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Smith CL, Kasza J, Woods RL, Lockery JE, Kirpach B, Reid CM, Storey E, Nelson MR, Shah RC, Orchard SG, Ernst ME, Tonkin AM, Murray AM, McNeil JJ, Wolfe R. Compliance-Adjusted Estimates of Aspirin Effects Among Older Persons in the ASPREE Randomized Trial. Am J Epidemiol 2023; 192:2063-2074. [PMID: 37552955 PMCID: PMC10988226 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) Trial recruited 19,114 participants across Australia and the United States during 2010-2014. Participants were randomized to receive either 100 mg of aspirin daily or matching placebo, with disability-free survival as the primary outcome. During a median 4.7 years of follow-up, 37% of participants in the aspirin group permanently ceased taking their study medication and 10% commenced open-label aspirin use. In the placebo group, 35% and 11% ceased using study medication and commenced open-label aspirin use, respectively. In order to estimate compliance-adjusted effects of aspirin, we applied rank-preserving structural failure time models. The results for disability-free survival and most secondary endpoints were similar in intention-to-treat and compliance-adjusted analyses. For major hemorrhage, cancer mortality, and all-cause mortality, compliance-adjusted effects of aspirin indicated greater risks than were seen in intention-to-treat analyses. These findings were robust in a range of sensitivity analyses. In accordance with the original trial analyses, compliance-adjusted results showed an absence of benefit with aspirin for primary prevention in older people, along with an elevated risk of clinically significant bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - R Wolfe
- Correspondence to Dr. Rory Wolfe, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, 553 St. Kilda Road, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia (e-mail: )
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Prater KE, Green KJ, Mamde S, Sun W, Cochoit A, Smith CL, Chiou KL, Heath L, Rose SE, Wiley J, Keene CD, Kwon RY, Snyder-Mackler N, Blue EE, Logsdon B, Young JE, Shojaie A, Garden GA, Jayadev S. Human microglia show unique transcriptional changes in Alzheimer's disease. Nat Aging 2023; 3:894-907. [PMID: 37248328 PMCID: PMC10353942 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, influence Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression and are potential therapeutic targets. However, microglia exhibit diverse functions, the regulation of which is not fully understood, complicating therapeutics development. To better define the transcriptomic phenotypes and gene regulatory networks associated with AD, we enriched for microglia nuclei from 12 AD and 10 control human dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (7 males and 15 females, all aged >60 years) before single-nucleus RNA sequencing. Here we describe both established and previously unrecognized microglial molecular phenotypes, the inferred gene networks driving observed transcriptomic change, and apply trajectory analysis to reveal the putative relationships between microglial phenotypes. We identify microglial phenotypes more prevalent in AD cases compared with controls. Further, we describe the heterogeneity in microglia subclusters expressing homeostatic markers. Our study demonstrates that deep profiling of microglia in human AD brain can provide insight into microglial transcriptional changes associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin J Green
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sainath Mamde
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wei Sun
- Biostatistics Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Carole L Smith
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth L Chiou
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Shannon E Rose
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ronald Y Kwon
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Blue
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin Logsdon
- Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cajal Neuroscience, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica E Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ali Shojaie
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gwenn A Garden
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Prater KE, Green KJ, Sun W, Smith CL, Chiou KL, Mamde S, Heath LM, Rose S, Keene CD, Kwon RY, Snyder‐Mackler N, Blue EE, Young JE, Logsdon BA, Shojaie A, Garden GA, Jayadev S. Transcriptomic profiling of myeloid cells in Alzheimer’s Disease brain illustrates heterogeneity of microglia endolysosomal subtypes. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.062391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Sun
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle WA USA
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Prater KE, Green KJ, Chiou KL, Smith CL, Sun W, Shojaie A, Heath LM, Rose S, Keene CD, Logsdon BA, Snyder-Mackler N, Blue EE, Young JE, Garden GA, Jayadev S. Microglia subtype transcriptomes differ between Alzheimer Disease and control human postmortem brain samples. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [PMID: 34971137 DOI: 10.1002/alz.058474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is hypothesized to contribute to disease progression in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Microglia subtypes are complex, with beneficial and harmful phenotypes. Understanding the gene expression networks which define the spectrum of microglia phenotypes is critical to identifying specific targets for neuroinflammation modulating therapies. METHOD Our study utilized post-mortem brain tissue from 22 total (7 male) participants; 12 (3 male) had significant AD neuropathic change. Nuclei isolated from prefrontal cortex were sorted for the myeloid marker PU.1 using fluorescence activated nucleus sorting (FANS). The FANS approach yields larger numbers of nuclei annotated as microglia with high quality sequence from each individual. We performed single-nucleus RNA-seq using the 10X Genomics Chromium platform. RESULTS We isolated more than 120,000 microglia nuclei, facilitating group comparisons based on disease state. Unbiased clustering revealed 10 microglia clusters and improved resolution of microglia heterogeneity compared to standard single-cell approaches. We identify clusters of microglia enriched for biological pathways implicating defined myeloid roles including interferon-stimulated, endo/lysosomal, neurodegenerative with a "disease-associated microglia" (DAM) signature, as well as a metabolically active and autophagic cluster. Interestingly, the cluster proportionately enriched for AD individuals' nuclei is not the DAM cluster but instead one of the clusters in which endo/lysosomal genes are highly upregulated. Furthermore, many of the genes in known AD risk loci are strongly differentially regulated in this AD associated cluster. We also identify a cluster of microglia that is proportionately enriched for control samples with upregulated cell cycle and proliferation genes. Trajectory analysis suggests that the paths AD and control nuclei take from unactivated "homeostatic" to various phenotypic states are also distinct. CONCLUSION Using human AD tissue collected with uniform protocols we characterize the transcriptomic profiles of microglia subtypes in human brain. By enriching for myeloid cells prior to analysis we can resolve microglia subtypes revealing the diversity of microglia which are "inflammatory" as well as other microglia subtypes responding with induction of metabolic and lysosomal pathways. Our data identifies subtypes of microglia that are unique to AD and control individuals. These results support the possibility of pharmacological targeting of specific subtypes of microglia to alter AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wei Sun
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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Fung S, Smith CL, Prater KE, Case A, Green K, Osnis L, Winston C, Kinoshita Y, Sopher B, Morrison RS, Garden GA, Jayadev S. Early-Onset Familial Alzheimer Disease Variant PSEN2 N141I Heterozygosity is Associated with Altered Microglia Phenotype. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:675-688. [PMID: 32741831 PMCID: PMC7592656 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset familial Alzheimer disease (EOFAD) is caused by heterozygous variants in the presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), and APP genes. Decades after their discovery, the mechanisms by which these genes cause Alzheimer's disease (AD) or promote AD progression are not fully understood. While it is established that presenilin (PS) enzymatic activity produces amyloid-β (Aβ), PSs also regulate numerous other cellular functions, some of which intersect with known pathogenic drivers of neurodegeneration. Accumulating evidence suggests that microglia, resident innate immune cells in the central nervous system, play a key role in AD neurodegeneration. OBJECTIVE Previous work has identified a regulatory role for PS2 in microglia. We hypothesized that PSEN2 variants lead to dysregulated microglia, which could further contribute to disease acceleration. To mimic the genotype of EOFAD patients, we created a transgenic mouse expressing PSEN2 N141I on a mouse background expressing one wildtype PS2 and two PS1 alleles. RESULTS Microglial expression of PSEN2 N141I resulted in impaired γ-secretase activity as well as exaggerated inflammatory cytokine release, NFκB activity, and Aβ internalization. In vivo, PS2 N141I mice showed enhanced IL-6 and TREM2 expression in brain as well as reduced branch number and length, an indication of "activated" morphology, in the absence of inflammatory stimuli. LPS intraperitoneal injection resulted in higher inflammatory gene expression in PS2 N141I mouse brain relative to controls. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that PSEN2 N141I heterozygosity is associated with disrupted innate immune homeostasis, suggesting EOFAD variants may promote disease progression through non-neuronal cells beyond canonical dysregulated Aβ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Fung
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carole L. Smith
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Amanda Case
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin Green
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leah Osnis
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chloe Winston
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yoshito Kinoshita
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bryce Sopher
