Neurotoxicity of Some Environmental Pollutants to Zebrafish

The aquatic environment encompasses a wide variety of pollutants, from plastics to drug residues, pesticides, food compounds, and other food by-products, and improper disposal of waste is the main cause of the accumulation of toxic substances in water. Monitoring, assessing, and attempting to control the effects of contaminants in the aquatic environment are necessary and essential to protect the environment and thus human and animal health, and the study of aquatic ecotoxicology has become topical. In this respect, zebrafish are used as model organisms to study the bioaccumulation, toxicity, and influence of environmental pollutants due to their structural, functional, and material advantages. There are many similarities between the metabolism and physiological structures of zebrafish and humans, and the nervous system structure, blood-brain barrier function, and social behavior of zebrafish are characteristics that make them an ideal animal model for studying neurotoxicity. The aim of the study was to highlight the neurotoxicity of nanoplastics, microplastics, fipronil, deltamethrin, and rotenone and to highlight the main behavioral, histological, and oxidative status changes produced in zebrafish exposed to them.

Exploring Cannabinoids with Enhanced Binding Affinity for Targeting the Expanded Endocannabinoid System: A Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment

Despite decades of rigorous research and numerous clinical trials, Alzheimer's disease (AD) stands as a notable healthcare challenge of this century, with effective therapeutic solutions remaining elusive. Recently, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has emerged as an essential therapeutic target due to its regulatory role in different physiological processes, such as neuroprotection, modulation of inflammation, and synaptic plasticity. This aligns with previous research showing that cannabinoid receptor ligands have the potential to trigger the functional structure of neuronal and brain networks, potentially impacting memory processing. Therefore, our study aims to assess the effects of prolonged, intermittent exposure (over 90 days) to JWH-133 (0.2 mg/kg) and an EU-GMP certified Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabixir® Medium Flos, 2.5 mg/kg) on recognition memory, as well as their influence on brain metabolism and modulation of the expanded endocannabinoid system in APP/PS1 mice. Chronic therapy with cannabinoid receptor ligands resulted in reduced anxiety-like behavior and partially reversed the cognitive deficits. Additionally, a reduction was observed in both the number and size of Aβ plaque deposits, along with decreased cerebral glucose metabolism, as well as a decline in the expression of mTOR and CB2 receptors. Furthermore, the study revealed enlarged astrocytes and enhanced expression of M1 mAChR in mice subjected to cannabinoid treatment. Our findings highlight the pivotal involvement of the extended endocannabinoid system in cognitive decline and pathological aspects associated with AD, presenting essential preclinical evidence to support the continued exploration and assessment of cannabinoid receptor ligands for AD treatment.

A new approach to explore the correlation between declarative memory and anxiety in animal models of schizophrenia and microplastic pollution

The discovery of new detrimental effects associated with microplastic pollution is ever-growing and reaching alarming rates worldwide, as it is linked to numerous disorders such as lung diseases, gastrointestinal problems, and cancer. However, a less explored issue is their impact on mental health, more precisely schizophrenia, even though several studies have shown the presence of microplastics in air, water, soil, and even food, thus making them a significant part of our daily dietary intake. It is also well known that declarative memory and anxiety levels are impaired in schizophrenia. However, apart from the novel object recognition test, the possibilities for testing memory in zebrafish are quite limited. For these reasons, we designed a novel memory test based on rewards, a learning period, and zebrafish's natural preference for certain colors. Among the results, our fish preferred the color yellow over red, and we illustrated that ketamine and its combination with methionine provide a robust model that seems to better represent the aspects of schizophrenia in animal models. Moreover, surprisingly, we observed that microplastics (more precisely, polypropylene fibers) ingested by animals through the diet seem to act as a buffer against ketamine toxicity and as an enhancer for methionine exposure. Moreover, according to our results, groups with higher anxiety levels seem to perform better on the memory test.

Preclinical Studies of Canagliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitor, and Donepezil Combined Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease

The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), is continuously growing worldwide, which leads to a heavy economic and societal burden. The lack of a safe and effective causal therapy in cognitive decline is an aggravating factor and requires investigations into the repurposing of commonly used drugs. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a new and efficient class of hypoglycemic drugs and, due to their pleiotropic effects, have indications that go beyond diabetes. There is emerging data from murine studies that SGLT2i can cross the blood-brain barrier and may have neuroprotective effects, such as increasing the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), reducing the amyloid burden, inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and restoring the circadian rhythm in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. The current study investigates the effect of an SGLT2i and donepezil, under a separate or combined 21-day treatment on AD-relevant behaviors and brain pathology in mice. The SGLT2i canagliflozin was found to significantly improve the novelty preference index and the percentage of time spent in the open arms of the maze in the novel object recognition and elevated plus maze test, respectively. In addition, canagliflozin therapy decreased AChE activity, mTOR and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression. The results also recorded the acetylcholine M1 receptor in canagliflozin-treated mice compared to the scopolamine group. In the hippocampus, the SGLT2i canagliflozin reduced the microgliosis and astrogliosis in males, but not in female mice. These findings emphasize the value of SGLT2i in clinical practice. By inhibiting AChE activity, canagliflozin represents a compound that resembles AD-registered therapies in this respect, supporting the need for further evaluation in dementia clinical trials.

