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Galabov B, Ilieva S, Cheshmedzhieva D, Nikolova V, Popov VA, Hadjieva B, Schaefer HF. Mini-Review on Structure-Reactivity Relationship for Aromatic Molecules: Recent Advances. ACS Omega 2022; 7:8199-8208. [PMID: 35309413 PMCID: PMC8928515 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in quantifying nucleophilic reactivities in chemical reactions and intermolecular interactions of aromatic molecules are reviewed. This survey covers experimental (IR frequency shifts induced by hydrogen bonding) and theoretical (modeling of potential energy surfaces, atomic charges, molecular electrostatic potential) approaches in characterizing chemical reactivity. Recent advances in software developments assisting the evaluation of the reactive sites for electrophilic aromatic substitution are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Galabov
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Sonia Ilieva
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | | | - Valya Nikolova
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Vassil A. Popov
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Boriana Hadjieva
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of
Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center
for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University
of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Cheshmedzhieva D, Ilieva S, Hadjieva B, Galabov B. Hydrogen bonding probes electron density variations at the basic center in substituted alkyl benzoates: Theory and experiment. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Ilieva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Sofia Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Boriana Hadjieva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Sofia Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Boris Galabov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Sofia Sofia Bulgaria
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Koleva G, Galabov B, Hadjieva B, Schaefer HF, R. Schleyer P. Berichtigung: An Experimentally Established Key Intermediate in Benzene Nitration with Mixed Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Koleva G, Galabov B, Hadjieva B, Schaefer HF, von R Schleyer P. Corrigendum: An Experimentally Established Key Intermediate in Benzene Nitration with Mixed Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7986. [PMID: 32496009 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Galabov B, Koleva G, Hadjieva B, Schaefer HF. π‐Hydrogen Bonding Probes Chemical Reactivity: Bromination of a CC Double Bond and Electrophilic Aromatic Benzylation. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Galabov
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Sofia 1 James Bourchier Ave 1164 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Gergana Koleva
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Sofia 1 James Bourchier Ave 1164 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Boriana Hadjieva
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Sofia 1 James Bourchier Ave 1164 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum ChemistryUniversity of Georgia 1004 Cedar Street, Athens Georgia 30602 USA
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Galabov B, Koleva G, Hadjieva B, Schaefer HF. π-Hydrogen Bonding Probes the Reactivity of Aromatic Compounds: Nitration of Substituted Benzenes. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:1069-1076. [PMID: 30624929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The shifts of phenol O-H stretching vibration frequencies [Δν(OH)exp] upon π-hydrogen bonding with aromatic compounds is proposed as a spectroscopic probe of the reactivity of aromatic substrates toward electrophiles. A single infrared spectrum reflecting the Δν(OH)exp shift for an aromatic species in a reference solvent (CCl4 in this study) provides a good estimate of reactivity. The methodology is applied in rationalizing reactivity trends for the BF3 catalyzed nitration by methylnitrate in nitromethane of 20 aromatic reactants, including benzene, 11 methylbenzenes, several monoalkyl benzenes, the four halobenzenes, and anisole. Literature kinetic data are employed in the analysis. Very good correlations between relative rates of nitration and Δν(OH)exp are obtained. The approach is best applied to reactions, where the initial interactions between the reactants controls the rates. A new theoretical quantity, the shifts (with respect to benzene) of the molecular electrostatic potential at 1.5 Å over the centroid of the aromatic ring [Δ V(1.5)] is defined and shown to provide a good description of substituent effects on properties of the aromatic species. B3LYP density functional and MP2 ab initio methods combined with the 6-311++G(3df,2pd) basis set are employed in evaluating the Δ V(1.5) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Galabov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Sofia , Sofia 1164 , Bulgaria
| | - Gergana Koleva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Sofia , Sofia 1164 , Bulgaria
| | - Boriana Hadjieva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , University of Sofia , Sofia 1164 , Bulgaria
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
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Galabov B, Nikolova V, Cheshmedzhieva D, Hadjieva B, Schaefer HF. Hyperconjugative effects in π-hydrogen bonding: Theory and experiment. J Comput Chem 2017; 39:527-534. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Galabov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sofia; Sofia 1164 Bulgaria
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602
| | - Valia Nikolova
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sofia; Sofia 1164 Bulgaria
| | | | - Boriana Hadjieva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sofia; Sofia 1164 Bulgaria
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia; Athens Georgia 30602
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Koleva G, Galabov B, Hadjieva B, Schaefer HF, Schleyer PVR. An Experimentally Established Key Intermediate in Benzene Nitration with Mixed Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14123-7. [PMID: 26404418 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence is reported for the first intermediate in the classic SEAr reaction of benzene nitration with mixed acid. The UV/Vis spectroscopic investigation of the reaction showed an intense absorption at 320 nm (appearing as a band shoulder) arising from a reaction intermediate. Our theoretical modeling shows that the interaction between the two principal reactants with solvent (H2SO4) molecules significantly affects the structure of the initial complex. In this complex, a larger distance between the aromatic ring and nitronium ion precludes the possibility for electronic charge transfer from the benzene π-system to the electrophile. The computational modeling of the potential energy surface reveals that the reaction favors a stepwise mechanism with intermediate formation of π- and σ-(arenium ion) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergana Koleva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Sofia 1164 (Bulgaria)
| | - Boris Galabov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Sofia 1164 (Bulgaria).