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Gwenn A. Garden
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA,Dr. Suman Jayadev, Department of Neurology, Box 356465, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Tel.: +1 206 221 2930;
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Braggin JE, Bucks SA, Course MM, Smith CL, Sopher B, Osnis L, Shuey KD, Domoto‐Reilly K, Caso C, Kinoshita C, Scherpelz KP, Cross C, Grabowski T, Nik SHM, Newman M, Garden GA, Leverenz JB, Tsuang D, Latimer C, Gonzalez‐Cuyar LF, Keene CD, Morrison RS, Rhoads K, Wijsman EM, Dorschner MO, Lardelli M, Young JE, Valdmanis PN, Bird TD, Jayadev S. Alternative splicing in a presenilin 2 variant associated with Alzheimer disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:762-777. [PMID: 31020001 PMCID: PMC6469258 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autosomal-dominant familial Alzheimer disease (AD) is caused by by variants in presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), and amyloid precursor protein (APP). Previously, we reported a rare PSEN2 frameshift variant in an early-onset AD case (PSEN2 p.K115Efs*11). In this study, we characterize a second family with the same variant and analyze cellular transcripts from both patient fibroblasts and brain lysates. METHODS We combined genomic, neuropathological, clinical, and molecular techniques to characterize the PSEN2 K115Efs*11 variant in two families. RESULTS Neuropathological and clinical evaluation confirmed the AD diagnosis in two individuals carrying the PSEN2 K115Efs*11 variant. A truncated transcript from the variant allele is detectable in patient fibroblasts while levels of wild-type PSEN2 transcript and protein are reduced compared to controls. Functional studies to assess biological consequences of the variant demonstrated that PSEN2 K115Efs*11 fibroblasts secrete less Aβ 1-40 compared to controls, indicating abnormal γ-secretase activity. Analysis of PSEN2 transcript levels in brain tissue revealed alternatively spliced PSEN2 products in patient brain as well as in sporadic AD and age-matched control brain. INTERPRETATION These data suggest that PSEN2 K115Efs*11 is a likely pathogenic variant associated with AD. We uncovered novel PSEN2 alternative transcripts in addition to previously reported PSEN2 splice isoforms associated with sporadic AD. In the context of a frameshift, these alternative transcripts return to the canonical reading frame with potential to generate deleterious protein products. Our findings suggest novel potential mechanisms by which PSEN variants may influence AD pathogenesis, highlighting the complexity underlying genetic contribution to disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meredith M. Course
- Division of Medical GeneticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Carole L. Smith
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Bryce Sopher
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Leah Osnis
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Kiel D. Shuey
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | | | - Christina Caso
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Chizuru Kinoshita
- Department of Neurological SurgeryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | | | - Chloe Cross
- School of MedicineUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUtah
| | - Thomas Grabowski
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Seyyed H. M. Nik
- Genetics and EvolutionUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- Genetics and EvolutionUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth Australia
| | - Gwenn A. Garden
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Department of PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | | | - Debby Tsuang
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Division of Medical GeneticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical CenterVA Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashington
| | - Caitlin Latimer
- Department of PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | | | | | | | | | - Ellen M. Wijsman
- Division of Medical GeneticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Univeristy of Washington Department of BiostatisticsSeattleWashington
| | - Michael O. Dorschner
- Department of PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- UW Medicine Center for Precision DiagnosticsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Michael Lardelli
- Genetics and EvolutionUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth Australia
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of PathologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Paul N. Valdmanis
- Division of Medical GeneticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
| | - Thomas D. Bird
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Division of Medical GeneticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical CenterVA Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattleWashington
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
- Division of Medical GeneticsDepartment of MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashington
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7
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Amos PJ, Fung S, Case A, Kifelew J, Osnis L, Smith CL, Green K, Naydenov A, Aloi M, Hubbard JJ, Ramakrishnan A, Garden GA, Jayadev S. Modulation of Hematopoietic Lineage Specification Impacts TREM2 Expression in Microglia-Like Cells Derived From Human Stem Cells. ASN Neuro 2017; 9:1759091417716610. [PMID: 28683563 PMCID: PMC5548325 DOI: 10.1177/1759091417716610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary innate immune cell type in the brain, and their dysfunction has been linked to a variety of central nervous system disorders. Human microglia are extraordinarily difficult to obtain for experimental investigation, limiting our ability to study the impact of human genetic variants on microglia functions. Previous studies have reported that microglia-like cells can be derived from human monocytes or pluripotent stem cells. Here, we describe a reproducible relatively simple method for generating microglia-like cells by first deriving embryoid body mesoderm followed by exposure to microglia relevant cytokines. Our approach is based on recent studies demonstrating that microglia originate from primitive yolk sac mesoderm distinct from peripheral macrophages that arise during definitive hematopoiesis. We hypothesized that functional microglia could be derived from human stem cells by employing BMP-4 mesodermal specification followed by exposure to microglia-relevant cytokines, M-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-34, and TGF-β. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we observed cells with microglia morphology expressing a repertoire of markers associated with microglia: Iba1, CX3CR1, CD11b, TREM2, HexB, and P2RY12. These microglia-like cells maintain myeloid functional phenotypes including Aβ peptide phagocytosis and induction of pro-inflammatory gene expression in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Addition of small molecules BIO and SB431542, previously demonstrated to drive definitive hematopoiesis, resulted in decreased surface expression of TREM2. Together, these data suggest that mesodermal lineage specification followed by cytokine exposure produces microglia-like cells in vitro from human pluripotent stem cells and that this phenotype can be modulated by factors influencing hematopoietic lineage in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Amos
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan Fung
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amanda Case
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jerusalem Kifelew
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leah Osnis
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carole L Smith
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin Green
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alipi Naydenov
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Macarena Aloi
- 2 Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Gwenn A Garden
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,2 Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Guzewich SD, Newman CE, Smith MD, Moores JE, Smith CL, Moore C, Richardson MI, Kass D, Kleinböhl A, Mischna M, Martín-Torres FJ, Zorzano-Mier MP, Battalio M. The Vertical Dust Profile over Gale Crater, Mars. J Geophys Res Planets 2017; 122:2779-2792. [PMID: 32523861 PMCID: PMC7285022 DOI: 10.1002/2017je005420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We create a vertically coarse, but complete, vertical profile of dust mixing ratio from the surface to the upper atmosphere over Gale Crater, Mars, using the frequent joint atmospheric observations of the orbiting Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) and the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Curiosity rover. Using these data and an estimate of planetary boundary layer (PBL) depth from the MarsWRF general circulation model, we divide the vertical column into three regions. The first region is the Gale Crater PBL, the second is the MCS-sampled region, and the third is between these first two. We solve for a well-mixed dust mixing ratio within this third (middle) layer of atmosphere to complete the profile. We identify a unique seasonal cycle of dust within each atmospheric layer. Within the Gale PBL, dust mixing ratio maximizes near southern hemisphere summer solstice (Ls = 270°) and minimizes near winter solstice (Ls = 90-100°) with a smooth sinusoidal transition between them. However, the layer above Gale Crater and below the MCS-sampled region more closely follows the global opacity cycle and has a maximum in opacity near Ls = 240° and exhibits a local minimum (associated with the "solsticial pause" in dust storm activity) near Ls = 270°. With knowledge of the complete vertical dust profile, we can also assess the frequency of high-altitude dust layers over Gale. We determine that 36% of MCS profiles near Gale Crater contain an "absolute" high-altitude dust layer wherein the dust mixing ratio is the maximum in the entire vertical column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Guzewich
- NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | | | - M D Smith
- NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Road, Code 693, Greenbelt, MD 20771
| | - J E Moores
- York University, Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - C L Smith
- York University, Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | - C Moore