Research Progress of Titanium-Based Alloys for Medical Devices

Biomaterials are currently a unique class of materials that are essential to improving the standard of human life and extending it. In the assent of the appearance of biomaterials that contain non-toxic elements, in this study, we examine a system of Ti25Mo7Zr15TaxSi (x = 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1 wt.%) for future medical applications. The alloys were developed in a vacuum electric arc furnace and then studied from a structural, mechanical and in vivo assessment (on rabbits) perspective. The effect of the silicon addition was clearly seen in both the structural and the mechanical characteristics, standing out as beta alloys with a dendritic structure and lowering the mechanical properties as a result of the silicon addition. In experimental rabbits, the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells was observed in the periosteum and peri-implant area, differentiating into osteoblasts and then into osteocytes. Osteoclasts were discovered within the cartilaginous islands that provide structural support to newly formed bone, playing a primary role in bone remodeling. The newly formed spongy tissue adhered to the fibrous capsule that surrounds the alloy, ensuring good osseointegration of metallic implants. The overexpression of Osteopontin, Metalloproteinase-2 (also known as gelatinase A), and Metallopeptidase-9 (also known as gelatinase B) underscores the processes of osteogenesis, bone mineralization, and normal bone remodeling.

Composite Hydrogels with Embedded Silver Nanoparticles and Ibuprofen as Wound Dressing

The wound healing process is often slowed down as a result of complications from bacterial infections and inflammatory reactions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop dressings with fast antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity that shorten the wound healing period by promoting cell migration and proliferation. Chitosan (CS)-based hydrogels have been widely studied for their antibacterial and wound healing capabilities. Herein, we developed a composite hydrogel based on CS and PVA embedding silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antibacterial properties and ibuprofen (Ib) as an anti-inflammatory agent. The hydrogel prepared by double physical cross-linking, with oxalic acid and by freeze-thawing, loaded with 0.225 wt.% AgNPs and 0.264 wt.% Ib, displayed good mechanical properties (compressive modulus = 132 kPa), a high swelling degree and sustained drug delivery (in simulated skin conditions). Moreover, the hydrogel showed strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus and K. pneumoniae due to the embedded AgNPs. In vivo, this hydrogel accelerated the wound regeneration process through the enhanced expression of TNF alpha IP8, by activating downstream cascades and supporting the healing process of inflammation; Cox2, which enhances the migration and proliferation of cells involved in re-epithelization and angiogenesis; MHCII, which promotes immune cooperation between local cells, eliminating dead tissue and controlling infection; the intense expression of Col I as a major marker in the tissue granulation process; and αSMA, which marks the presence of myofibroblasts involved in wound closure and indicates ongoing re-epithelization. The results reveal the potential healing effect of CS/PVA/AgNPs/Ib hydrogels and suggest their potential use as wound dressings.

Influence of Different Light Spectra on Melatonin Synthesis by the Pineal Gland and Influence on the Immune System in Chickens

It is well known that the pineal gland in birds influences behavioural and physiological functions, including those of the immune system. The purpose of this research is to examine the endocrine-immune correlations between melatonin and immune system activity. Through a description of the immune-pineal axis, we formulated the objective to determine and describe: the development of the pineal gland; how light influences secretory activity; and how melatonin influences the activity of primary and secondary lymphoid organs. The pineal gland has the ability to turn light information into an endocrine signal suitable for the immune system via the membrane receptors Mel1a, Mel1b, and Mel1c, as well as the nuclear receptors RORα, RORβ, and RORγ. We can state the following findings: green monochromatic light (560 nm) increased serum melatonin levels and promoted a stronger humoral and cellular immune response by proliferating B and T lymphocytes; the combination of green and blue monochromatic light (560-480 nm) ameliorated the inflammatory response and protected lymphoid organs from oxidative stress; and red monochromatic light (660 nm) maintained the inflammatory response and promoted the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Melatonin can be considered a potent antioxidant and immunomodulator and is a critical element in the coordination between external light stimulation and the body's internal response.

Acute Toxicity and Pharmacokinetic Profile of an EU-GMP-Certified Cannabis sativa L. in Rodents

The conundrum of Cannabis sativa's applications for therapeutical purposes is set apart by the hundreds of known and commercially available strains, the social, cultural and historical context, and the legalization of its use for medical purposes in various jurisdictions around the globe. In an era where targeted therapies are continuously being developed and have become the norm, it is imperative to conduct standardized, controlled studies on strains currently cultivated under Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) certification, a standard that guarantees the quality requirements for modern medical and therapeutic use. Thus, the aim of our study is to evaluate the acute toxicity of a 15.6% THC: <1% CBD, EU-GMP certified, Cannabis sativa L. in rodents, following the OECD acute oral toxicity guidelines, and to provide an overview of its pharmacokinetic profile. Groups of healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally with a stepwise incremental dose, each step using three animals. The absence or presence of plant-induced mortality in rats dosed at one step determined the next step. For the EU GMP-certified Cannabis sativa L. investigated, we determined an oral LD50 value of over 5000 mg/kg in rats and a human equivalent oral dose of ≈806.45 mg/kg. Additionally, no significant clinical signs of toxicity or gross pathological findings were observed. According to our data, the toxicology, safety and pharmacokinetic profile of the tested EU-GMP-certified Cannabis sativa L. support further investigations through efficacy and chronic toxicity studies in preparation for potential future clinical applications and especially for the treatment of chronic pain.

