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St Laurent B. Genomic complexity of parasites and vectors challenges malaria control in Southeast Asia. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2023; 60:101113. [PMID: 37690774 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Southeast Asia is a uniquely complex region of malaria transmission that maintains an astounding level of species diversity among potential malaria vectors and also generates drug-resistant and quickly diverging populations of malaria parasites. All five human malaria species circulate in Southeast Asia with over 50 Anopheles species that vary in their ability to transmit these pathogens. The intricate relationships of these parasites and vectors are not well-understood. Human activity in Southeast Asian countries has created an increasingly fragmented landscape, bringing humans and mosquitoes into more frequent contact, sustaining malaria transmission in a region where few control tools are effective. Genomic shifts at the species, population, and individual level in parasites and vectors introduce variation that has produced drug- and insecticide resistance. The goal of this review is to highlight genomic studies of Southeast Asian malaria parasites and vectors that demonstrate how diversity in these organisms presents unique challenges and opportunities for global malaria control and eradication efforts.
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Makunin A, Korlević P, Park N, Goodwin S, Waterhouse RM, von Wyschetzki K, Jacob CG, Davies R, Kwiatkowski D, St Laurent B, Ayala D, Lawniczak MKN. A targeted amplicon sequencing panel to simultaneously identify mosquito species and Plasmodium presence across the entire Anopheles genus. Mol Ecol Resour 2022; 22:28-44. [PMID: 34053186 PMCID: PMC7612955 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles is a diverse genus of mosquitoes comprising over 500 described species, including all known human malaria vectors. While a limited number of key vector species have been studied in detail, the goal of malaria elimination calls for surveillance of all potential vector species. Here, we develop a multilocus amplicon sequencing approach that targets 62 highly variable loci in the Anopheles genome and two conserved loci in the Plasmodium mitochondrion, simultaneously revealing both the mosquito species and whether that mosquito carries malaria parasites. We also develop a cheap, nondestructive, and high-throughput DNA extraction workflow that provides template DNA from single mosquitoes for the multiplex PCR, which means specimens producing unexpected results can be returned to for morphological examination. Over 1000 individual mosquitoes can be sequenced in a single MiSeq run, and we demonstrate the panel's power to assign species identity using sequencing data for 40 species from Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. We also show that the approach can be used to resolve geographic population structure within An. gambiae and An. coluzzii populations, as the population structure determined based on these 62 loci from over 1000 mosquitoes closely mirrors that revealed through whole genome sequencing. The end-to-end approach is quick, inexpensive, robust, and accurate, which makes it a promising technique for very large-scale mosquito genetic surveillance and vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Makunin
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Petra Korlević
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Naomi Park
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Diego Ayala
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon
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Hansen SG, Womack J, Scholz I, Renner A, Edgel KA, Xu G, Ford JC, Grey M, St Laurent B, Turner JM, Planer S, Legasse AW, Richie TL, Aguiar JC, Axthelm MK, Villasante ED, Weiss W, Edlefsen PT, Picker LJ, Früh K. Cytomegalovirus vectors expressing Plasmodium knowlesi antigens induce immune responses that delay parasitemia upon sporozoite challenge. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210252. [PMID: 30673723 PMCID: PMC6343944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a sterilizing vaccine against malaria remains one of the highest priorities for global health research. While sporozoite vaccines targeting the pre-erythrocytic stage show great promise, it has not been possible to maintain efficacy long-term, likely due to an inability of these vaccines to maintain effector memory T cell responses in the liver. Vaccines based on human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) might overcome this limitation since vectors based on rhesus CMV (RhCMV), the homologous virus in rhesus macaques (RM), elicit and indefinitely maintain high frequency, non-exhausted effector memory T cells in extralymphoid tissues, including the liver. Moreover, RhCMV strain 68-1 elicits CD8+ T cells broadly recognizing unconventional epitopes exclusively restricted by MHC-II and MHC-E. To evaluate the potential of these unique immune responses to protect against malaria, we expressed four Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk) antigens (CSP, AMA1, SSP2/TRAP, MSP1c) in RhCMV 68-1 or in Rh189-deleted 68-1, which additionally elicits canonical MHC-Ia-restricted CD8+ T cells. Upon inoculation of RM with either of these Pk Ag expressing RhCMV vaccines, we obtained T cell responses to each of the four Pk antigens. Upon challenge with Pk sporozoites we observed a delayed appearance of blood stage parasites in vaccinated RM consistent with a 75-80% reduction of parasite release from the liver. Moreover, the Rh189-deleted RhCMV/Pk vectors elicited sterile protection in one RM. Once in the blood, parasite growth was not affected. In contrast to T cell responses induced by Pk infection, RhCMV vectors maintained sustained T cell responses to all four malaria antigens in the liver post-challenge. The delayed appearance of blood stage parasites is thus likely due to a T cell-mediated inhibition of liver stage parasite development. As such, this vaccine approach can be used to efficiently test new T cell antigens, improve current vaccines targeting the liver stage and complement vaccines targeting erythrocytic antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Hansen
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Jennie Womack
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Isabel Scholz
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Andrea Renner
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A Edgel
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Guangwu Xu
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Julia C Ford
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Mikayla Grey
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Brandyce St Laurent