- York University, Department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada M3J 1P3
| | | | - D Kass
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - A Kleinböhl
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - M Mischna
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109
| | - F J Martín-Torres
- Division of Space Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Kiruna, Sweden; Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC-UGR), 18100 Granada, Spain
| | - M-P Zorzano-Mier
- Division of Space Technology, Department of Computer Science, Electrical and Space Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Kiruna, Sweden; Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Torrejón de Ardoz, 28850 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Battalio
- Texas A&M University, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, College Station, TX 77843
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10
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Jin Y, Smith CL, Hu L, Campanale KM, Stoltz R, Huffman LG, McNearney TA, Yang XY, Ackermann BL, Dean R, Regev A, Landschulz W. Pharmacodynamic comparison of LY3023703, a novel microsomal prostaglandin e synthase 1 inhibitor, with celecoxib. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 99:274-84. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Jin
- Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis Indiana USA
| | - CL Smith
- Eli Lilly and Company; Lilly UK; Windlesham Surrey UK
| | - L Hu
- Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis Indiana USA
| | | | - R Stoltz
- Covance Clinical Research Unit; Evansville Indiana USA
| | - LG Huffman
- Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis Indiana USA
| | | | - XY Yang
- Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis Indiana USA
| | | | - R Dean
- Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis Indiana USA
| | - A Regev
- Eli Lilly and Company; Indianapolis Indiana USA
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11
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Maxwell JR, Zhang Y, Brown WA, Smith CL, Byrne FR, Fiorino M, Stevens E, Bigler J, Davis JA, Rottman JB, Budelsky AL, Symons A, Towne JE. Differential Roles for Interleukin-23 and Interleukin-17 in Intestinal Immunoregulation. Immunity 2015; 43:739-50. [PMID: 26431947 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-23 (IL-23) and IL-17 are cytokines currently being targeted in clinical trials. Although inhibition of both of these cytokines is effective for treating psoriasis, IL-12 and IL-23 p40 inhibition attenuates Crohn's disease, whereas IL-17A or IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) inhibition exacerbates Crohn's disease. This dichotomy between IL-23 and IL-17 was effectively modeled in the multidrug resistance-1a-ablated (Abcb1a(-/-)) mouse model of colitis. IL-23 inhibition attenuated disease by decreasing colonic inflammation while enhancing regulatory T (Treg) cell accumulation. Exacerbation of colitis by IL-17A or IL-17RA inhibition was associated with severe weakening of the intestinal epithelial barrier, culminating in increased colonic inflammation and accelerated mortality. These data show that IL-17A acts on intestinal epithelium to promote barrier function and provide insight into mechanisms underlying exacerbation of Crohn's disease when IL-17A or IL-17RA is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Maxwell
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98117, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98117, USA
| | - William A Brown
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98117, USA
| | - Carole L Smith
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98117, USA
| | - Fergus R Byrne
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Mike Fiorino
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Erin Stevens
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98117, USA
| | - Jeannette Bigler
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Computational Biology, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98117, USA
| | - John A Davis
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98117, USA
| | - James B Rottman
- Department of Pathology, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alison L Budelsky
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98117, USA
| | - Antony Symons
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98117, USA
| | - Jennifer E Towne
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen, Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, WA 98117, USA.
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12
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Jyonouchi S, Smith CL, Saretta F, Abraham V, Ruymann KR, Modayur-Chandramouleeswaran P, Wang ML, Spergel JM, Cianferoni A. Invariant natural killer T cells in children with eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Exp Allergy 2014; 44:58-68. [PMID: 24118614 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an atopic disease characterized by eosinophilic inflammation in which dietary antigens (in particular, milk) play a major role. EoE is most likely a mixed IgE and non-IgE food-mediated reaction in which overexpression of Th2 cytokines, particularly IL-13, play a major role; however, the cells responsible for IL-13 overexpression remain elusive. Th2-cytokines are secreted following the ligation of invariant natural killer T cell receptors to sphingolipids (SLs). Sphingolipids (SLs) are presented via the CD1d molecule on the INKTs surface. Cow's milk-derived SL has been shown to activate iNKTs from children with IgE-mediated food allergies to milk (FA-MA) to produce Th2 cytokines. The role of iNKTs and milk-SL in EoE pathogenesis is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of iNKTs and milk-SL in EoE. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 10 children with active EoE (EoE-A), 10 children with controlled EoE (EoE-C) and 16 healthy controls (non-EoE) were measured ex vivo and then incubated with α-galactosylceramide (αGal) and milk-SL. INKTs from peripheral blood (PB) and oesophageal biopsies were studied. RESULTS EoE-A children had significantly fewer peripheral blood iNKTs with a greater Th2-response to αGal and milk-SM compared with iNKTs of EoE-C and non-EoE children. Additionally, EoE-A children had increased iNKT levels in oesophageal biopsies compared with EoE-C children. CONCLUSION Milk-SLs are able to activate peripheral blood iNKTs in EoE-A children to produce Th2 cytokines. Additionally, iNKT levels are higher at the site of active oesophageal eosinophilic inflammation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study suggests that sphingolipids (SLs) contained in milk may drive the development of EoE by promoting an iNKT-cell-mediated Th2-type cytokine response that facilitates eosinophil-mediated allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jyonouchi
- Divisions of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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13
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Speak AF, Rothwell JJ, Lindley SJ, Smith CL. Metal and nutrient dynamics on an aged intensive green roof. Environ Pollut 2014; 184:33-43. [PMID: 24017999 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Runoff and rainfall quality was compared between an aged intensive green roof and an adjacent conventional roof surface. Nutrient concentrations in the runoff were generally below Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) values and the green roof exhibited NO3(-) retention. Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations were in excess of EQS values for the protection of surface water. Green roof runoff was also significantly higher in Fe and Pb than on the bare roof and in rainfall. Input-output fluxes revealed the green roof to be a potential source of Pb. High concentrations of Pb within the green roof soil and bare roof dusts provide a potential source of Pb in runoff. The origin of the Pb is likely from historic urban atmospheric deposition. Aged green roofs may therefore act as a source of legacy metal pollution. This needs to be considered when constructing green roofs with the aim of improving pollution remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Speak
- Geography, School of Environment and Development, The University of Manchester, Arthur Lewis Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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14
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Abstract
CASE REPORT A 2-month-old Standardbred filly was presented for examination and treatment of extensive congenital skin lesions that had a linear distribution on the left front leg extending from the dorsal midline to the metacarpal region. The lesions were surgically excised under general anaesthesia. Surgical excision was curative and there were no signs of recurrence 6 weeks after surgery. The number and distribution of lesions were more extensive than in previously reported cases of congenital papillomas, which have also been described as epidermal growth abnormalities (naevi or hamartomas). Early reports of congenital papillomas suggest in-utero infection with papillomavirus may be responsible, despite a lack of histological features associated with papillomavirus infection. Papillomavirus immunohistochemistry has subsequently proven negative in tested cases. CONCLUSIONS The presence at birth, their appearance and the extensive distribution of lesions in this case is similar to verrucous epidermal naevus of humans. A name change from congenital papilloma to epidermal naevus is proposed for this condition in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Ruppin
- University of Sydney Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M M Dennis
- University of Sydney Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C L Smith
- University of Sydney Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L J Vogelnest