18F-FDG PET/MRI Imaging in a Preclinical Rat Model of Cardiorenal Syndrome-An Exploratory Study

Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) denotes the bidirectional interaction of chronic kidney disease and heart failure with an adverse prognosis but with a limited understanding of its pathogenesis. This study correlates biochemical blood markers, histopathological and immunohistochemistry features, and 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET) metabolic data in low-dose doxorubicin-induced heart failure, cardiorenal syndrome, and renocardiac syndrome induced on Wistar male rats. To our knowledge, this is the first study that investigates the underlying mechanisms for CRS progression in rats using ¹⁸F-FDG PET. Clinical, metabolic cage monitoring, biochemistry, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry combined with PET/MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) data acquisition at distinct points in the disease progression were employed for this study in order to elucidate the available evidence of organ crosstalk between the heart and kidneys. In our CRS model, we found that chronic treatment with low-dose doxorubicin followed by acute 5/6 nephrectomy incurred the highest mortality among the study groups, while the model for renocardiac syndrome resulted in moderate-to-high mortality. ¹⁸F-FDG PET imaging evidenced the doxorubicin cardiotoxicity with vascular alterations, normal kidney development damage, and impaired function. Given the fact that standard clinical markers were insensitive to early renal injury, we believe that the decreasing values of the ¹⁸F-FDG PET-derived renal marker across the groups and, compared with their age-matched controls, along with the uniform distribution seen in healthy developing rats, could have a potential diagnostic and prognostic yield in cardiorenal syndrome.

Drug-Loaded Polymeric Micelles Based on Smart Biocompatible Graft Copolymers with Potential Applications for the Treatment of Glaucoma

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness in the world. Despite the fact that many treatments are currently available for eye diseases, the key issue that arises is the administration of drugs for long periods of time and the increased risk of inflammation, but also the high cost of eye surgery. Consequently, numerous daily administrations are required, which reduce patient compliance, and even in these conditions, the treatment of eye disease is too ineffective. Micellar polymers are core–shell nanoparticles formed by the self-assembly of block or graft copolymers in selective solvents. In the present study, polymeric micelles (PMs) were obtained by dialysis from smart biocompatible poly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) [PCL-g-P(NVCL-co-NVP)] graft copolymers. Two copolymers with different molar masses were studied, and a good correlation was noted between the micellar sizes and the total degree of polymerisation (DPn) of the copolymers. The micelles formed by Cop A [PCL120-g-P(NVCL507-co-NVP128)], with the lowest total DPn, have a Z-average value of 39 nm, whereas the micellar sizes for Cop B [PCL120-g-P(NVCL1253-co-NVP139)] are around 47 nm. These PMs were further used for the encapsulation of two drugs with applications for the treatment of eye diseases. After the encapsulation of Dorzolamide, a slight increase in micellar sizes was noted, whereas the encapsulation of Indomethacin led to a decrease in these sizes. Using dynamic light scattering, it was proved that both free and drug-loaded PMs are stable for 30 days of storage at 4 °C. Moreover, in vitro biological tests demonstrated that the obtained PMs are both haemo- and cytocompatible and thus can be used for further in vivo tests. The designed micellar system proved its ability to release the encapsulated drugs in vitro, and the results obtained were validated by in vivo tests carried out on experimental animals, which proved its high effectiveness in reducing intraocular pressure.

Effects of ZooBioR2 product as feed supplement in laying hens on the morphofunctional state of intestinal mucosa

ABSTRACT Spirulina platensis is a microalga with biological activity used to produce nutritional supplements rich in proteins, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. The current study aims to prove the impact of the product ZooBioR2 (obtained from Spirulina platensis) on health, and on the histology of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum in laying hens. The experiment was performed in duplicate on 5 groups of hens (14 birds/group), one control and four experimental, in which the feed was supplemented with ZooBioR2 in different doses (5.0; 10.0; 15.0; 20.0mg active substance/kg of fodder). Inclusion of the supplement in the diet have determined a significant decrease of height of intestinal villi, the depth of the crypts and the thickness of muscular layer of mucosa in the experimental groups receiving 15.0 and 20.0mg/kg. The decrease of crypts depth is an indicator of a higher rate of turn-over of epithelial tissue. The morphological changes of intestinal mucosa could be involved in a better digestibility of the fodder.