| | - Boriana Hadjieva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Sofia 1164 (Bulgaria)
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA).
| | - Paul von R Schleyer
- Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
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Koleva G, Galabov B, Hadjieva B, Schaefer HF, Schleyer PVR. An Experimentally Established Key Intermediate in Benzene Nitration with Mixed Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gergana Koleva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Sofia 1164 (Bulgaria)
| | - Boris Galabov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Sofia 1164 (Bulgaria)
| | - Boriana Hadjieva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Sofia 1164 (Bulgaria)
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
| | - Paul von R. Schleyer
- Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 (USA)
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Ilieva S, Nalbantova D, Hadjieva B, Galabov B. Aminolysis of Phenyl N-Phenylcarbamate via an Isocyanate Intermediate: Theory and Experiment. J Org Chem 2013; 78:6440-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4002068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ilieva
- Department of Chemistry
and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Didi Nalbantova
- Department of Chemistry
and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Boriana Hadjieva
- Department of Chemistry
and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Boris Galabov
- Department of Chemistry
and Pharmacy, University of Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
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Cheshmedzhieva D, Ilieva S, Hadjieva B, Trayanova T, Galabov B. Reactivity of acetanilides in the alkaline hydrolysis reaction: theory vs. experiment. Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970902799890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cheshmedzhieva D, Ilieva S, Hadjieva B, Galabov B. The mechanism of alkaline hydrolysis of amides: a comparative computational and experimental study of the hydrolysis of N
-methylacetamide, N
-methylbenzamide, and acetanilide. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Galabov B, Ilieva S, Hadjieva B, Atanasov Y, Schaefer HF. Predicting Reactivities of Organic Molecules. Theoretical and Experimental Studies on the Aminolysis of Phenyl Acetates. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:6700-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8007514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Galabov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sofia, Sofia 1126, Bulgaria, and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Sonia Ilieva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sofia, Sofia 1126, Bulgaria, and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Boriana Hadjieva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sofia, Sofia 1126, Bulgaria, and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Yasen Atanasov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sofia, Sofia 1126, Bulgaria, and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sofia, Sofia 1126, Bulgaria, and Center for Computational Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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Hadjieva B, Ilieva S, Cheshmedzhieva D, Galabov B. Conformation of some biologically active aromatic ureas. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2005; 61:1321-1326. [PMID: 15820865 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2004.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Experimental IR spectroscopic data for the N-H stretching mode frequencies for several types of tri-substituted ureas containing benzyl and/or phenyl substituents as well as theoretical results from B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) computations on selected compounds provide sufficient evidence to determine the conformational state of these molecules. Two types of N-H bands may be found the spectra: (a) A type band due to a classical trans conformation (trans I) of the CONH structure; (b) B type band arising from an alternative trans form (trans II), in which the N-H band is involved in a hydrogen bond like interaction with the aromatic ring at the neighbouring nitrogen atom (benzyl or phenyl substituents). The N-H band of trans ICONH structure is observed at frequencies higher than 3460 cm-1, the actual position depending on weather the non-substituted N-H group is linked to aryl or alkyl substituents. The N-H band of the trans II rotameric structure is observed at 3430-3420 cm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boriana Hadjieva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Galabov B, Cheshmedzhieva D, Ilieva S, Hadjieva B. Computational Study of the Reactivity ofN-Phenylacetamides in the Alkaline Hydrolysis Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp046199+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Galabov B, Ilieva S, Hadjieva B, Dinchova E. On the Origin of Higher Rotational Barriers in Thioamides than in Amides. Remote Substituent Effects on the Conformational Stability of the Thioamide Group in Thioacetanilides. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp034919r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Galabov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Sonia Ilieva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Boriana Hadjieva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
| | - Eli Dinchova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sofia, Sofia 1164, Bulgaria
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Ilieva S, Hadjieva B, Galabov B. Theory supplemented by experiment. Electronic effects on the rotational stability of the amide group in p-substituted acetanilides. J Org Chem 2002; 67:6210-5. [PMID: 12182662 DOI: 10.1021/jo025791x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electronic effect of polar substituents on the barrier of internal rotation around the amide carbon-nitrogen bond in a series of 10 p-substituted acetanilides is studied by applying density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level. The theoretical results are supplemented by experimental data on the amide C=O and N-H stretching mode frequency shifts. It is shown that computations at the theoretical level employed provide a valuable approach in studying the factors determining the conformational stability of the studied series of compounds. It is found that an excellent linear dependence between the barriers of rotation and frequency shifts exists. It is concluded that the variations of the amide C=O stretching mode frequency can be used for quantitative characterization of the amide group conformational flexibility in the studied series of acetanilides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ilieva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sofia, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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