- University of Sydney Veterinary Teaching Hospital Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Speak AF, Rothwell JJ, Lindley SJ, Smith CL. Rainwater runoff retention on an aged intensive green roof. Sci Total Environ 2013; 461-462:28-38. [PMID: 23712113 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Urban areas are characterised by large proportions of impervious surfaces which increases rainwater runoff and the potential for surface water flooding. Increased precipitation is predicted under current climate change projections, which will put further pressure on urban populations and infrastructure. Roof greening can be used within flood mitigation schemes to restore the urban hydrological balance of cities. Intensive green roofs, with their deeper substrates and higher plant biomass, are able to retain greater quantities of runoff, and there is a need for more studies on this less common type of green roof which also investigate the effect of factors such as age and vegetation composition. Runoff quantities from an aged intensive green roof in Manchester, UK, were analysed for 69 rainfall events, and compared to those on an adjacent paved roof. Average retention was 65.7% on the green roof and 33.6% on the bare roof. A comprehensive soil classification revealed the substrate, a mineral soil, to be in good general condition and also high in organic matter content which can increase the water holding capacity of soils. Large variation in the retention data made the use of predictive regression models unfeasible. This variation arose from complex interactions between Antecedant Dry Weather Period (ADWP), season, monthly weather trends, and rainfall duration, quantity and peak intensity. However, significantly lower retention was seen for high rainfall events, and in autumn, which had above average rainfall. The study period only covers one unusually wet year, so a longer study may uncover relationships to factors which can be applied to intensive roofs elsewhere. Annual rainfall retention for Manchester city centre could be increased by 2.3% by a 10% increase in intensive green roof construction. The results of this study will be of particular interest to practitioners implementing greenspace adaptation in temperate and cool maritime climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Speak
- Geography, School of Environment and Development, The University of Manchester, Arthur Lewis Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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16
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Smith CL, Arvedson TL, Cooke KS, Dickmann LJ, Forte C, Li H, Merriam KL, Perry VK, Tran L, Rottman JB, Maxwell JR. IL-22 regulates iron availability in vivo through the induction of hepcidin. J Immunol 2013; 191:1845-55. [PMID: 23836059 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Iron is a trace element important for the proper folding and function of various proteins. Physiological regulation of iron stores is of critical importance for RBC production and antimicrobial defense. Hepcidin is a key regulator of iron levels within the body. Under conditions of iron deficiency, hepcidin expression is reduced to promote increased iron uptake from the diet and release from cells, whereas during conditions of iron excess, induction of hepcidin restricts iron uptake and movement within the body. The cytokine IL-6 is well established as an important inducer of hepcidin. The presence of this cytokine during inflammatory states can induce hepcidin production, iron deficiency, and anemia. In this study, we show that IL-22 also influences hepcidin production in vivo. Injection of mice with exogenous mouse IgG1 Fc fused to the N terminus of mouse IL-22 (Fc-IL-22), an IL-22R agonist with prolonged and enhanced functional potency, induced hepcidin production, with a subsequent decrease in circulating serum iron and hemoglobin levels and a concomitant increase in iron accumulation within the spleen. This response was independent of IL-6 and was attenuated in the absence of the IL-22R-associated signaling kinase, Tyk2. Ab-mediated blockade of hepcidin partially reversed the effects on iron biology caused by IL-22R stimulation. Taken together, these data suggest that exogenous IL-22 regulates hepcidin production to physiologically influence iron usage.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/blood
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/chemically induced
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepcidins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hepcidins/biosynthesis
- Hepcidins/genetics
- Hepcidins/immunology
- Hepcidins/physiology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Interleukin-6/physiology
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Interleukins/physiology
- Interleukins/toxicity
- Iron/blood
- Iron/metabolism
- Iron Deficiencies
- Job Syndrome/metabolism
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/deficiency
- Receptors, Interleukin/agonists
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Spleen/metabolism
- Spleen/pathology
- TYK2 Kinase/deficiency
- TYK2 Kinase/metabolism
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole L Smith
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA 98119, USA
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17
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Opoku-Okrah C, Gordge M, Kweku Nakua E, Abgenyega T, Parry M, Robertson C, Smith CL. An investigation of the protective effect of alpha+-thalassaemia against severe Plasmodium falciparum amongst children in Kumasi, Ghana. Int J Lab Hematol 2013; 36:62-70. [PMID: 23837700 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several factors influence the severity of Plasmodium falciparum; here, we investigate the impact of alpha+-thalassaemia genotype on P. falciparum parasitemia and prevalence of severe anaemia amongst microcytic children from Kumasi, Ghana. METHODS Seven hundred and thirty-two children (≤10 years) with P. falciparum were categorised into normocytic and microcytic (mean cell volume ≤76 fL). Microcytic individuals were genotyped for the -α(3.7) deletional thalassaemia mutation and parasite densities determined. RESULTS Amongst microcytic patients both parasite densities and prevalence of severe malaria parasitemia (≥100 000/μL) were significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the presence of an alpha+-thalassaemia genotype compared with non-alpha+-thalassaemia genotype. There was no evidence that alpha+-thalassaemia protected against severe anaemia. The protection conferred by alpha-thalassaemia genotype against severe P. falciparum parasitemia did not change with increasing age. CONCLUSION The severity of P. falciparum parasitemia was significantly lower in both the homozygous and heterozygous alpha+-thalassaemia groups compared with microcytic individuals with non-alpha+-thalassaemia genotype. The protective effect, from severe malaria, of the alpha+-thalassaemia allele does not alter with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Opoku-Okrah
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,University of Westminster, School of Life Sciences, London, UK
| | - M Gordge
- University of Westminster, School of Life Sciences, London, UK
| | - E Kweku Nakua
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - T Abgenyega
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - M Parry
- University of Westminster, School of Life Sciences, London, UK
| | - C Robertson
- University of Westminster, School of Life Sciences, London, UK
| | - C L Smith
- University of Westminster, School of Life Sciences, London, UK
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18
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Gornall BF, Myles PS, Smith CL, Burke JA, Leslie K, Pereira MJ, Bost JE, Kluivers KB, Nilsson UG, Tanaka Y, Forbes A. Measurement of quality of recovery using the QoR-40: a quantitative systematic review. Br J Anaesth 2013; 111:161-9. [PMID: 23471753 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aet014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several rating scales have been developed to measure quality of recovery after surgery and anaesthesia, but the most extensively used is the QoR-40, a 40-item questionnaire that provides a global score and subscores across five dimensions: patient support, comfort, emotions, physical independence, and pain. It has been evaluated in a variety of settings, but its overall psychometric properties (validity, reliability, ease of use, and interpretation) and clinical utility are uncertain. METHODS We undertook a quantitative systematic review of studies evaluating psychometric properties of the QoR-40. Data were combined in meta-analyses using random effects models. This resulted in a total sample of 3459 patients from 17 studies originating in nine countries. RESULTS We confirmed content, construct, and convergent [pooled r=0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.51-0.65] validity. Reliability was confirmed by excellent intraclass correlation (pooled α=0.91, 95% CI: 0.88-0.93), test-retest reliability (pooled r=0.90, 95% CI: 0.86-0.92), and inter-rater reliability (intraclass correlation=0.86). The clinical utility of the QoR-40 instrument was supported by high patient recruitment into evaluation studies (97%), and an excellent completion and return rate (97%). The mean time to complete the QoR-40 was 5.1 (95% CI: 4.4-5.7) min. CONCLUSIONS The QoR-40 is a widely used and extensively validated measure of quality of recovery. The QoR-40 is a suitable measure of postoperative quality of recovery in a range of clinical and research situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Gornall
- Academic Board of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Willis CR, Seamons A, Maxwell J, Treuting PM, Nelson L, Chen G, Phelps S, Smith CL, Brabb T, Iritani BM, Maggio-Price L. Interleukin-7 receptor blockade suppresses adaptive and innate inflammatory responses in experimental colitis. J Inflamm (Lond) 2012; 9:39. [PMID: 23057802 PMCID: PMC3551718 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Interleukin-7 (IL-7) acts primarily on T cells to promote their differentiation, survival, and homeostasis. Under disease conditions, IL-7 mediates inflammation through several mechanisms and cell types. In humans, IL-7 and its receptor (IL-7R) are increased in diseases characterized by inflammation such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In mice, overexpression of IL-7 results in chronic colitis, and T-cell adoptive transfer studies suggest that memory T cells expressing high amounts of IL-7R drive colitis and are maintained and expanded with IL-7. The studies presented here were undertaken to better understand the contribution of IL-7R in inflammatory bowel disease in which colitis was induced with a bacterial trigger rather than with adoptive transfer. Methods We examined the contribution of IL-7R on inflammation and disease development in two models of experimental colitis: Helicobacter bilis (Hb)-induced colitis in immune-sufficient Mdr1a−/− mice and in T- and B-cell-deficient Rag2−/− mice. We used pharmacological blockade of IL-7R to understand the mechanisms involved in IL-7R-mediated inflammatory bowel disease by analyzing immune cell profiles, circulating and colon proteins, and colon gene expression. Results Treatment of mice with an anti-IL-7R antibody was effective in reducing colitis in Hb-infected Mdr1a−/− mice by reducing T-cell numbers as well as T-cell function. Down regulation of the innate immune response was also detected in Hb-infected Mdr1a−/− mice treated with an anti-IL-7R antibody. In Rag2−/− mice where colitis was triggered by Hb-infection, treatment with an anti-IL-7R antibody controlled innate inflammatory responses by reducing macrophage and dendritic cell numbers and their activity. Conclusions Results from our studies showed that inhibition of IL-7R successfully ameliorated inflammation and disease development in Hb-infected mice by controlling the expansion of multiple leukocyte populations, as well as the activity of these immune cells. Our findings demonstrate an important function of IL-7R-driven immunity in experimental colitis and indicate that the therapeutic efficacy of IL-7R blockade involves affecting both adaptive and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey Seamons