Assessment of Physicochemical and In Vivo Biological Properties of Polymeric Nanocapsules Based on Chitosan and Poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-alt-itaconic anhydride)

Drug delivery is an important field of nanomedicine, and its aim is to deliver specific active substances to a precise site of action in order to produce a desired pharmacological effect. In the present study nanocapsules were obtained by a process of interfacial condensation between chitosan (dissolved in the aqueous phase) and poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone-alt-itaconic anhydride), a highly reactive copolymer capable of easily opening the anhydride ring under the action of amine groups of chitosan. The formed amide bonds led to the formation of a hydrogel membrane. The morphology of the obtained nanocapsules, their behavior in aqueous solution of physiological pH, and their ability to encapsulate and release a model drug can be modulated by the parameters of the synthesis process, such as the molar ratio between functional groups of polymers and the ratio of the phases in which the polymers are solubilized. Although a priori both polymers are biocompatible, this paper reports the results of a very detailed in vivo study conducted on experimental animals which have received the obtained nanocapsules by three administration routes—intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and oral. The organs taken from the animals’ kidney, liver, spleen, and lung and analyzed histologically demonstrated the ability of nanocapsules to stimulate the monocytic macrophage system without producing inflammatory changes. Moreover, their in vivo behavior has been shown to depend not only on the route of administration but also on the interaction with the cells of the organs with which they come into contact. The results clearly argue the biocompatibility of nanocapsules and hence the possibility of their safe use in biomedical applications.

Endocannabinoid Modulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases: In Pursuit of Certainty

Simple Summary

Neurodegenerative diseases represent an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Existing therapeutic options are limited and focus mostly on improving symptoms and reducing exacerbations. The endocannabinoid system is involved in the pathophysiology of such disorders, an idea which has been highlighted by recent scientific work. The current work focusses its attention on the importance and implications of this system and its synthetic and natural ligands in disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s and multiple sclerosis.

Abstract

Neurodegenerative diseases are an increasing cause of global morbidity and mortality. They occur in the central nervous system (CNS) and lead to functional and mental impairment due to loss of neurons. Recent evidence highlights the link between neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases of the CNS. These are typically associated with several neurological disorders. These diseases have fundamental differences regarding their underlying physiology and clinical manifestations, although there are aspects that overlap. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is comprised of receptors (type-1 (CB1R) and type-2 (CB2R) cannabinoid-receptors, as well as transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)), endogenous ligands and enzymes that synthesize and degrade endocannabinoids (ECBs). Recent studies revealed the involvement of the ECS in different pathological aspects of these neurodegenerative disorders. The present review will explore the roles of cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) and pharmacological agents that modulate CBRs or ECS activity with reference to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Huntington’s Disease (HD) and multiple sclerosis (MS).

Design, Synthesis, and Preliminary Evaluation for Ti-Mo-Zr-Ta-Si Alloys for Potential Implant Applications

Considering the future trends of biomaterials, current studies are focused on the corrosion resistance and the mechanical properties of new materials that need to be considered in the process of strengthening alloys with additive non-toxic elements. Many kinds of titanium alloys with different biocompatible elements (Mo, Si, Zr, etc.,) have been recently developed for their similar properties with human bone. Four new different alloys were obtained and investigated regarding their microstructure, mechanical, chemical, and biological behavior (in vitro and in vivo evaluation), the alloys are as follows: Ti15Mo7Zr15Ta, Ti15Mo7Zr15Ta0.5Si, Ti15Mo7Zr15Ta0.75Si, and Ti15Mo7Zr15Ta1Si. There were changes with the addition of the silicon element such as the hardness and the modulus of elasticity increased. An MTT assay confirmed the in vitro cytocompatibility of the prepared alloys.

The effect of vitamin C on sociability in a juvenile zebrafish pesticide-induced model of autism spectrum disorder

Introduction

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multi-factorial disease characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication and repetitive behaviors. The necessity of developing an adequate treatment for ASD is essential. There is an increase in clinical studies assessing the positive effects of vitamins in ASD children. Vitamin C (vit. C) is implicated in biosynthesis of neurotransmitters and in protein metabolism.

Objectives

This study evaluated the possible effect of vit. C on zebrafish sociability after a single insecticide mixture administration as inductor for ASD.

Methods

A single dose of insecticide mixture (600 μg L-1 fipronil and 600 μg L-1 pyriproxyfen) was administrated to zebrafish juvenile. Vit. C (25 μg L−1) was daily administrated during 14 days. A control group simulated the administration of insecticide mixture and vitamin. Each animal was tested in the experimental tank designed for the social interaction test. The trials were recorded and analysed using EthoVision XT 11 (NOLDUS, Netherlands). The locomotor activity parameters and the time spent next to the group were measured. Each trial had 4 minutes duration.

Results

We have found no significant differences in the average levels between pre-treatment and treatment days (P< 0.05 ANOVA) regarding the locomotor activity parameters. Significant changes in sociability were observed for the group exposed to insecticide mixture and for vit. C group (P > 0.05 ANOVA). It was also found that 14 days vitamin administration can lead to sociability improvements after a single administration of mixture insecticide.

Conclusions

The results of the current study bring some positive insights for the future of ASD therapy.