- National Institutes of Health, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, Malaria Pathogenesis and Human Immunity Unit, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - John M Turner
- Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Shannon Planer
- Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Al W Legasse
- Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Thomas L Richie
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Joao C Aguiar
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Eileen D Villasante
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Walter Weiss
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Paul T Edlefsen
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Louis J Picker
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Klaus Früh
- Oregon Health & Science University, Vaccine & Gene Therapy Institute, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
- Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
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St Laurent B, Sukowati S, Burton TA, Bretz D, Zio M, Firman S, Sumardi, Sudibyo H, Safitri A, Suwito, Asih PB, Kosasih S, Shinta, Hawley WA, Burkot TR, Collins FH, Syafruddin D, Lobo NF. Comparative evaluation of anopheline sampling methods in three localities in Indonesia. Malar J 2018; 17:13. [PMID: 29310656 PMCID: PMC5759267 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effectiveness of vector control efforts can vary based on the interventions used and local mosquito behaviour and adaptability. In many settings, biting patterns of Anopheles mosquitoes can shift in response to interventions targeting indoor-biting mosquitoes, often resulting in higher proportions of mosquitoes feeding outside or at times when people are not protected. These behaviourally resistant mosquitoes have been shown to sustain residual malaria transmission and limit control efforts. Therefore, it is important to accurately sample mosquitoes to understand their behaviour. Methods A variety of traps were evaluated in three geographically diverse sites in malaria-endemic Indonesia to investigate local mosquito feeding behaviour and determine effective traps for surveillance. Results Eight traps were evaluated in three sites: Canti village, Lampung, Kaliharjo village, Purworejo, and Saketa village, Halmahera, Indonesia, including the gold standard human landing collection (HLC) and a variety of traps targeting host-seeking and resting mosquitoes both indoors and outdoors. Trapping, using indoor and outdoor HLC, the Ifakara tent trap C, goat and human-occupied tents, resting pots and boxes, and CDC miniature light traps was conducted for 16 nights in two sites and 8 nights in a third site, using a Latin square design. Trap efficacy varied by site, with outdoor HLC yielding the highest catch rates in Canti and Kaliharjo and a goat-baited tent trap proving most effective in Saketa. In Canti village, anthropophilic Anopheles sundaicus were caught indoors and outdoors using HLCs, peaking in the early morning. In Kaliharjo, a variety of mosquitoes were caught, mostly outdoors throughout the night. HLC was ineffective in Saketa, the only site where a goat-baited tent trap was tested. This trap was effective in catching zoophilic vectors outdoors before midnight. Conclusions Different trapping methods were suitable for different species, likely reflecting differences in behaviour among species. The three villages, each located on a different island in the Indonesian archipelago, contained mosquito populations with unique behaviours. These data suggest that the effectiveness of specific vector monitoring and control measures may vary by location. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-017-2161-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandyce St Laurent
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA. .,National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Supratman Sukowati
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - David Bretz
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Mulyadi Zio
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Syah Firman
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sumardi
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Heru Sudibyo
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Amalia Safitri
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Suwito
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Puji B Asih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sully Kosasih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Shinta
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - William A Hawley
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Unicef, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Thomas R Burkot
- Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Cairns, Australia
| | - Frank H Collins
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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St Laurent B, Burton TA, Zubaidah S, Miller HC, Asih PB, Baharuddin A, Kosasih S, Shinta, Firman S, Hawley WA, Burkot TR, Syafruddin D, Sukowati S, Collins FH, Lobo NF. Host attraction and biting behaviour of Anopheles mosquitoes in South Halmahera, Indonesia. Malar J 2017; 16:310. [PMID: 28764710 PMCID: PMC5540179 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indonesia is home to a variety of malaria vectors whose specific bionomic traits remain largely uncharacterized. Species-specific behaviours, such as host feeding preferences, impact the dynamics of malaria transmission and the effectiveness of vector control interventions. Methods To examine species-specific host attraction and feeding behaviours, a Latin square design was used to compare Anopheles mosquitoes attracted to human, cow, and goat-baited tents. Anopheles mosquitoes were collected hourly from the inside walls of each baited tent. Species were morphologically and then molecularly identified using rDNA ITS2 sequences. The head and thorax of individual specimens were analysed for Plasmodium DNA using PCR. Bloodmeals were identified using a multiplex PCR. Results A total of 1024, 137, and 74 Anopheles were collected over 12 nights in cow, goat, and human-baited tents, respectively. The species were identified as Anopheles kochi, Anopheles farauti s.s., Anopheles hackeri, Anopheles hinesorum, Anopheles indefinitus, Anopheles punctulatus, Anopheles tessellatus, Anopheles vagus, and Anopheles vanus, many of which are known to transmit human malaria. Molecular analysis of blood meals revealed a high level of feeding on multiple host species in a single night. Anopheles kochi, An. indefinitus, and An. vanus were infected with Plasmodium vivax at rates comparable to primary malaria vectors. Conclusions The species distributions of Anopheles mosquitoes attracted to human, goat, and cow hosts were similar. Eight of nine sporozoite positive samples were captured with animal-baited traps, indicating that even predominantly zoophilic mosquitoes may be contributing to malaria transmission. Multiple host feeding and flexibility in blood feeding behaviour have important implications for malaria transmission, malaria control, and the effectiveness of intervention and monitoring methods, particularly those that target human-feeding vectors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-017-1950-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandyce St Laurent