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joe Maxwell
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen, Inc, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Piper M Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurel Nelson
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen, Inc, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen, Inc, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan Phelps
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carole L Smith
- Department of Inflammation, Amgen, Inc, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thea Brabb
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian M Iritani
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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20
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O'Donnell MJ, Tang K, Köster H, Smith CL, Cantor CR. High-density, covalent attachment of DNA to silicon wafers for analysis by maldi-tof mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2012; 69:2438-43. [PMID: 21639380 DOI: 10.1021/ac961007v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method is described for the covalent attachment of DNA to a solid surface at high density for hybridization detection by mass spectrometry. A silicon wafer is functionalized to place an amino group on the surface; a heterobifunctional cross-linking agent is then reacted with the primary amine to incorporate an iodoacetamido group. An oligodeoxynucleotide containing a 3'- or a 5'-disulfide is treated with a reducing agent, resulting in a terminal free thiol, which is then coupled to the iodoacetamido surface. Analysis of the surface reveals that the amount of covalently bound oligodeoxynucleotide is 250 fmol of DNA/mm(2) with ∼40% of the immobilized oligodeoxynucleotides available for hybridization. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis reveals that the covalent linkage to the support remains intact, only the annealed strand is desorbed by the laser, and the amount of DNA hybridized to the array is sufficient for detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J O'Donnell
- Sequenom Inc., 11555 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, California 92121, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz, 20146 Hamburg, Germany, and Center for Advanced Biotechnology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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21
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Smith CL, Peter AT, Appell KM. Effects of stepwise cryodilution prior to freezing and stepwise post-thaw rehydration on viability of ovine embryos. Theriogenology 2012; 41:1267-71. [PMID: 16727480 DOI: 10.1016/0093-691x(94)90484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/1993] [Accepted: 02/24/1994] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ovine embryos were exposed to 3 methods of stepwise cryodilution (1, 3 or 5 steps) prior to deep freezing. After 6 to 10 mo of frozen storage, the embryos were thawed and rehydrated using a reversal of each stepwise prefreezing method to remove the oryoprotectant. All embryos were cultured for 48 h, and survival was microscopically evaluated at 0, 14, 24, 38 and 48 h. Survival of embryos in culture was assessed by progressive normal development such as increased cell mass and integrity of morula or blastulation and hatching. There was no significant difference in post-thaw survival and development between 1 and 3-step treatment groups. Embryos frozen and thawed using the 5-step method had lower viability (P < 0.05) at 24 h of culture than either the 1- or 3-step method.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Smith
- Department of Medical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin Madison, WI 53706 USA
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22
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Abstract
Animal models of experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are useful for understanding more about the mechanistic basis of disease, identifying new targets for therapeutic intervention, and testing novel therapeutic agents. This unit provides detailed protocols for four of the most commonly used mouse models of experimentally induced intestinal inflammation: chemical induction of colitis by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), hapten-induced colitis via 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), Helicobacter-induced colitis in mdr1a(-/-) mice, and the CD4(+) CD45RB(hi) SCID transfer colitis model.
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23
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Smith WEC, Shivaji R, Williams WP, Luthe DS, Sandoya GV, Smith CL, Sparks DL, Brown AE. A maize line resistant to herbivory constitutively releases (E) -beta-caryophyllene. J Econ Entomol 2012; 105:120-128. [PMID: 22420263 DOI: 10.1603/ec11107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Various pests, such as those in the order Lepidoptera, frequently feed on young maize (Zea mays) plants and pose a significant threat to plant development and survival. To manage this problem, maize generates a wide variety of responses to attack by pests, from activation of wound-response pathways to the release of volatile compounds. Mp708, an inbred line resistant to feeding by the larvae of the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has been developed through traditional breeding methods, but its underlying mechanisms of resistance are still not completely understood. Mp708 has been shown to have a moderately high constitutive expression of jasmonic acid (JA) before infestation by fall armyworm. However, Tx601, a genotype susceptible to feeding by fall armyworm, activates JA pathway only in response to feeding, suggesting that Mp708 is "primed" to respond swiftly to an attack. Current research indicates that fall armyworm show a lack of preference to feeding on Mp708, leading to the hypothesis that volatiles constitutively released by the plant may also play an important role in its resistance. Analysis of volatiles released by Mp708 and Tx601 in the presence and absence of fall armyworm larvae identified (E)-beta-caryophyllene, a terpenoid associated with resistance, released constitutively in Mp708. Fall armyworm fed samples of both Mp708 and Tx601 showed high transcript number of tps23, the gene responsible for the synthesis of (E)-beta-caryophyllene. In addition, fall armyworm larvae show a preference for Tx601 whorl tissue over Mp708 tissue, and the dosage of Tx601 whorl with (E)-beta-caryophyllene repels the fall armyworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E C Smith
- Mississippi State University, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, 32 Creelman Street, MS 9650, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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24
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Wall SP, Kaufman BJ, Gilbert AJ, Yushkov Y, Goldstein M, Rivera JE, O'Hara D, Lerner H, Sabeta M, Torres M, Smith CL, Hedrington Z, Selck F, Munjal KG, Machado M, Montella S, Pressman M, Teperman LW, Dubler NN, Goldfrank LR. Derivation of the uncontrolled donation after circulatory determination of death protocol for New York city. Am J Transplant 2011; 11:1417-26. [PMID: 21711448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from Europe suggests establishing out-of-hospital, uncontrolled donation after circulatory determination of death (UDCDD) protocols has potential to substantially increase organ availability. The study objective was to derive an out-of-hospital UDCDD protocol that would be acceptable to New York City (NYC) residents. Participatory action research and the SEED-SCALE process for social change guided protocol development in NYC from July 2007 to September 2010. A coalition of government officials, subject experts and communities necessary to achieve support was formed. Authorized NY State and NYC government officials and their legal representatives collaboratively investigated how the program could be implemented under current law and regulations. Community stakeholders (secular and religious organizations) were engaged in town hall style meetings. Ethnographic data (meeting minutes, field notes, quantitative surveys) were collected and posted in a collaborative internet environment. Data were analyzed using an iterative coding scheme to discern themes, theoretical constructs and a summary narrative to guide protocol development. A clinically appropriate, ethically sound UDCDD protocol for out-of-hospital settings has been derived. This program is likely to be accepted by NYC residents since the protocol was derived through partnership with government officials, subject experts and community participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Wall
- Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Holmes NE, Gordon CL, Lightfoot N, Crowley P, Buchanan RR, Smith CL, Johnson PDR. Intravascular large B cell lymphoma: an elusive cause of pyrexia of unknown origin diagnosed postmortem. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 51:e61-4. [PMID: 20868278 DOI: 10.1086/656684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravascular large B cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a rare cause of pyrexia of unknown origin. Because of its protean clinical manifestations, diagnosis is elusive and is often made postmortem. We report here a case of IVLBCL that evaded diagnosis despite multiple investigations in vivo for pyrexia of unknown origin over a 5‐month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Holmes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.