Conflict of interest

This work was co-funded by the European Social Fund, through Operational Programme Human Capital 2014-2020, project number POCU/380/6/13/123623, project title

New Ti-Mo-Si materials for bone prosthesis applications

Several newly obtained titanium alloys were characterized in order to evaluate the biocompatibility and their possible application as implants. For improvement of the performances of the TiMo alloys compared to other alloys, silicon was added, targeting good mechanical and technological properties, avoiding the toxic effects for human body. Titanium is very used in medical applications, due to their extremely low toxicity and good chemical stability in different body fluids. Four Ti15MoxSi (where x = 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0 wt %), alloys were developed and investigated regarding microstructure, mechanical, chemical and biological behavior (in vitro and in vivo evaluation). By increasing the Si content from 0 to 1% wt., the mechanical properties of the Ti15Mo alloys were significantly improved. By increasing the Si content from 0 to 1% wt., the mechanical properties of the Ti15Mo alloys were significantly improved (about 50%) from 44.50 GPa to 19.81 GPa modulus of elasticity and the hardness values 361.28 to 188.52 HV. The cytocompatibility assessment on human line osteoblasts indicated good cell-material interactions and in vivo tests indicated a successful osseointegration, the surrounding newly bone being formed without any significant inflammatory reaction. Expression of osteopontin in the peri-implant area highlights the presence of osteogenesis and bone mineralization. Metalloproteinase-2 (gelatinase A) and metallopeptidase-9 (gelatinase B) overexpression in osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes represent the markers of normal bone remodeling. All these results suggest that the TiMoSi alloys are promising materials for orthopedics devices, since mechanical properties and biocompatibility offer conditions for applying them as biomaterial.

Topical formulations containing aptamer-functionalized nanocapsules loaded with 5-fluorouracil - An innovative concept for the skin cancer therapy

New topical gel formulations based on sodium alginate and hyaluronic acid containing AS1411 aptamer-functionalized polymeric nanocapsules loaded with an antitumoral drug (5-Fluorouracil) were designed as an innovative approach for the skin cancer treatment. Several important analyses were used to characterize these obtained topical gel formulations, namely: rheological tests, permeation assays across Strat-M® artificial membrane, ex-vivo permeation assays across chicken skin membrane, haemolysis tests, skin irritation tests, in vitro cytotoxicity assay on human basal carcinoma cells and in vivo tests. Rheological tests revealed that apparent viscosity decreases with the increase of the shear rate, for analyzed samples, which demonstrates a shear thinning behavior. Low levels of hemolysis values which ranged between 0.03 and 0.55% suggested that the tested formulations did not induce red blood cell lysis.. The gel formulations containing nanocapsules loaded with 5-FU proved to be non-irritant. Furthermore, by study the ex-vivo diffusion properties across the chicken skin membrane, it was proved that nanoencapsulation enhance the permeability properties of 5-FU. In vitro cytotoxicity assay on TE 354.T (ATCC® CRL-7762™) human basal carcinoma cell line showed that the obtained formulations loaded with 5-Fluorouracil manifest an important cytotoxic effect. Finally, the presence of Langerhans CD68 cells-positive in the epidermis and epithelial sheath of dermal hair follicles suggests a specific activation, migration and retrieval of nanoparticles by these cells. Following the results obtained in this study we can appreciate that the obtained topical gel formulations have a favourable biosafety and good antitumor effects which makes them attractive for skin cancer treatment.

Vitamin C Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Behavioral Abnormalities Triggered by Fipronil and Pyriproxyfen Insecticide Chronic Exposure on Zebrafish Juvenile

Chronic exposure to synthetic insecticides in the early life of a child can lead to a series of disorders. Several causes as parental age, maternal smoking, birth complications, and exposure to toxins such as insecticides on childhood can lead to Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) occurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential protective role of vitamin C (Vit. C) from children's supplements after 14 days chronic exposure to insecticide mixture fipronil (Fip) + pyriproxyfen (Pyr) on juvenile zebrafish for swimming performances, social behavior and oxidative stress associated with ASD model. Juvenile (14-17 mm) wild-type AB zebrafish (Danio rerio) (45 days) were exposed to relevant concentrations: vit. C (25 µg L-1), Fip (600 µg L-1/1.372 μM) + Pyr (600 µg L-1/1.89 μM), and [Fip (600 µg L-1/1.372 μM) + Pyr (600 µg L-1 /1.89 μM)] + vit. C (25 µg L-1). Our results showed that insecticides can disturb the social behavior of zebrafish during 14 days of the administration, decreased the swimming performances, and elevated the oxidative stress biomarkers of SOD (superoxide dismutase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase), and MDA (malondialdehyde). The vitamin C supplement significantly attenuated the neurotoxicity of insecticide mixture and oxidative stress. This study provides possible in vivo evidence to show that vitamin C supplements could attenuate oxidative stress and brain damage of fipronil and pyriproxyfen insecticide chronic exposure on zebrafish juvenile.

Evaluation of in vitro corrosion resistance and in vivo osseointegration properties of a FeMnSiCa alloy as potential degradable implant biomaterial

In vitro electrochemical characterization and in vivo implantation in an animal model were employed to evaluate the degradation behaviour and the biological activity of FeMnSi and FeMnSiCa alloys obtained using UltraCast (Ar atmosphere) melting. Electrochemical characterization was based on open circuit potential measurement, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization techniques while the alloys were immersed in Ringer's solution at 37 °C for 7 days. Higher corrosion rates were measured for the Ca-containing material, resulting from inefficient passivation of the metal surface by oxy-hydroxide products. In vivo osseointegration was investigated on a tibia implant model in rabbits by referring to a standard control (AISI 316 L) stainless steel using standard biochemical, histological and radiological methods of investigation. Changes in the biochemical parameters were related to the main stages of the bone defect repair, whereas implantation of the alloys in rabbit's tibia provided the necessary mechanical support to the injured bone area and facilitated the growth of the newly connective tissue, as well as osteoid formation and mineralization, as revealed by either histological sections or computed tomography reconstructed images and validated by the bone morphometric indices. The present study highlighted that the FeMnSiCa alloy promotes better osteoinduction and osseconduction processes when compared to the base FeMnSi alloy or with AISI 316 L, and in vivo degradation rates correlate well with corrosion resistance measurements in Ringer's solution.

