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Hettwer MD, Larivière S, Park BY, van den Heuvel OA, Schmaal L, Andreassen OA, Ching CRK, Hoogman M, Buitelaar J, van Rooij D, Veltman DJ, Stein DJ, Franke B, van Erp TGM, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, Thomopoulos SI, Bethlehem RAI, Bernhardt BC, Eickhoff SB, Valk SL. Coordinated cortical thickness alterations across six neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6851. [PMID: 36369423 PMCID: PMC9652311 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are increasingly conceptualized as overlapping spectra sharing multi-level neurobiological alterations. However, whether transdiagnostic cortical alterations covary in a biologically meaningful way is currently unknown. Here, we studied co-alteration networks across six neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, reflecting pathological structural covariance. In 12,024 patients and 18,969 controls from the ENIGMA consortium, we observed that co-alteration patterns followed normative connectome organization and were anchored to prefrontal and temporal disease epicenters. Manifold learning revealed frontal-to-temporal and sensory/limbic-to-occipitoparietal transdiagnostic gradients, differentiating shared illness effects on cortical thickness along these axes. The principal gradient aligned with a normative cortical thickness covariance gradient and established a transcriptomic link to cortico-cerebello-thalamic circuits. Moreover, transdiagnostic gradients segregated functional networks involved in basic sensory, attentional/perceptual, and domain-general cognitive processes, and distinguished between regional cytoarchitectonic profiles. Together, our findings indicate that shared illness effects occur in a synchronized fashion and along multiple levels of hierarchical cortical organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. D. Hettwer
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany ,grid.419524.f0000 0001 0041 5028Max Planck School of Cognition, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XInstitute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behavior (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany ,grid.419524.f0000 0001 0041 5028Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S. Larivière
- grid.416102.00000 0004 0646 3639Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - B. Y. Park
- grid.416102.00000 0004 0646 3639Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada ,grid.202119.90000 0001 2364 8385Department of Data Science, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea ,grid.410720.00000 0004 1784 4496Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - O. A. van den Heuvel
- grid.484519.5Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L. Schmaal
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.488501.00000 0004 8032 6923Orygen, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - O. A. Andreassen
- grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - C. R. K. Ching
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA USA
| | - M. Hoogman
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J. Buitelaar
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D. van Rooij
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D. J. Veltman
- grid.484519.5Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D. J. Stein
- grid.7836.a0000 0004 1937 1151South African Medical Research Council Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B. Franke
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T. G. M. van Erp
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - N. Jahanshad
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA USA
| | - P. M. Thompson
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA USA
| | - S. I. Thomopoulos
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA USA
| | - R. A. I. Bethlehem
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,grid.5335.00000000121885934Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B. C. Bernhardt
- grid.416102.00000 0004 0646 3639Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - S. B. Eickhoff
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany ,grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XInstitute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behavior (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - S. L. Valk
- grid.411327.20000 0001 2176 9917Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany ,grid.8385.60000 0001 2297 375XInstitute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behavior (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany ,grid.419524.f0000 0001 0041 5028Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Hibar DP, Westlye LT, Doan NT, Jahanshad N, Cheung JW, Ching CRK, Versace A, Bilderbeck AC, Uhlmann A, Mwangi B, Krämer B, Overs B, Hartberg CB, Abé C, Dima D, Grotegerd D, Sprooten E, Bøen E, Jimenez E, Howells FM, Delvecchio G, Temmingh H, Starke J, Almeida JRC, Goikolea JM, Houenou J, Beard LM, Rauer L, Abramovic L, Bonnin M, Ponteduro MF, Keil M, Rive MM, Yao N, Yalin N, Najt P, Rosa PG, Redlich R, Trost S, Hagenaars S, Fears SC, Alonso-Lana S, van Erp TGM, Nickson T, Chaim-Avancini TM, Meier TB, Elvsåshagen T, Haukvik UK, Lee WH, Schene AH, Lloyd AJ, Young AH, Nugent A, Dale AM, Pfennig A, McIntosh AM, Lafer B, Baune BT, Ekman CJ, Zarate CA, Bearden CE, Henry C, Simhandl C, McDonald C, Bourne C, Stein DJ, Wolf DH, Cannon DM, Glahn DC, Veltman DJ, Pomarol-Clotet E, Vieta E, Canales-Rodriguez EJ, Nery FG, Duran FLS, Busatto GF, Roberts G, Pearlson GD, Goodwin GM, Kugel H, Whalley HC, Ruhe HG, Soares JC, Fullerton JM, Rybakowski JK, Savitz J, Chaim KT, Fatjó-Vilas M, Soeiro-de-Souza MG, Boks MP, Zanetti MV, Otaduy MCG, Schaufelberger MS, Alda M, Ingvar M, Phillips ML, Kempton MJ, Bauer M, Landén M, Lawrence NS, van Haren NEM, Horn NR, Freimer NB, Gruber O, Schofield PR, Mitchell PB, Kahn RS, Lenroot R, Machado-Vieira R, Ophoff RA, Sarró S, Frangou S, Satterthwaite TD, Hajek T, Dannlowski U, Malt UF, Arolt V, Gattaz WF, Drevets WC, Caseras X, Agartz I, Thompson PM, Andreassen OA. Cortical abnormalities in bipolar disorder: an MRI analysis of 6503 individuals from the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:932-942. [PMID: 28461699 PMCID: PMC5668195 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) is still not well understood. Structural brain differences have been associated with BD, but results from neuroimaging studies have been inconsistent. To address this, we performed the largest study to date of cortical gray matter thickness and surface area measures from brain magnetic resonance imaging scans of 6503 individuals including 1837 unrelated adults with BD and 2582 unrelated healthy controls for group differences while also examining the effects of commonly prescribed medications, age of illness onset, history of psychosis, mood state, age and sex differences on cortical regions. In BD, cortical gray matter was thinner in frontal, temporal and parietal regions of both brain hemispheres. BD had the strongest effects on left pars opercularis (Cohen's d=-0.293; P=1.71 × 10-21), left fusiform gyrus (d=-0.288; P=8.25 × 10-21) and left rostral middle frontal cortex (d=-0.276; P=2.99 × 10-19). Longer duration of illness (after accounting for age at the time of scanning) was associated with reduced cortical thickness in frontal, medial parietal and occipital regions. We found that several commonly prescribed medications, including lithium, antiepileptic and antipsychotic treatment showed significant associations with cortical thickness and surface area, even after accounting for patients who received multiple medications. We found evidence of reduced cortical surface area associated with a history of psychosis but no associations with mood state at the time of scanning. Our analysis revealed previously undetected associations and provides an extensive analysis of potential confounding variables in neuroimaging studies of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA,Janssen Research & Development, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - L T Westlye
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - N T Doan
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - N Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - J W Cheung
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - C R K Ching
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA,Neuroscience Interdepartmental Graduate Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A Versace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A C Bilderbeck
- University Department of Psychiatry and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A Uhlmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Groote Schuur Hospital (J-2), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B Mwangi