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Evans DL, Kiddell L, Smith CL. Pulmonary function measurements immediately after exercise are correlated with neutrophil percentage in tracheal aspirates in horses with poor racing performance. Res Vet Sci 2010; 90:510-5. [PMID: 20678784 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) is common in racehorses, and is a cause of wastage in the industry. IAD has been diagnosed by measurement of percent neutrophils (N%) in tracheal aspirates (TA). The aim of this study was to investigate whether spirometric indices of pulmonary function were correlated with N% in TAs. Limits to breathing were measured by analyses of relationships between relative times and relative respiratory gas flows during inspiration and expiration in individual breaths recorded after exercise. Horses with higher N% had significantly lower relative gas flows at the same relative times during inspiration and expiration, suggesting a limit to breathing. These findings confirm a physiological basis for the measurement of N% in TA after exercise for diagnosis of IAD. Spirometric pulmonary function testing using analyses of individual breaths after exercise has application for assessment of pulmonary function and poor exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Evans
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Rottman JB, Smith CL, Li H, Rose MJ, Maxwell JR. Chronic IL‐22Fc administration induces liver hepcidin expression and relative iron deficiency anemia. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.lb400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hongyan Li
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug MetabolismAmgen IncThousand OaksCA
| | - Mark J Rose
- Pharmacokinetics & Drug MetabolismAmgen IncThousand OaksCA
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Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (cml) is a myeloproliferative disorder whose therapy has changed dramatically since the late 1990s. With the introduction of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (tki) imatinib mesylate, the treatment outcomes for patients with cml have improved markedly, and hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation is no longer routinely offered as first-line therapy for most patients in chronic phase.However, resistance to tki therapy is increasingly being recognized, and alternative therapy is needed for this group of patients. In addition, the development of models predicting response to tki therapy is desired, so that appropriate treatment strategies can be used for individual patients. The present report serves to outline the approach to the treatment of cml in British Columbia and to highlight areas of ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Forrest
- Leukemia/BMT Program of BC, Division of Hematology, General Hospital, British Columbia Cancer Agency, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.
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Smith CL, Rottman JB, Maxwell JR. Contrasting roles for IL-22 in DSS-induced colitis (38.7). The Journal of Immunology 2009. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.38.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is a multifunctional cytokine with diverse biological activities which include involvement in the inflammatory response, tissue repair and pathogen defense. Recently, IL-22 was shown to be protective in two models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in mice. In order to confirm those results and develop a reagent that could serve as a therapy, we generated IL-22-Fc which had an increased half-life relative to recombinant IL-22 (rIL-22). The effects of rIL-22 versus IL-22-Fc were compared in dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Prophylactic, but not therapeutic, administration of either rIL-22 or IL-22-Fc prevented disease and was significantly more efficacious than granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a cytokine that has been used clinically in human IBD patients. The mechanism of the protective effect of IL-22 was in part driven by reduced circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines and enhanced proliferation/regeneration of the colonic epithelium. However, IL-22-Fc exacerbated weight loss and induced anemia. Thus, although prophylactic IL-22R stimulation protected animals from DSS-induced colitis, metabolic effects such as iron deficiency and weight loss complicate the benefit received. These data demonstrate that IL-22 can simultaneously play beneficial and detrimental roles in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole L Smith
- 1Department of Inflammation Research, Amgen, Inc, Seattle, WA
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Ellis JR, Nathan PJ, Villemagne VL, Mulligan RS, Saunder T, Young K, Smith CL, Welch J, Woodward M, Wesnes KA, Savage G, Rowe CC. Galantamine-induced improvements in cognitive function are not related to alterations in alpha(4)beta (2) nicotinic receptors in early Alzheimer's disease as measured in vivo by 2-[18F]fluoro-A-85380 PET. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 202:79-91. [PMID: 18949462 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) system plays a regulatory role in a number of cognitive processes. Cholinesterase inhibitors (i.e., galantamine) that potentiate cholinergic neurotransmission improve cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the relationship between these effects and associated changes in nAChRs are yet to be established in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2-[18F]Fluoro-A-85380 (2-FA) binds to nAChRs and with positron emission tomography (PET) imaging provides a composite measure of receptor density and ligand affinity. This study aimed to: (1) quantify nAChRs in vivo in 15 drug-naïve patients with mild AD before and after chronic treatment with galantamine, using 2-FA and PET, and (2) examine the relationship between treatment-induced changes in nAChRs and improvements in cognitive function. Participants were nonsmokers and underwent extensive cognitive testing and a PET scan after injection of approximately 200 MBq of 2-FA on two occasions (before and after 12 weeks, galantamine treatment). A 3-day washout period preceded the second scan. Brain regional 2-FA binding was assessed through a simplified estimation of distribution volume (DV(S)). RESULTS Performance on global measures of cognition significantly improved following galantamine treatment (p < 0.05). This improvement extended to specific cognitive measures of language and verbal learning. No significant differences in nAChR DV(S) before and after galantamine treatment were found. The treatment-induced improvement in cognition was not correlated with regional or global nAChR DV(S), suggesting that changes in nAChRs may not be responsible for the improvements in cognition following galantamine in patients with mild AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Ellis
- School of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
Confocal microscopy produces sharp images of structures within relatively thick specimens (up to several hundred microns). It is particularly useful for examining fluorescent specimens. This overview intended to provide background and practical tips needed to get started with confocal microscopy. It begins with a description of the basis of optical sectioning, then discusses various types of confocal microscopes, and concludes with practical guidelines for sample preparation and optimizing image acquisition parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Smith
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Singh P, Smith CL, Cheetham G, Dodd TJ, Davy MLJ. Serous carcinoma of the uterus-determination of HER-2/neu status using immunohistochemistry, chromogenic in situ hybridization, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques: its significance and clinical correlation. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2008; 18:1344-51. [PMID: 18248390 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.01181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine serous papillary carcinoma (USPC) are high-grade tumors with Her2 gene expression and poor prognosis. The human gene Her2 is a proto-oncogene that encodes a protein with tyrosine kinase activity. The objective of this study was to determine Her2 protein expression and gene amplification in USPC using three methods: immunohistochemistry (IHC), chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR), to compare the three techniques, and to correlate Her2 expression and amplification with clinical outcome. Clinical data were obtained from the records of the patients provided by the database of the Gynaecological Cancer Unit at the Royal Adelaide Hospital. Paraffin-embedded tissues of 45 cases were examined using three techniques. Her2 positive rate was 40%. About 13% was strongly positive by all three methods. About 67% Her2 positive patients had advanced-stage disease. Relapse rate was 61% (P = 0.6). Stages I and II had a better survival with negative receptor. Age and stage were major prognostic variables in Cox analysis. Marker status did not reach statistical significance in overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS), but had a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.5 in RFS. Five-year OS with Her2 negative was 39%. HR was 0.97 (95% CI 0.46-2.1). RFS was 39% and HR was 1.4 (95% CI 0.65-2.9). The three methods have strong correlation. IHC, 3+ positive cases should be regarded as exhibiting evidence of gene amplification and do not require further testing. Equivocal results require further testing by CISH or PCR. Age and stage are strong prognostic variables and receptor status has a HR of 1.5 in RFS. The therapeutic role of Trastuzumab should be tested in clinical trial setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Singh