Maspin and Ezrina - Biomarker Molecules in Colorectal Cancer Correlative immunohistochemical study

The results of the recent years researches support the need for personalized therapeutic of cancer by completing the clinical, imagistic and histopathological diagnosis with molecular studies to identify new useful biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and tumor progression. Maspin is a non-inhibitory serine protease having a proapoptotic activity, suppressor of tumor invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. Ezrin is a member of Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin (ERM) family, involved in cellular adhesion mechanisms, motility and invasiveness of tumor cells. In colorectal tumors, there is a heterogeneity of research results regarding the clinical significance of the maspin due to a possible partnership with other molecules with which it interacts through the same signaling pathways. Our study investigated the two molecule�s immunoreactivity (IR) in 92 colorectal tumors highlighting an inverse correlation between ezrin�s and maspin�s expression, suggesting the fact that ezrin�s overexpression could influence maspin�s tumoral suppressor role. Furthermore there was observed a difference of the molecules IR within the same tumoral stage, suggesting their utility regarding the treatment protocol of these tumors.

Evaluation of the Effect of Red Onion Extract Consumption in Mice (Mus musculus)

Red onion (Allium cepa) is commonly used in human diet, representing an important source of flavonoids, with argued therapeutic values in humans. In animals, the tolerance to onion varies according to species and the quantity intake, carnivores being the most sensitive. The experiment aims to identify the negative potential effects in mice after the aqueous red onion extract consumption over 56 days. Similar to some long-term studies performed on other species using aqueous or alcoholic red onion extracts, for the mice of the experimental batch were registered the hepatic and renal disturbances, paraclinically and microscopically registered, which might limit the testing of the effects of the extracts from red onion on mice.

Study of the Health Effects of Red Beet Juice and Asorubine Food Dyes Used in Feeding and Watering of the Animals for Experience

The paper aims to investigate the health effects of red beet juice and asorubine food dyes used in mice feeding and watering, considering the common use of these food colorants as additives in human food. The investigations related to this study were performed over a 3-month period, using 30 male mice which were divided into three batches 10 mice each. The red beet juice has given to nutrients and waters a better organoleptic quality so, the weight gain of mice was registered. The same, the increase in weight of mice receiving asorubine was higher. The anatomo- and histo-pathological examinations of mice that received red beet juice do not indicate a clear toxicity of this dye. However, red beet juice should not be consumed daily and in large quantities. On the other hand, injuries induced by asorubine in liver and kidneys may be characteristic for toxicity. So, the use and consumption of asorubine as a food additive should be undertaken with caution; although this compound is more stable and does not oxidize over time, if possible replace it with natural dyes.

Toxicity and chronic effects of deltamethrin exposure on zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a reference model for freshwater fish community

In this study zebrafish specimens were exposed for 15 days to 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 μg L^-1 non-lethal concentrations of deltamethrin (DM) knowing that is the active compound in insecticides used on agricultural crops. They were investigated important issues resulted during the chronic exposure with DM: effects on aggressive behavior and swimming performances knowing that is a high neurotoxic compound; toxicity on nervous system investigated on telencephalon, optic tectum and cerebellum; activity of PCNA, p53 and TUNEL as toxicity markers in immunocytochemistry of the histological samples; changes of elements concentrations in the fish body and their role in detoxification of DM. This scenario investigated the harmful effects of this compound for freshwater fish communities. The aggressive behavior significantly increased and remained constant for the concentration 0.5 μg L^-1. They were not evidences in changing of anxiety level and swimming performances. The nervous system suffered significant damage for all studied concentrations and confirmed the changes in the behavior. Selenium concentration in the body decreased and may be involved in the detoxification processes.

Acute exposure to gold induces fast changes in social behavior and oxidative stress of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Gold is a noble metal having a long history of human usage and a variety of applications. The present paper was designed in order to see the changes on social and swimming behavior of zebrafish caused by acute gold exposure to high concentrations dissolved in aquatic medium from a standard solution with the highest purity. Some main oxidative stress markers were determined such as: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). We also focused our attention on the bioaccumulation capacity of gold in exposed zebrafish and its competition with essential elements for the body: sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu). They were studied the effects of the follow gold concentrations dissolved in experimental aquariums: 1 mg L^-1 (Au 1 mg/L), 2 mg L^-1 (Au 2 mg/L), 4 mg L^-1 (Au 4 mg/L) and 8 mg L^-1 (Au 8 mg/L). Our data showed that each group treated with gold had a higher concentration compared with the others suggesting that it can be absorbed into the zebrafish body from environment and may be accumulated. The results obtained in the oxidative stress parameters demonstrated that it can produce changes as a response to its toxicological effects.

