between chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and B-cell lymphoma, however, the mechanisms by which HCV causes B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder are still unclear. Herein, we demonstrate the expression of HCV viral proteins in B cells of HCV-infected patients and show that HCV upregulates BCR signaling in human primary B cells. HCV nonstructural protein NS3/4A interacts with CHK2 and downregulates its activity, modulating HuR posttranscriptional regulation of a network of target mRNAs associated with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Interestingly, the BCR signaling pathway was found to have the largest number of transcripts with increased association with HuR and was upregulated by NS3/4A. Our study reveals a previously unidentified role of NS3/4A in regulation of host BCR signaling during HCV infection, contributing to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying HCV-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders.

A novel HLA allele, HLA-DQB1*02:57, was identified by polymerase chain reaction sequence-based typing in a Chinese individual

HLA-DQB1*02:57 has one base substitution at position 260 T>C in exon 2 from HLA-DQB1*02:01:01.

Fabrication of three-dimensional hierarchical nanostructures using template-directed colloidal assembly

Optical effects in template-directed colloidal assembly are explored to fabricate microscale patterns with integrated three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures. This method allows the patterning of periodic nanostructures in arbitrarily designed regions by controlling particle assembly and light illumination. Using both "bottom-up" and "top-down" methods, this approach enables low-cost fabrication of hierarchical devices.