- Department of Gynaecology Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Abstract
This comprehensive overview unit introduces the reader to confocal microscopy from the basic principles of imaging and optical sectioning, to selection of laser, practical guidelines for fixation, choice of fluorophore, control samples, and mounting the sample. There are also suggestions for optimizing the imaging parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Smith
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Ingestion of foreign bodies is uncommon in horses when compared with indiscriminate grazers such as cattle. This case report describes the diagnosis and treatment of a cervical abscess in a Thoroughbred racehorse thought to be associated with ingestion of wire. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examination provided a diagnosis, and conservative treatment of the lesion with antimicrobials initially allowed the lesion to localise closer to the skin for safer surgical exploration. Intra-operative ultrasonographic imaging facilitated surgical access, removal of the foreign body, and drainage. While surgical treatment is usually necessary to resolve an abscess, initially conservative therapy may help to improve the prognosis by simplifying surgical access and reducing the risk of surgical complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J W Bell
- University Veterinary Centre Camden, University of Sydney, 410 Werombi Rd, Camden NSW 2570, Australia
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Smith CL, Borgonovo E. Decision making during nuclear power plant incidents: a new approach to the evaluation of precursor events. Risk Anal 2007; 27:1027-1042. [PMID: 17958509 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Renewed interest in precursor analysis has shown that the evaluation of near misses is an interdisciplinary effort, fundamental within the life of an organization for reducing operational risks and enabling accident prevention. The practice of precursor analysis has been a part of nuclear power plant regulation in the United States for over 25 years. During this time, the models used in the analysis have evolved from simple risk equations to quite complex probabilistic risk assessments. But, one item that has remained constant over this time is that the focus of the analysis has been on modeling the scenario using the risk model (regardless of the model sophistication) and then using the results of the model to determine the severity of the precursor incident. We believe that evaluating precursors in this fashion could be a shortcoming since decision making during the incident is not formally investigated. Consequently, we present the idea for an evaluation procedure that enables one to integrate current practice with the evaluation of decisions made during the precursor event. The methodology borrows from technologies both in the risk analysis and the decision analysis realms. We demonstrate this new methodology via an evaluation of a U.S. precursor incident. Specifically, the course of the incident is represented by the integration of a probabilistic risk assessment model (i.e., the risk analysis tool) with an influence diagram and the corresponding decision tree (i.e., the decision analysis tools). The results and insights from the application of this new methodology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Smith
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
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Abstract
Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure that has applications as a diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic technique. Specialized equipment is necessary to perform equine laparoscopy, and there is a large range of instruments, both disposable and non-disposable available. Laparoscopic procedures described include ovariectomy, cryptorchidectomy, adhesiolysis and herniorrhaphy. Laparoscopy can be performed in a standing or dorsally recumbent position, depending on surgeon preference, patient status and the procedure to be performed. Stapling equipment is frequently used in gastrointestinal surgery in horses. Advantages include decreased surgical time and a decrease in the risk of contamination. Stapling equipment is often used in creating anastomoses, both in the large and small intestines, as well as in vessel ligation. New surgical techniques intended to decrease adhesion formation include the use of carboxymethylcellulose and bioresorbable patches. Indwelling abdominal drains can be used for peritoneal lavage following surgery and also appear to decrease the risk of adhesion formation. Improvements in post-operative care, including the treatment of post-operative ileus and endotoxaemia can significantly improve the outcome of horses that have undergone surgery for abdominal disorders. Recommendations for the use of prokinetic agents in horses with ileus vary widely. Prokinetic agents include local anaesthetics, macrolide antimicrobials, cholinergic agonists and dopamine antagonists. Endotoxaemia is common in horses following surgery for gastrointestinal disorders. The antibiotic polymyxin B binds to the circulating endotoxin molecule, decreasing its half-life in the intra-vascular space and reducing associated inflammation. This drug appears to be an effective and affordable treatment option for horses with endotoxaemia. The use of specific cyclooxygenase inhibitors in veterinary medicine have been studied recently. Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors may provide comparable anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties to the non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs appear to have similar clinical effectiveness and will hopefully minimize deleterious side effects. The optimal healing of ventral midline incisions in horses is related to many factors including appropriate suture patterns and bite size, in addition to appropriate post-operative exercise recommendations. Recent advances in surgical techniques and post-operative care should decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with abdominal surgery. This article provides an overview of some of these advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Smith
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University Veterinary Centre, University of Sydney, Werombi Road, New South Wales 2570, Australia
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Smith CL, Quine D, McCrosson F, Armstrong L, Lyon A, Stenson B. Changes in body temperature after birth in preterm infants stabilised in polythene bags. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2005; 90:F444. [PMID: 16113159 PMCID: PMC1721938 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2004.061937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Eppig JT, Bult CJ, Kadin JA, Richardson JE, Blake JA, Anagnostopoulos A, Baldarelli RM, Baya M, Beal JS, Bello SM, Boddy WJ, Bradt DW, Burkart DL, Butler NE, Campbell J, Cassell MA, Corbani LE, Cousins SL, Dahmen DJ, Dene H, Diehl AD, Drabkin HJ, Frazer KS, Frost P, Glass LH, Goldsmith CW, Grant PL, Lennon-Pierce M, Lewis J, Lu I, Maltais LJ, McAndrews-Hill M, McClellan L, Miers DB, Miller LA, Ni L, Ormsby JE, Qi D, Reddy TBK, Reed DJ, Richards-Smith B, Shaw DR, Sinclair R, Smith CL, Szauter P, Walker MB, Walton DO, Washburn LL, Witham IT, Zhu Y. The Mouse Genome Database (MGD): from genes to mice--a community resource for mouse biology. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:D471-5. [PMID: 15608240 PMCID: PMC540067 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mouse Genome Database (MGD) forms the core of the Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) system (http://www.informatics.jax.org), a model organism database resource for the laboratory mouse. MGD provides essential integration of experimental knowledge for the mouse system with information annotated from both literature and online sources. MGD curates and presents consensus and experimental data representations of genotype (sequence) through phenotype information, including highly detailed reports about genes and gene products. Primary foci of integration are through representations of relationships among genes, sequences and phenotypes. MGD collaborates with other bioinformatics groups to curate a definitive set of information about the laboratory mouse and to build and implement the data and semantic standards that are essential for comparative genome analysis. Recent improvements in MGD discussed here include the enhancement of phenotype resources, the re-development of the International Mouse Strain Resource, IMSR, the update of mammalian orthology datasets and the electronic publication of classic books in mouse genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janan T Eppig