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA. .,Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Siti Zubaidah
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Helen C Miller
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Puji B Asih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Sully Kosasih
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Shinta
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Saya Firman
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - William A Hawley
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Unicef, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Thomas R Burkot
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Din Syafruddin
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Supratman Sukowati
- National Institute of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Frank H Collins
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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St Laurent B, Cooke M, Krishnankutty SM, Asih P, Mueller JD, Kahindi S, Ayoma E, Oriango RM, Thumloup J, Drakeley C, Cox J, Collins FH, Lobo NF, Stevenson JC. Molecular Characterization Reveals Diverse and Unknown Malaria Vectors in the Western Kenyan Highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:327-35. [PMID: 26787150 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of mosquito-based malaria control is dependent upon susceptible bionomic traits in local malaria vectors. It is crucial to have accurate and reliable methods to determine mosquito species composition in areas subject to malaria. An unexpectedly diverse set of Anopheles species was collected in the western Kenyan highlands, including unidentified and potentially new species carrying the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. This study identified 2,340 anopheline specimens using both ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region 2 and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 loci. Seventeen distinct sequence groups were identified. Of these, only eight could be molecularly identified through comparison to published and voucher sequences. Of the unidentified species, four were found to carry P. falciparum by circumsporozoite enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction, the most abundant of which had infection rates comparable to a primary vector in the area, Anopheles funestus. High-quality adult specimens of these unidentified species could not be matched to museum voucher specimens or conclusively identified using multiple keys, suggesting that they may have not been previously described. These unidentified vectors were captured outdoors. Diverse and unknown species have been incriminated in malaria transmission in the western Kenya highlands using molecular identification of unusual morphological variants of field specimens. This study demonstrates the value of using molecular methods to compliment vector identifications and highlights the need for accurate characterization of mosquito species and their associated behaviors for effective malaria control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandyce St Laurent
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Western Triangle Research Center, Montana State University, Conrad, Montana; Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary Cooke
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Western Triangle Research Center, Montana State University, Conrad, Montana; Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sindhu M Krishnankutty
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Western Triangle Research Center, Montana State University, Conrad, Montana; Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Puji Asih
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Western Triangle Research Center, Montana State University, Conrad, Montana; Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John D Mueller
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Western Triangle Research Center, Montana State University, Conrad, Montana; Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Samuel Kahindi
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Western Triangle Research Center, Montana State University, Conrad, Montana; Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Ayoma
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Western Triangle Research Center, Montana State University, Conrad, Montana; Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robin M Oriango
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Western Triangle Research Center, Montana State University, Conrad, Montana; Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Julie Thumloup
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Western Triangle Research Center, Montana State University, Conrad, Montana; Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chris Drakeley
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Western Triangle Research Center, Montana State University, Conrad, Montana; Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan Cox
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Western Triangle Research Center, Montana State University, Conrad, Montana; Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Frank H Collins
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Western Triangle Research Center, Montana State University, Conrad, Montana; Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Western Triangle Research Center, Montana State University, Conrad, Montana; Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer C Stevenson