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B Krämer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Overs
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C B Hartberg
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - C Abé
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Dima
- Department of Psychology, City University London, London, UK,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D Grotegerd
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - E Sprooten
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Bøen
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - E Jimenez
- Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F M Howells
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - G Delvecchio
- IRCCS "E. Medea" Scientific Institute, San Vito al Tagliamento, Italy
| | - H Temmingh
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J Starke
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J R C Almeida
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - J M Goikolea
- Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Houenou
- INSERM U955 Team 15 ‘Translational Psychiatry’, University Paris East, APHP, CHU Mondor, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France,NeuroSpin, UNIACT Lab, Psychiatry Team, CEA Saclay, Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - L M Beard
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L Rauer
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Abramovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Bonnin
- Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M F Ponteduro
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Keil
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M M Rive
- Program for Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Yao
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - N Yalin
- Centre for Affective Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - P Najt
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - P G Rosa
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R Redlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - S Trost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Hagenaars
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S C Fears
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,West Los Angeles Veterans Administration, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Alonso-Lana
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - T G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - T Nickson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T M Chaim-Avancini
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T B Meier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA,Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - T Elvsåshagen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - U K Haukvik
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Adult Psychiatry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - W H Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - A H Schene
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A J Lloyd
- Academic Psychiatry and Northern Centre for Mood Disorders, Newcastle University/Northumberland Tyne & Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
| | - A H Young
- Centre for Affective Disorders, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - A Nugent
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A M Dale
- MMIL, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Department of Cognitive Science, Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - A Pfennig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B Lafer
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - C J Ekman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C A Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C Henry
- INSERM U955 Team 15 ‘Translational Psychiatry’, University Paris East, APHP, CHU Mondor, Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France,Institut Pasteur, Unité Perception et Mémoire, Paris, France
| | - C Simhandl
- Bipolar Center Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - C McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - C Bourne
- University Department of Psychiatry and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Department of Psychology & Counselling, Newman University, Birmingham, UK
| | - D J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,MRC Unit on Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Groote Schuur Hospital (J-2), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - D H Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - D M Cannon
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - D C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - D J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Pomarol-Clotet
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Vieta
- Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E J Canales-Rodriguez
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - F G Nery
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - F L S Duran
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G F Busatto
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Roberts
- School of Psychiatry and Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G D Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA,Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - G M Goodwin
- University Department of Psychiatry and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H Kugel
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - H C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - H G Ruhe
- University Department of Psychiatry and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Program for Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J C Soares
- UT Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J K Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - J Savitz
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA,Faculty of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - K T Chaim
- Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,LIM44-Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Neuroradiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Fatjó-Vilas
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M G Soeiro-de-Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M V Zanetti
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M C G Otaduy
- Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,LIM44-Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Neuroradiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M S Schaufelberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - M Ingvar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M L Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M J Kempton
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - M Landén
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Osher Centre, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the Gothenburg University, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - N S Lawrence
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - N E M van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N R Horn
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - N B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - O Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry and Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Lenroot
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R Machado-Vieira
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil,National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R A Ophoff
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Sarró
- FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - S Frangou
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - T D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - T Hajek
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - U Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - U F Malt
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Research and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - V Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - W F Gattaz
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - W C Drevets
- Janssen Research & Development, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | - X Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - I Agartz
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - P M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging & Informatics, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - O A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research—TOP Study, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Building 49, Kirkeveien 166, PO Box 4956, Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway. E-mail:
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