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection of lymphoma by computed tomography (CT) scanning is known to be improved by positron emission tomography (PET) and/or gallium scanning, although the direct comparative accuracy of these imaging modalities remains a subject of ongoing review. AIMS The aim of the present study was to compare PET scanning with conventional imaging (CT and/or gallium scanning) in patients with lymphoma. METHODS A retrospective study of 38 patients (25 men; 13 women; median age 39.5 years; range 18.0-81.0 years) who had had PET scans (24 scans at initial staging and 46 scans at restaging, including suspected disease relapse) was carried out. Thirty-one concurrent gallium scans had been performed. Disease was validated with clinical follow up or biopsy. RESULTS The sensitivities of PET and CT at initial staging were 96 and 71%, respectively. PET identified additional sites of disease compared with CT in 29% of patients. Of the 15 patients who had had all three imaging modalities, the sensitivities of PET, CT and gallium were 93, 67 and 87%, respectively. At treatment completion, the positive predictive values of PET, CT and gallium scans for relapse given a residual mass were 100, 33 and 0%, respectively (P = 0.006 for PET and CT comparison). The negative predictive values of PET, CT and gallium were 76, 0 and 70%, respectively (P-value not significant). In suspected disease relapse, PET results changed management in 50% of patients. CONCLUSION Compared with CT and gallium scans, PET has superior accuracy in staging and restaging, and its greatest value lies in its positive predictive value for relapse in patients with residual masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Foo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Smith CL. Management of the Older Patient with Multiple Myeloma. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/jppr2004342129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
The p160 coactivators, steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1), transcriptional intermediary factor-2 (TIF2) and receptor-associated coactivator-3 (RAC3), as well as the coactivator/integrator CBP, mediate estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha)-dependent gene expression. Although these coactivators are widely expressed, ERalpha transcriptional activity is cell-type dependent. In this study, we investigated ERalpha interaction with p160 coactivators and CBP in HeLa and HepG2 cell lines. Basal and estradiol (E2)-dependent interactions between the ERalpha ligand-binding domain (LBD) and SRC-1, TIF2 or RAC3 were observed in HeLa and HepG2 cells. The extents of hormone-dependent interactions were similar and interactions between each of the p160 coactivators and the ERalpha LBD were not enhanced by 4-hydroxytamoxifen in either cell type. In contrast to the situation for p160 coactivators, E2-dependent interaction of the ERalpha LBD with CBP or p300 was detected in HeLa but not HepG2 cells by mammalian two-hybrid and coimmunoprecipitation assays, indicating that the cellular environment modulates ERalpha-CBP/p300 interaction. Furthermore, interactions between CBP and p160 coactivators are much more robust in HeLa than HepG2 cells suggesting that poor CBP-p160 interactions are insufficient to support ERalpha-CBP-p160 ternary complexes important for nuclear receptor-CBP interactions. Alterations in p160 coactivators or CBP expression between these two cell types did not account for differences in ERalpha-p160-CBP interactions. Taken together, these data revealed the influence of cellular environment on ERalpha-CBP/p300 interactions, as well as CBP-p160 coactivator binding, and suggest that these differences may contribute to the cell specificity of ERalpha-dependent gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Jaber
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Bult CJ, Blake JA, Richardson JE, Kadin JA, Eppig JT, Baldarelli RM, Barsanti K, Baya M, Beal JS, Boddy WJ, Bradt DW, Burkart DL, Butler NE, Campbell J, Corey R, Corbani LE, Cousins S, Dene H, Drabkin HJ, Frazer K, Garippa DM, Glass LH, Goldsmith CW, Grant PL, King BL, Lennon-Pierce M, Lewis J, Lu I, Lutz CM, Maltais LJ, McKenzie LM, Miers D, Modrusan D, Ni L, Ormsby JE, Qi D, Ramachandran S, Reddy TBK, Reed DJ, Sinclair R, Shaw DR, Smith CL, Szauter P, Taylor B, Vanden Borre P, Walker M, Washburn L, Witham I, Winslow J, Zhu Y. The Mouse Genome Database (MGD): integrating biology with the genome. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:D476-81. [PMID: 14681461 PMCID: PMC308859 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mouse Genome Database (MGD) is one component of the Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) system (http://www.informatics.jax.org), a community database resource for the laboratory mouse. MGD strives to provide a comprehensive knowledgebase about the mouse with experiments and data annotated from both literature and online sources. MGD curates and presents consensus and experimental data representations of genetic, genotype (sequence) and phenotype information including highly detailed reports about genes and gene products. Primary foci of integration are through representations of relationships between genes, sequences and phenotypes. MGD collaborates with other bioinformatics groups to curate a definitive set of information about the laboratory mouse and to build and implement the data and semantic standards that are essential for comparative genome analysis. Recent developments in MGD discussed here include an extensive integration of the mouse sequence data and substantial revisions in the presentation, query and visualization of sequence data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol J Bult
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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Narayanan R, Smith CL, Weigel NL. Vector-averaged gravity-induced changes in cell signaling and vitamin D receptor activity in MG-63 cells are reversed by a 1,25-(OH)2D3 analog, EB1089. Bone 2002; 31:381-8. [PMID: 12231410 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(02)00836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal unloading in an animal hindlimb suspension model and microgravity experienced by astronauts or as a result of prolonged bed rest causes site-specific losses in bone mineral density of 1%-2% per month. This is accompanied by reductions in circulating levels of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3), the active metabolite of vitamin D. 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3), the ligand for the vitamin D receptor (VDR), is important for calcium absorption and plays a role in differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. To examine the responses of cells to activators of the VDR in a simulated microgravity environment, we used slow-turning lateral vessels (STLVs) in a rotating cell culture system. We found that, similar to cells grown in microgravity, MG-63 cells grown in the STLVs produce less osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and collagen Ialpha1 mRNA and are less responsive to 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3). In addition, expression of VDR was reduced. Moreover, growth in the STLV caused activation of the stress-activated protein kinase pathway (SAPK), a kinase that inhibits VDR activity. In contrast, the 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) analog, EB1089, was able to compensate for some of the STLV-associated responses by reducing SAPK activity, elevating VDR levels, and increasing expression of osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase. These studies suggest that, not only does simulated microgravity reduce differentiation of MG-63 cells, but the activity of the VDR, an important regulator of bone metabolism, is reduced. Use of potent, less calcemic analogs of 1,25-(OH)(2)D(3) may aid in overcoming this defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Narayanan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Smith CL, Khandelwal P, Keliikuli K, Zuiderweg ER, Saper MA. Structure of the type III secretion and substrate-binding domain of Yersinia YopH phosphatase. Mol Microbiol 2001; 42:967-79. [PMID: 11737640 DOI: 10.1046/j.0950-382x.2001.02711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic strains of Yersinia deploy a type III secretion system to inject the potent tyrosine phosphatase YopH into host cells, where it dephosphorylates focal adhesion-associated substrates. The amino-terminal, non-catalytic domain of YopH is bifunctional; it is essential for the secretion and binding of the specific chaperone SycH, but also targets the catalytic domain to substrates in the infected cell. We describe the 2.2 A resolution crystal structure of residues 1-129 of YopH from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. The amino-terminal alpha-helix (2-17), comprising the secretion signal, and beta-strand (24-28) of one molecule exchange with another molecule to form a domain-swapped dimer. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and gel filtration experiments demonstrated that YopH(1-129) could exist as a monomer and/or a dimer in solution. The topology of the dimer and the dynamics of a monomeric form in solution observed by NMR imply that YopH has the propensity to unfold partially. The dimer is probably not important physiologically, but may mimic how SycH binds to the exposed non-polar surfaces of a partially unfolded YopH. Phosphopeptide-induced perturbations in NMR chemical shifts define a substrate-binding surface on YopH(1-129) that includes residues previously shown by mutagenesis to be essential for YopH function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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