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Kurkjian CJ, Guo H, Montgomery ND, Cheng N, Yuan H, Merrill JR, Sempowski GD, Brickey WJ, Ting JPY. The Toll-Like Receptor 2/6 Agonist, FSL-1 Lipopeptide, Therapeutically Mitigates Acute Radiation Syndrome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17355. [PMID: 29230065 PMCID: PMC5725477 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17729-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Risks of radiation exposure from nuclear incidents and cancer radiotherapy are undeniable realities. These dangers urgently compel the development of agents for ameliorating radiation–induced injuries. Biologic pathways mediated by myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), the common adaptor for toll–like receptor (TLR) and Interleukin–1 receptor signaling, are critical for radioprotection. Treating with agonists prior to radiation enhances survival by activating TLR signaling, whereas radiomitigating TLR–activating therapeutics given after exposure are less defined. We examine the radiomitigation capability of TLR agonists and identify one that is superior for its efficacy and reduced toxic consequences compared to other tested agonists. We demonstrate that the synthetic TLR2/6 ligand Fibroblast–stimulating lipopeptide (FSL–1) substantially prolongs survival in both male and female mice when administered 24 hours after radiation and shows MyD88–dependent function. FSL–1 treatment results in accelerated hematopoiesis in bone marrow, spleen and periphery, and augments systemic levels of hematopoiesis–stimulating factors. The ability of FSL–1 to stimulate hematopoiesis is critical, as hematopoietic dysfunction results from a range of ionizing radiation doses. The efficacy of a single FSL–1 dose for alleviating radiation injury while protecting against adverse effects reveals a viable radiation countermeasures agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn J Kurkjian
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hao Guo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nathan D Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ning Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Oral Biology Curriculum, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hong Yuan
- Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Joseph R Merrill
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - W June Brickey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Swanson KV, Junkins RD, Kurkjian CJ, Holley-Guthrie E, Pendse AA, El Morabiti R, Petrucelli A, Barber GN, Benedict CA, Ting JPY. A noncanonical function of cGAMP in inflammasome priming and activation. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3611-3626. [PMID: 29030458 PMCID: PMC5716045 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN-I signaling and inflammasome activation are two innate pathways important for combatting a variety of pathogens. Swanson et al. show that cGAMP activates the inflammasome in addition to IFN-I, and that the activation of both is needed to control infection by a DNA virus. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns by host cells is an important step in innate immune activation. The DNA sensor cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) binds to DNA and produces cGAMP, which in turn binds to stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to activate IFN-I. Here we show that cGAMP has a noncanonical function in inflammasome activation in human and mouse cells. Inflammasome activation requires two signals, both of which are activated by cGAMP. cGAMP alone enhances expression of inflammasome components through IFN-I, providing the priming signal. Additionally, when combined with a priming signal, cGAMP activates the inflammasome through an AIM2, NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 dependent process. These two cGAMP-mediated functions, priming and activation, have differential requirements for STING. Temporally, cGAMP induction of IFN-I precedes inflammasome activation, which then occurs when IFN-I is waning. In mice, cGAS/cGAMP amplify both inflammasome and IFN-I to control murine cytomegalovirus. Thus, cGAMP activates the inflammasome in addition to IFN-I, and activation of both is needed to control infection by a DNA virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen V Swanson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Robert D Junkins
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Cathryn J Kurkjian
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Elizabeth Holley-Guthrie
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Avani A Pendse
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Rachid El Morabiti
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alex Petrucelli
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Glen N Barber
- Department of Cell Biology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Chris A Benedict
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Center for Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Institute for Inflammatory Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Deckman JM, Kurkjian CJ, McGillis JP, Cory TJ, Birket SE, Schutzman LM, Murphy BS, Garvy BA, Feola DJ. Pneumocystis infection alters the activation state of pulmonary macrophages. Immunobiology 2016; 222:188-197. [PMID: 27720434 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show a substantial incidence of Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization and infection in patients with chronic inflammatory lung conditions. However, little is known about the impact of Pneumocystis upon the regulation of pulmonary immunity. We demonstrate here that Pneumocystis polarizes macrophages towards an alternatively activated macrophage-like phenotype. Genetically engineered mice that lack the ability to signal through IL-4 and IL-13 were used to show that Pneumocystis alternative macrophage activation is dependent upon signaling through these cytokines. To determine whether Pneumocystis-induced macrophage polarization would impact subsequent immune responses, we infected mice with Pneumocystis and then challenged them with Pseudomonas aeruginosa 14 days later. In co-infected animals, a higher proportion of macrophages in the alveolar and interstitial spaces expressed both classical and alternatively activated markers and produced the regulatory cytokines TGFβ and IL-10, as well as higher arginase levels than in mice infected with P. aeruginosa alone. Our results suggest that Pneumocystis reprograms the overall macrophage repertoire in the lung to that of a more alternatively-activated setpoint, thereby altering subsequent immune responses. These data may help to explain the association between Pneumocystis infection and decline in pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Deckman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street Rm MS409, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Cathryn J Kurkjian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street Rm MS409, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Joseph P McGillis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street Rm MS409, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Theodore J Cory
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, 789 S. Limestone Street Suite 292, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Susan E Birket
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, 789 S. Limestone Street Suite 292, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Linda M Schutzman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 900 S. Limestone Street Suite 303, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Brian S Murphy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 900 S. Limestone Street Suite 303, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Beth A Garvy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street Rm MS409, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - David J Feola
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, 789 S. Limestone Street Suite 292, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Bruno MEC, Rogier EW, Arsenescu RI, Flomenhoft DR, Kurkjian CJ, Ellis GI, Kaetzel CS. Correlation of Biomarker Expression in Colonic Mucosa with Disease Phenotype in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:2976-84. [PMID: 25956706 PMCID: PMC4575253 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation due to immunological, microbial, and environmental factors in genetically predisposed individuals. Advances in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of IBD require the identification of robust biomarkers that can be used for molecular classification of diverse disease presentations. We previously identified five genes, RELA, TNFAIP3 (A20), PIGR, TNF, and IL8, whose mRNA levels in colonic mucosal biopsies could be used in a multivariate analysis to classify patients with CD based on disease behavior and responses to therapy. AIM We compared expression of these five biomarkers in IBD patients classified as having CD or UC, and in healthy controls. RESULTS Patients with CD were characterized as having decreased median expression of TNFAIP3, PIGR, and TNF in non-inflamed colonic mucosa as compared to healthy controls. By contrast, UC patients exhibited decreased expression of PIGR and elevated expression of IL8 in colonic mucosa compared to healthy controls. A multivariate analysis combining mRNA levels for all five genes resulted in segregation of individuals based on disease presentation (CD vs. UC) as well as severity, i.e., patients in remission versus those with acute colitis at the time of biopsy. CONCLUSION We propose that this approach could be used as a model for molecular classification of IBD patients, which could further be enhanced by the inclusion of additional genes that are identified by functional studies, global gene expression analyses, and genome-wide association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. C. Bruno
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. Current address: Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Eric W. Rogier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. Current address: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, GA 30333
| | - Razvan I. Arsenescu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. Current address: Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Cathryn J. Kurkjian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. Current address: Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Gavin I. Ellis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536. Current Address: Department of Microbiology, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Charlotte S. Kaetzel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
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