Inhibition of bcl-2 and cox-2 Protein Expression after Local Application of a New Carmustine-Loaded Clinoptilolite-Based Delivery System in a Chemically Induced Skin Cancer Model in Mice

Our research has focused on in vitro and in vivo evaluations of a new Carmustine (BCNU)-loaded clinoptilolite-based delivery system. Two clinoptilolite ionic forms-hydrogen form (HCLI) and sodium form (NaCLI)-were prepared, allowing a loading degree of about 5-6 mg BCNU/g of zeolite matrix due to the dual porous feature of clinoptilolite. Clinoptilolite-based delivery systems released 35.23% of the load in 12 h for the BCNU@HCLI system and only 10.82% for the BCNU@NaCLI system. The BCNU@HCLI system was chosen to develop gel and cream semisolid dosage forms. The cream (C_BCNU@HCLI) released 29.6% of the loaded BCNU after 12 h in the Nylon synthetic membrane test and 31.6% in the collagen membrane test, higher by comparison to the gel. The new cream was evaluated in vivo in a chemically induced model of skin cancer in mice. Quantitative immunohistochemistry analysis showed stronger inhibition of B-cell lymphoma-2 (bcl-2) and cyclooxygenase 2 (cox-2) protein expression, known markers for cancer survival and aggressiveness, after the treatment with C_BCNU@HCLI by comparison to all the control treatment types, including an off-label magistral formula commercially available Carmustine cream as reference, bringing evidence that a clinoptilolite-based delivery systems could be used as a cancer drug carriers and controlled release systems (skin-targeted topical delivery systems).

Immunohistochemical Methods to Diagnose Atraumatic Spleen Rupture in Feline Infectious Peritonitis of Tiger (Panthera tigris)

A body of an eight-year-old male tiger, originated from a Romanian zoo was brought in for pathological diagnosis to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. The necropsy revealed uveitis, sero-hemorrhagic peritonitis, fatty liver and kidney, haemorrhagic-necrotic lesions on the spleen, catarrhal enteritis, serous pericarditis and pulmonary anthracosis. Amyloidosis was found in the intestine, liver, lungs and kidney and spleen, associated with necrosis and the presence of hematin blocks. Positive macrophages for feline coronavirus (FCoV) were highlighted by immunohistochemistry in liver, kidney, lungs and intestinal lamina propria. Immunofluorescence (IF) examination of pericardial and peritoneal fluid was positive for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Confirmation of FIP coronavirus was made by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). The systemic amyloidosis and the presence of hematin in peritoneal fluid and spleen parenchyma are lesions that were not mentioned as specific for FIP until now.

Imported leishmaniasis in a dog in a sandfly-populated area in northeastern Romania

We report the importation of a clinical case of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in Romania, a country where several types of sandflies are present with the potential to develop a new focus of CanL. The Staffordshire Bull Terrier dog was imported into Romania from Spain 1.5 y before he developed clinical symptomatology that included proliferative dermatitis, lymphadenomegaly, and bilateral uveitis. Hematologic analyses showed regenerative anemia and subacute inflammation. Cytologic examination of lymph node fine-needle aspirates revealed Leishmania spp. amastigotes that were confirmed as L. infantum by PCR. The importation of canine leishmania cases into nonendemic areas in which the vector exists could potentially lead to the silent spread of a disease posing a significant public health threat.

The first report of massive infestation with Lipoptena Cervi ( Diptera: Hippoboscidae ) in Roe Deer ( Capreolus Capreolus ) in Iasi county, N-E of Romania

ABSTRACT Investigations of four roe deer corpses were carried out from May until October 2014, in the Veterinary Forensic Laboratory and in the Parasitic Diseases Clinic, in the Iasi Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. The roe deer were harvested by shooting during the trophy hunting season. The clinical examination of the shot specimens revealed the presence of a highly consistent number of extremely mobile apterous insects, spread on the face, head, neck, lateral body parts, abdominal regions, inguinal, perianal and, finally, all over the body. The corpses presented weakening, anemia and cutaneous modification conditions. Several dozen insects were prelevated in a glass recipient and preserved in 70º alcoholic solution in order to identify the ectoparasite species. The morphological characteristics included insects in the Diptera order, Hippoboscidae family, Lipoptena cervi species. These are highly hematophagous insects that by severe weakening are affecting the game health and trophy quality. Histological investigations of the skin revealed some inflammatory reactions caused by ectoparasite Lipoptena cervi. Lipoptena cervi was identified for the first time in Iasi County, Romania.

WITHDRAWN: Neurotrophins and specific receptors in the oviduct tracts of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published in Ann. Anat., 210 (2017) 112 – 120>, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2016.04.034. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.

Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in naturally occurring bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas

Bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas are benign skin tumours characterized by epithelial and dermal proliferation and induced by Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs). Cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2 are enzymes involved in pathological conditions, such as inflammation and epithelial carcinogenesis. Here we investigated biochemically and immunohistochemically COX-2 expression in bovine cutaneous fibropapillomas. Eight of twelve fibropapillomas (67%) showed COX-2 positive immunosignal mostly in the cytoplasm of the basal cell layer, while the normal skin did not stain. Biochemical analysis confirmed the expression of COX-2 in tumour samples. This study shows COX-2 expression in cutaneous fibropapillomas, suggesting a contribution in epithelial tumour development.