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Kisumu, Kenya; Western Triangle Research Center, Montana State University, Conrad, Montana; Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Lobo NF, St Laurent B, Sikaala CH, Hamainza B, Chanda J, Chinula D, Krishnankutty SM, Mueller JD, Deason NA, Hoang QT, Boldt HL, Thumloup J, Stevenson J, Seyoum A, Collins FH. Unexpected diversity of Anopheles species in Eastern Zambia: implications for evaluating vector behavior and interventions using molecular tools. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17952. [PMID: 26648001 PMCID: PMC4673690 DOI: 10.1038/srep17952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of malaria vector species in association with their bionomic traits is vital for targeting malaria interventions and measuring effectiveness. Many entomological studies rely on morphological identification of mosquitoes, limiting recognition to visually distinct species/species groups. Anopheles species assignments based on ribosomal DNA ITS2 and mitochondrial DNA COI were compared to morphological identifications from Luangwa and Nyimba districts in Zambia. The comparison of morphological and molecular identifications determined that interpretations of species compositions, insecticide resistance assays, host preference studies, trap efficacy, and Plasmodium infections were incorrect when using morphological identification alone. Morphological identifications recognized eight Anopheles species while 18 distinct sequence groups or species were identified from molecular analyses. Of these 18, seven could not be identified through comparison to published sequences. Twelve of 18 molecularly identified species (including unidentifiable species and species not thought to be vectors) were found by PCR to carry Plasmodium sporozoites - compared to four of eight morphological species. Up to 15% of morphologically identified Anopheles funestus mosquitoes in insecticide resistance tests were found to be other species molecularly. The comprehension of primary and secondary malaria vectors and bionomic characteristics that impact malaria transmission and intervention effectiveness are fundamental in achieving malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA 46556
| | - Brandyce St Laurent
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA 46556
| | - Chadwick H Sikaala
- National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, Off Great East road, P.O. Box 32509, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Busiku Hamainza
- National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, Off Great East road, P.O. Box 32509, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Javan Chanda
- National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, Off Great East road, P.O. Box 32509, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Dingani Chinula
- National Malaria Control Centre, Chainama Hospital College Grounds, Off Great East road, P.O. Box 32509, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Jonathan D Mueller
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA 46556
| | - Nicholas A Deason
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA 46556
| | - Quynh T Hoang
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA 46556
| | - Heather L Boldt
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA 46556
| | - Julie Thumloup
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA 46556
| | - Jennifer Stevenson
- Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.; and Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
| | - Aklilu Seyoum
- Abt Associates, Africa Indoor Residual Spraying Project Ghana office, Accra, Ghana
| | - Frank H Collins
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA 46556
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St Laurent B, Miller B, Burton TA, Amaratunga C, Men S, Sovannaroth S, Fay MP, Miotto O, Gwadz RW, Anderson JM, Fairhurst RM. Artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates can infect diverse mosquito vectors of Southeast Asia and Africa. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8614. [PMID: 26485448 PMCID: PMC4616032 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites are rapidly spreading in Southeast Asia, yet nothing is known about their transmission. This knowledge gap and the possibility that these parasites will spread to Africa endanger global efforts to eliminate malaria. Here we produce gametocytes from parasite clinical isolates that displayed artemisinin resistance in patients and in vitro, and use them to infect native and non-native mosquito vectors. We show that contemporary artemisinin-resistant isolates from Cambodia develop and produce sporozoites in two Southeast Asian vectors, Anopheles dirus and Anopheles minimus, and the major African vector, Anopheles coluzzii (formerly Anopheles gambiae M). The ability of artemisinin-resistant parasites to infect such highly diverse Anopheles species, combined with their higher gametocyte prevalence in patients, may explain the rapid expansion of these parasites in Cambodia and neighbouring countries, and further compromise efforts to prevent their global spread. It is unknown whether artemisinin-resistant malaria parasites from Southeast Asia can infect any African species of Anopheles mosquitoes and thus spread to Africa. Here, St. Laurent et al. show that artemisinin-resistant isolates from Cambodia can indeed infect the major African vector, Anopheles coluzzii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandyce St Laurent
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Becky Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Timothy A Burton
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Chanaki Amaratunga
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Sary Men
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh 12101, Cambodia
| | - Siv Sovannaroth
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh 12101, Cambodia
| | - Michael P Fay
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Olivo Miotto
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,Malaria Programme, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.,Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Genomics and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Robert W Gwadz
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Jennifer M Anderson
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Rick M Fairhurst
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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Stevenson J, St Laurent B, Lobo NF, Cooke MK, Kahindi SC, Oriango RM, Harbach RE, Cox J, Drakeley C. Novel vectors of malaria parasites in the western highlands of Kenya. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1547-9. [PMID: 22932762 PMCID: PMC3437730 DOI: 10.3201/eid1809.120283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The main method of malaria control is based on a simple premise: avoid mosquito bites by killing the mosquitoes. This concept relies on spraying insecticides indoors and sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets because it is assumed that malaria mosquitoes spend most of their time indoors and feed at night. That is, until now. A recent study has identified new species of mosquitoes that prefer to be outdoors and to feed earlier in the evening. These behavior patterns could render current control practices ineffective. New malaria control methods need to be developed according to the specific behavior of all the different vectors.
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