Characterization of the relations between morphology and physiological status of the pineal gland in connection with the somatic development level in turkeys reared in Romania

This research started from the premises of the existence of some possible relationships between indole and pineal peptide hormones and the somatic development, with participation of hypothalamic-pituitary complex. Experimental factors, which were the subject of the present paper, influenced the dynamics of corporal mass and fodder consumption, leading to the occurrence of some important structural modifications at the level of pineal gland. The exposure of the individuals to continuous light (photic pinealectomy) produces increases in corporal mass, showing the involvement of the pineal gland in neuro-endocrine-metabolic reactions, which contributes to the maintenance of homeostatic balance, including somatic ones. Biological material was represented by a number of 50 individuals belonging to B.U.T. Big 6 hybrid, reared on soil, on a permanent litter, which could assure the expanding of knowledge area regarding the relation between rearing technology, modulation of some microclimate parameters and growing performances. Were also realised cytometric and hystometric muscular determinations.

Effect of ochratoxin A on the intestinal mucosa and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues in broiler chickens

The immunotoxic effect of ochratoxin A (OTA) on the intestinal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and its cytotoxic action on the intestinal epithelium were studied in broiler chickens experimentally treated with the toxin. From the 7th day of life, 80 male broiler chickens (Ross 308) were randomly divided into four groups of 20 birds each. The three experimental groups (E1-3) were treated with OTA for 28 days (E1: 50 μg/kg body weight [bw]/day; E2: 20 μg/kg bw/day; E3: 1 μg/kg bw/day) and the fourth group served as control. Histological examination of the intestinal mucosa and immunohistochemical staining for identification of CD4+, CD8+, TCR1 and TCR2 lymphocytes in the duodenum, jejunum and ileocaecal junction were performed, and CD4+/CD8+ and TCR1/TCR2 ratios were calculated. OTA toxicity resulted in decreased body weight gain, poorer feed conversion ratio, lower leukocyte and lymphocyte count, and altered intestinal mucosa architecture. After 14 days of exposure to OTA, immunohistochemistry showed a significant reduction of the lymphocyte population in the intestinal epithelium and the lamina propria. After 28 days of exposure, an increase in the CD4+ and CD8+ values in both the duodenum and jejunum of chickens in Groups E1 and E2 was observed, but the TCR1 and TCR2 lymphocyte counts showed a significant reduction. No significant changes were observed in Group E3. The results indicate that OTA induced a decrease in leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and was cytotoxic to the intestinal epithelium and the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, altering the intestinal barrier and increasing susceptibility to various associated diseases.

Ultrastructural lesions and immunohistochemical analysis of Bcl-2 protein expression in the kidney of chickens with experimental ochratoxicosis

A study was conducted to evaluate the nephrotoxic effect of ochratoxin A (OTA) in broiler chickens. Forty Ross 308 broilers (6 days old) were divided into two groups: one group received daily, by gavage, ochratoxin A at a daily dose of 50 μg/kg body weight for up to 21 days, while the control group received only diluent (sunflower oil). After 21 days, the chickens were euthanised and the kidneys removed for analysis by histopathology and immunohistochemistry to detect an anti-apoptotic marker (Bcl-2), and by transmission electron microscopy. Macroscopically the kidneys were enlarged, showing degeneration and gout deposits. Histologically, glomerulonephrosis and tubulonephrosis were common lesions in all chicks. In two of the five chicks exposed to OTA for 21 days, focal tubular cell proliferation, multiple adenoma-like structures and Bcl-2-positive epithelial cells were identified in layers of the renal papilla and in convoluted tubules. Transmission electron microscopy of the proximal convoluted tubules identified abnormal forms of mitochondria. The nephrotoxic effect of ochratoxicosis in chickens is probably due to carcinogenic changes induced in the epithelial tissues.

The hepatoprotective effect of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) berries on induced aflatoxin B1 poisoning in chickens 1

The leaves and berries of sea buckthorn (SB; Hippophae rhamnoides; family Elaeagnaceae) are medically claimed as having phytoantioxidant, antiinflammatory, and anticancerous properties in humans. This study evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of oil from SB berries against toxicity induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in broiler chickens. The toxicity of AFB1 led to lower total serum proteins and specifically reduced albumin (P < 0.001). Serum aspartate aminotransferase increased from 191.14 ± 11.56 to 218.80 ± 13.68 (P < 0.001). When chickens were simultaneously dosed with AFB1 and an extract of SB berries, subsequent histology of the liver showed a significant reduction of necrosis and fatty formation compared with chickens treated with AFB1 alone. Immunohistochemical results indicated that COX2, Bcl-2, and p53 were highly expressed in the liver of AFB1-treated chickens and their expression was significantly reduced by SB oil supplementation. The levels of AFB1 residues in chickens livers were significantly reduced by SB oil from 460.92 ± 6.2 ng/mL in the AFB1 group to 15.59 ± 6.1 ng/mL in the AFB1 and SB oil group. These findings suggest that SB oil has a potent hepatoprotective activity, reducing the concentration of aflatoxins in liver and diminishing their adverse effects.